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The pictorial art of the Church, as a spiritual product of the Christian civilisation, has continually received great influences from its ecclesiastical tradition and it was defined by its formal aesthetical standards and its iconographic preferences. A more nuanced reading of the parallels can be attained by placing the images in their visual context, which would allow a better appreciation of the meanings within. The biblical story of Adam and Eve, which is the theme of the following thesis, reflects the differentiation between the Eastern and the Western understanding of the events of the history of the holy Oikonomia, a point, which is the major ground for the development of the relative pictorial motifs. The protoplasts are the protagonists from their creation and life in paradise, the fall and expulsion until their resurrection through Christ. Their story is visualised in a number of scenes and episodes, having thus their original sin and resurrection for specific reasons centralised. This doctoral thesis attempts to collect as many parallels of the scenes is possible, trying to collate the Eastern with the Western visual approach in a deductive way, in order to reach our constructive conclusions and make available the combination of the art, theology and liturgy in the scenes of Adam and Eve in Genesis and in Resurrection (Anastasis). The reading we tried to perform was based upon the specific iconographical elements, which were worth to be commented. Our aim was to detect the direct bond between the production of art and the relevant patristic and apocryphal writings or even the theological theories, by quoting texts from the ecclesiastical literature, as well as the liturgical praxis.
Abrupt climate changes of the last deglaciation detected in a western Mediterranean forest record
(2009)
Abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean climate during the last deglaciation (20 to 6 cal ka BP) are detected in marine core MD95-2043 (Alboran Sea) through the investigation of high-resolution pollen data and pollen-based climate reconstructions by the modern analogue technique (MAT) for annual precipitation (Pann) and mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest months (MTCO and MTWA). Changes in temperate Mediterranean forest development and composition and MAT reconstructions indicate major climatic shifts with parallel temperature and precipitation changes at the onsets of Heinrich stadial 1 (equivalent to the Oldest Dryas), the Bölling-Allerød (BA), and the Younger Dryas (YD). Multi-centennial-scale oscillations in forest development occurred throughout the BA, YD, and early Holocene. Shifts in vegetation composition and (Pann reconstructions indicate that forest declines occurred during dry, and generally cool, episodes centred at 14.0, 13.3, 12.9, 11.8, 10.7, 10.1, 9.2, 8.3 and 7.4 cal ka BP. The forest record also suggests multiple, low-amplitude Preboreal (PB) climate oscillations, and a marked increase in moisture availability for forest development at the end of the PB at 10.6 cal ka BP. Dry atmospheric conditions in the Western Mediterranean occurred in phase with Lateglacial events of high-latitude cooling including GI-1d (Older Dryas), GI-1b (Intra-Allerød Cold Period) and GS-1 (YD), and during Holocene events associated with high-latitude cooling, meltwater pulses and N. Atlantic ice-rafting. A possible climatic mechanism for the recurrence of dry intervals and an opposed regional precipitation pattern with respect to Western-central Europe relates to the dynamics of the westerlies and the prevalence of atmospheric blocking highs. Comparison of radiocarbon and ice-core ages for well-defined climatic transitions in the forest record suggests possible enhancement of marine reservoir ages in the Alboran Sea by 200 years (surface water age 600 years) during the Lateglacial.
O texto tenta, num primeiro passo, mostrar que a textura intrínseca da justiça não consiste em bens distribuíveis, mas em relações sociais comumente aceitas que são constituídas por práticas perpassadas de conteúdo moral. Nessas práticas podem ser encontradas aquelas que definem o que significa tratar uma outra pessoa de forma razoável ou justa. Se este ponto de partida é convincente, então algumas consequências metodológicas sobre o conceito de justiça tem que ser tiradas e que são apresentados na segunda etapa: ao invés de construir um procedimento normativo que nos permite deduzir o conteúdo de justiça, temos de começar pela reconstrução das práticas sociais que nos informam sobre o respeito à justiça. O resultado será, tal como indicado em uma terceira etapa, a pluralização do nosso conceito de justiça, que inclui tanto princípios relevantes da justiça como há formas de relações sociais geralmente aceitas e apreciadas.
