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This is the 22. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Changing political and economic situations generate new types of political protagonists – the far right is no exception here. Whether its structures and organizational forms endure, whether they diffuse (trans)nationally, whether their models prove successful, depends on various factors. A model that is currently about to serve as a flagship for the far right in Europe is the neo-fascist movement / party CasaPound. So why is this organizational model within the far right in Italy and Europe so successful?
My contribution is intended to shed light on the hybridity of CasaPound and the resulting force for the renewal of fascism. To carry out my argument, I will first describe the evolution of CasaPound from a movement to a party. Then I will discuss strategies and practices in terms of organizational and ideological hybridization, to finally outline the European dimension of the self-proclaimed „fascists of the third millennium“...
We present techniques to prove termination of cycle rewriting, that is, string rewriting on cycles, which are strings in which the start and end are connected. Our main technique is to transform cycle rewriting into string rewriting and then apply state of the art techniques to prove termination of the string rewrite system. We present three such transformations, and prove for all of them that they are sound and complete. In this way not only termination of string rewriting of the transformed system implies termination of the original cycle rewrite system, a similar conclusion can be drawn for non-termination. Apart from this transformational approach, we present a uniform framework of matrix interpretations, covering most of the earlier approaches to automatically proving termination of cycle rewriting. All our techniques serve both for proving termination and relative termination. We present several experiments showing the power of our techniques.
CfP: "Digital -Dis-Orders"
(2016)
The 7th Annual Graduate Conference of the Cluster of Excellence „Normative Orders“ is taking place from 17 to 19 November 2016 at Goethe-University Frankfurt. The call for papers to this year’s conference theme „Digital <Dis>Orders“ (@digdis2016) is open until 30 June 2016.
This is the 26. article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
In Poland, the long lasting culture war1 over gender roles and religion has been easily framed by the far right into Samuel Huntington’s concept of the “clash of civilizations”. A well-known juxtaposition used in right-wing propaganda: ‘civilization of life’ vs. ‘civilization of death’ in reference to anti-abortion and pro-choice movements respectively is now used to refer to Christians and Muslims. The role of Polish women and the right to abortion remain in the center of the conflict of modernity.
In Europe, the far right heats up the moral panic caused by fear of terrorism, pointing to Muslims as a threat to ‘European’ liberties, especially women’s and LGBT rights. The assaults on women celebrating New Year’s Eve on the streets of Cologne, serve Pegida and many nationalist organizations in Europe as a proof of Arab’s attitude to ‘Western’ expressions of femininity. This argument in the anti-immigration discourse of the far right is well-grounded in nationalists’ ideal of a strong man defending ‘his’ woman. Although, the task might be understood literally, in the context of the assaults in Cologne, protecting wives, mothers, sisters and daughters of the nation has a broader symbolic meaning. Scholars interested in relationship between gender and nation, state that in nationalists discourse women symbolize the nation and are bearers of values.2 In islamophobic discourse female citizens of Europe signify Europeans’ equality and freedom...
Dies ist der 17. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. In einer Zeit, in der islamistische Gewalttaten mit einer grausamen Häufigkeit vorkommen, wird mit großer Energie und Dringlichkeit nach Lösungen gesucht, wie mit Radikalisierten umzugehen ist und wie man Radikalisierungsprozesse verhindern oder umkehren kann. Dabei tauchen schnell Begriffe wie Prävention und Deradikalisierung auf. Es ist gut und wichtig, dass konstruktive Ansätze gegen Salafismus (eine konservative Strömung des Islam) und islamische Radikalisierung an Aufmerksamkeit gewinnen. Es ist aber auch wichtig, Prävention und Deradikalisierung als untschiedliche Handlungsfelder zu betrachten, die ihre eigenen Ziele verfolgen, und mit je eigenen Herausforderungen verbunden sind. Nichtsdestotrotz, sollten ihre Überschneidungen nicht vergessen werden. In diesem Beitrag beschäftige ich mich anhand der folgenden Fragen mit dem Thema Deradikalisierung: Was ist Deradikalisierungsarbeit? Was ist (nicht) ihr Ziel? Und wer übt sie aus? Wie unterscheidet sie sich von Prävention? Was sind Bedingungen erfolgreicher Deradikalisierungsarbeit? In den Versuch, diese Fragen zu beantworten, möchte ich mit der Beschreibung zweier Situationen einsteigen...
Lebenswelten anerkennen! Religion im Unterricht und die Prävention salafistischer Einstellungen
(2016)
Dies ist der 16. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. „Darf ich als Muslim wählen?“, „Ist Augenbrauenzupfen halal?“, „Dürfen Musliminnen Halloween feiern?“ Antworten auf diese Fragen suchen junge Musliminnen und Muslime immer seltener bei ihren Eltern und Koranlehrern. Einfacher – und lebensweltnäher – ist die Suche bei „Sheikh Google“. Gerade hier dominieren allerdings oft salafistische Stimmen die Debatten und prägen somit das Religionsverständnis vieler Jugendlicher. Umso wichtiger ist es, religiöse Fragen auch im Unterricht aufzugreifen und damit alternative Foren für eine Auseinandersetzung mit Werten, Normen und Traditionen anzubieten. Dabei geht es nicht um „Religionsunterricht“, sondern um Gespräche über Themen, die Jugendliche im Alltag beschäftigen – und die für alle Jugendlichen unabhängig von Herkunft und Religionszugehörigkeit relevant sind. In der Präventionsarbeit haben sich verschiedene Ansätze bewährt, religiöse Themen in den Unterricht zu integrieren. Sie unterscheiden sich zum Teil deutlich in der Herangehensweise und Kontextualisierung. Außer in interreligiösen Zugängen werden religiöse Fragen auch in politisch-bildnerischen Ansätzen aufgegriffen....
Dies ist der 19. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Medien sind Erfüllungsgehilfen der Salafisten. Jedes Mal wenn über eine Aktion von Salafisten berichtet wird, wird die Gruppe bekannter. Berichterstattungen machen neugierig und animieren dazu, ins Internet zu gehen. Zugleich diskreditieren Medien die Muslime. Berichte über Salafismus werfen immer auch ein schlechtes Licht auf die Religion des Islam. Nur was ist die Schlussfolgerung daraus? Sollten Medien das Phänomen besser verschweigen? Wie sollte eine verantwortliche Abwägung von Medienschaffenden aussehen? Der Beitrag geht diesen Fragen nach...
Dies ist der 20. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Bislang haben sich über 700 junge Menschen aus Deutschland den gewaltbereiten Salafisten des IS angeschlossen. Sie haben die Bundesrepublik verlassen und sind in den Jihad gezogen. Die mediale Diskussion beschränkt sich bei der Diskussion darüber, wie dies zu verhindern sei, zumeist auf sicherheitspolitische Maßnahmen. Das sind Maßnahmen, die auf Bundes- oder Länderebene durchgeführt werden. In der Prävention