A new species of the basal araneomorph spider genus Ectatosticta (Araneae, Hypochilidae) from China
(2009)
The hypochilid spider Ectatosticta davidi (Simon) is redescribed on the basis of adults from Mt. Taibaishan in Shaanxi Province, China; the specimens from Qinghai Province previously identified as E. davidi by most modern authors belong to a new species described as E. deltshevi. Keywords: Araneae, Araneomorphae, Hypochilidae, Ectatosticta, China
Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is either parameterised as a function of gaseous sulphuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites, or as a function of sulphuric acid and organic molecules. Here we introduce different nucleation parameters based on the interaction of sulphuric acid and terpene oxidation products and elucidate the individual importance. They include basic trace gas and meteorological measurements such as ozone and water vapour concentrations, temperature (for terpene emission) and UV B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. We apply these new parameters to field studies conducted at conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites and compare these to nucleation observations on a daily and annual scale. General agreement was found, although the specific compounds responsible for the nucleation process remain speculative. This can be interpreted as follows: During cooler seasons the emission of biogenic terpenes and the OH availability limits the new particle formation while towards warmer seasons the ratio of ozone and water vapour concentration seems to dominate the general behaviour. Therefore, organics seem to support ambient nucleation besides sulphuric acid or an OH-related compound. Using these nucleation parameters to extrapolate the current conditions to prognosed future concentrations of ozone, water vapour and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in the nucleation event number.
We developed a Monte Carlo event generator for production of nucleon configurations in complex nuclei consistently including effects of nucleon–nucleon (NN) correlations. Our approach is based on the Metropolis search for configurations satisfying essential constraints imposed by short- and long-range NN correlations, guided by the findings of realistic calculations of one- and two-body densities for medium-heavy nuclei. The produced event generator can be used for Monte Carlo (MC) studies of pA and AA collisions. We perform several tests of consistency of the code and comparison with previous models, in the case of high energy proton–nucleus scattering on an event-by-event basis, using nucleus configurations produced by our code and Glauber multiple scattering theory both for the uncorrelated and the correlated configurations; fluctuations of the average number of collisions are shown to be affected considerably by the introduction of NN correlations in the target nucleus. We also use the generator to estimate maximal possible gluon nuclear shadowing in a simple geometric model.
‘The whole is more than the sum of its parts.’ This idea has been brought forward by psychologists such as Max Wertheimer who formulated Gestalt laws that describe our perception. One law is that of collinearity: elements that correspond in their local orientation to their global axis of alignment form a collinear line, compared to a noncollinear line where local and global orientations are orthogonal. Psychophysical studies revealed a perceptual advantage for collinear over non-collinear stimulus context. It was suggested that this behavioral finding could be related to underlying neuronal mechanisms already in the primary visual cortex (V1). Studies have shown that neurons in V1 are linked according to a common fate: cells responding to collinearly aligned contours are predominantly interconnected by anisotropic long-range lateral connections. In the cat, the same holds true for visual interhemispheric connections. In the present study we aimed to test how the perceptual advantage of a collinear line is reflected in the anatomical properties within or between the two primary visual cortices. We applied two neurophysiological methods, electrode and optical recording, and reversibly deactivated the topographically corresponding contralateral region by cooling in eight anesthetized cats. In electrophysiology experiments our results revealed that influences by stimulus context significantly depend on a unit’s orientation preference. Vertical preferring units had on average a higher spike rate for collinear over non-collinear context. Horizontal preferring units showed the opposite result. Optical imaging experiments confirmed these findings for cortical areas assigned to vertical orientation preference. Further, when deactivating the contralateral region the spike rate for horizontal preferring units in the intact hemisphere significantly decreased in response to a collinear stimulus context. Most of the optical imaging experiments revealed a decrease in cortical activity in response to either stimulus context crossing the vertical midline. In conclusion, our results support the notion that modulating influences from stimulus context can be quite variable. We suggest that the kind of influence may depend on a cell’s orientation preference. The perceptual advantage of a collinear line as one of the Gestalt laws proposes is not uniformly represented in the activity of individual cells in V1. However, it is likely that the combined activity of many V1 neurons serves to activate neurons further up the processing stream which eventually leads to the perceptual phenomenon.
A framework for the analysis and visualization of multielectrode spike trains / von Ovidiu F. Jurjut
(2009)
The brain is a highly distributed system of constantly interacting neurons. Understanding how it gives rise to our subjective experiences and perceptions depends largely on understanding the neuronal mechanisms of information processing. These mechanisms are still poorly understood and a matter of ongoing debate remains the timescale on which the coding process evolves. Recently, multielectrode recordings of neuronal activity have begun to contribute substantially to elucidating how information coding is implemented in brain circuits. Unfortunately, analysis and interpretation of multielectrode data is often difficult because of their complexity and large volume. Here we propose a framework that enables the efficient analysis and visualization of multielectrode spiking data. First, using self-organizing maps, we identified reoccurring multi-neuronal spike patterns that evolve on various timescales. Second, we developed a color-based visualization technique for these patterns. They were mapped onto a three-dimensional color space based on their reciprocal similarities, i.e., similar patterns were assigned similar colors. This innovative representation enables a quick and comprehensive inspection of spiking data and provides a qualitative description of pattern distribution across entire datasets. Third, we quantified the observed pattern expression motifs and we investigated their contribution to the encoding of stimulus-related information. An emphasis was on the timescale on which patterns evolve, covering the temporal scales from synchrony up to mean firing rate. Using our multi-neuronal analysis framework, we investigated data recorded from the primary visual cortex of anesthetized cats. We found that cortical responses to dynamic stimuli are best described as successions of multi-neuronal activation patterns, i.e., trajectories in a multidimensional pattern space. Patterns that encode stimulus-specific information are not confined to a single timescale but can span a broad range of timescales, which are tightly related to the temporal dynamics of the stimuli. Therefore, the strict separation between synchrony and mean firing rate is somewhat artificial as these two represent only extreme cases of a continuum of timescales that are expressed in cortical dynamics. Results also indicate that timescales consistent with the time constants of neuronal membranes and fast synaptic transmission (~10-20 ms) appear to play a particularly salient role in coding, as patterns evolving on these timescales seem to be involved in the representation of stimuli with both slow and fast temporal dynamics.
The paper proposes a variation of simulation for checking and proving contextual equivalence in a non-deterministic call-by-need lambda-calculus with constructors, case, seq, and a letrec with cyclic dependencies. It also proposes a novel method to prove its correctness. The calculus’ semantics is based on a small-step rewrite semantics and on may-convergence. The cyclic nature of letrec bindings, as well as nondeterminism, makes known approaches to prove that simulation implies contextual equivalence, such as Howe’s proof technique, inapplicable in this setting. The basic technique for the simulation as well as the correctness proof is called pre-evaluation, which computes a set of answers for every closed expression. If simulation succeeds in finite computation depth, then it is guaranteed to show contextual preorder of expressions.
A new artificial regulatory system for essential genes in yeast is described. It prevents translation of target mRNAs upon tetracycline (tc) binding to aptamers introduced into their 5'UTRs. Exploiting direct RNA–ligand interaction renders auxiliary protein factors unnecessary. Therefore, our approach is strain independent and not susceptible to interferences by heterologous expressed regulatory proteins. We use a simple PCR-based strategy, which allows easy tagging of any target gene and the level of gene expression can be adjusted due to various tc aptamer-regulated promoters. As proof of concept, five differently expressed genes were targeted, two of which could not be regulated previously. In all cases, adding tc completely prevented growth and, as shown for Nop14p, rapidly abolished de novo protein synthesis providing a powerful tool for conditional regulation of yeast gene expression.
The single nucleotide polymorphism 118A>G of the human micro-opioid receptor gene OPRM1, which leads to an exchange of the amino acid asparagine (N) to aspartic acid (D) at position 40 of the extracellular receptor region, alters the in vivo effects of opioids to different degrees in pain-processing brain regions. The most pronounced N40D effects were found in brain regions involved in the sensory processing of pain intensity. Using the mu-opioid receptor-specific agonist DAMGO, we analyzed the micro-opioid receptor signaling, expression, and binding affinity in human brain tissue sampled postmortem from the secondary somatosensory area (SII) and from the ventral posterior part of the lateral thalamus, two regions involved in the sensory processing and transmission of nociceptive information. We show that the main effect of the N40D micro-opioid receptor variant is a reduction of the agonist-induced receptor signaling efficacy. In the SII region of homo- and heterozygous carriers of the variant 118G allele (n=18), DAMGO was only 62% as efficient (p=0.002) as in homozygous carriers of the wild-type 118A allele (n=15). In contrast, the number of [3H]DAMGO binding sites was unaffected. Hence, the micro-opioid receptor G-protein coupling efficacy in SII of carriers of the 118G variant was only 58% as efficient as in homozygous carriers of the 118A allele (p<0.001). The thalamus was unaffected by the OPRM1 118A>G SNP. In conclusion, we provide a molecular basis for the reduced clinical effects of opioid analgesics in carriers of mu-opioid receptor variant N40D.
Der durch sein Buch zur Regierung und Verwaltungsorganisation der frühen Capetinger als Kenner dieser Epoche ausgewiesene Autor legt eine umfassende Biographie Ludwigs VI. vor, die eine empfindliche Lücke jedenfalls zu großen Teilen schließt, denn eine zusammenfassende monographische Darstellung der Zeit und Wirksamkeit dieses Königs (1108–1137) fehlt seit langem. ...
L’intérêt des médiévistes pour les phénomènes d’arbitrage et de résolution des conflits n’est pas nouveau. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que le présent volume, qui réunit les contributions d’un colloque organisé en l’honneur de Hanna Vollrath, fasse explicitement référence à une »étude séminale« qui fut publiée il y a presque trente ans: il s’agit d’une étude de Vollrath sur »Le Moyen Âge dans la typologie des sociétés orales«. L’ensemble des contributions du présent volume confirme la fertilité de ce texte, qui a contribué à déclencher l’analyse des comportements rituels dans la recherche médiévistique allemande qu’elle continue visiblement à inspirer. ...
Die Suche nach dem Selbst und nach der Wahrheit – ein solcher Titel weckt zweifellos hohe Erwartungen, spricht doch diese Frage in jüngster Zeit nicht nur esoterisch ausgerichtete Geister an. Vielmehr spielt sie im Rahmen aktueller Arbeiten zur Konstruktion und Wahrnehmung von Individualität sowie zur "Produktion von Wahrheit" durch Praktiken der Befragung oder der Verschriftlichung des Rechts eine zentrale Rolle. So ist den Herausgebern des vorl. Bandes zuzustimmen, wenn sie das Prozessverfahren der Inquisition oder die Aufnahme von Aussagen zu Besitz- und Lehnsverhältnissen nicht nur mit Blick auf die hierbei produzierten Informationen selbst analysieren möchten. Vielmehr unterstreichen sie die Fruchtbarkeit der Prozesssituation und ihres Umfelds für die Untersuchung der sich hier manifestierenden Machtverhältnisse, aber auch der sozialen Verflechtungen. Beide Aspekte spiegeln sich in den Techniken der Befragung, in der Zuweisung von (oder Forderung nach) Rederaum und in der schriftlichen Aufzeichnung der mündlich und performativ produzierten Äußerungen. Alleine, und soviel sei vorweggenommen, die in den bilanzierenden Einleitungen von Verdon (S. 9–16, 77–82) und Faggion (S. 17–26, 83–97) angedeuteten möglichen Wege der Forschung werden von den Beiträgen des Bandes leider nur auf Teilstücken begangen. ...
Aus Anlass der achthundertsten Jahrestage des Todes Eleonores von Aquitanien und des Verlusts der Normandie durch Johann Ohneland fand im Mai 2004 eine gemeinsame Tagung der Forschungszentren CESCM (Poitiers) und HIRES (Angers) statt, deren Vorträge nun im Druck vorgelegt werden. Die magistrale Einleitung von Martin Aurell (Introduction. Pourquoi la débâcle de 1204?, S. 3–14) betont zwar die Schlüsselrolle Eleonores, deren Ehe mit Heinrich II. jenes angevinische Reich entstehen ließ, das im Jahr ihres Todes zusammenbrach, hebt aber stärker auf die Zurücksetzung der Normandie gegenüber den englischen Eliten seit 1154 ab, auf geradezu xenophobische Züge in der wechselseitigen Einschätzung des Adels diesseits und jenseits des Kanals. Große der Normandie hatten kein materielles Interesse mehr daran, sich für einen König zu schlagen, der die Gewinne seinem insularen Entourage würde zukommen lassen; die Lehnsabhängigkeit der angevinischen Könige von den Kapetingern hielt diese in der Position der Herren gegenüber ungetreuen Vasallen, deren gesamter Kontinentalbesitz französisches Krongut blieb. Der kontinentale Adel nutzte das nach Kräften, Insistieren auf karolingische Tradition stützte die Unabhängigkeit der Kirchen und Klöster vom englischen König und seinen Beauftragten, während der intellektuelle Hofklerus Heinrichs II. und seiner Söhne verstört am Becket-Mord litt und seinem alten Studienort Paris nostalgische Sympathie entgegenbrachte. Unter solchen Voraussetzungen lag es nicht nur an der militärischen und politischen Unfähigkeit Johanns, wenn die französische Position der Plantagenêt in der Krise des Krieges schnell dahinschmolz. ...
À la différence du milieu universitaire français, l’existence d’une véritable »culture des manuels« dans les sciences historiques en Allemagne constitue un phénomène tout récent. Certes, il existe depuis longtemps des ouvrages fondamentaux qu’on utilise parfois depuis plusieurs générations d’étudiants. Or, la plupart de ces manuels au sens strict du terme visent avant tout la transmission des méthodes et de la théorie du travail d’historien avec un fort accent sur les »sciences auxiliaires«. En ce qui concerne les grands traits de l’époque médiévale, les étudiants furent longtemps obligés de consulter des ouvrages spécialisés qui étaient grosso modo les mêmes qu’utilisaient les chercheurs dans leur travail quotidien: le célèbre »Gebhardt« qui servait de catalogue de faits et de dates en histoire allemande, le »Handbuch der europäischen Geschichte« de Schieder ou bien les volumes sur l’histoire de certaines dynasties, parus chez Kohlhammer. S’ajoutent à ces ouvrages la série »Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte« qui vise avant tout un public d’étudiants mais qui contient des bibliographies également fort utiles pour les chercheurs, ainsi que l’»Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte« qui paraît aussi chez Oldenbourg depuis la fin des années 1980 et dont les volumes (l’éditeur en envisage 100) se concentrent sur des sujets choisis de l’histoire allemande. ...
Dass die Rache kalt zu genießen sei, gehört zu den in ganz Europa verbreiteten Spruchweisheiten. Angesichts dieser Gleichförmigkeit hält der vorl. Band einige Überraschungen bereit, da er nicht nur Divergenzen in der diachronen Entwicklung der Rachepraxis von der Spätantike bis zum Ende des Hochmittelalters vorführt, sondern auch national unterschiedliche Ausprägungen. Während etwa Stephen D. White in seinem Beitrag zum »Imaginaire faidal« in ausgewählten »Chansons de Geste« (S. 175–198) und Bruno Lemesle für den »Comte d’Anjou face aux rébellions« (S. 199–236) die Bedeutung der Fehde als Mittel adliger Politik in einem feudal zersplitterten Frankreich aufzeigen, ist andernorts Gegenläufiges zu beobachten. So kann John Hudson (S. 341–382) darauf hinweisen, dass sich im normannisch beherrschten England Konflikte aufgrund der Durchsetzungsfähigkeit des Königtums üblicherweise in einem weniger gewalttätigen Rahmen abspielten (S. 375–377). ...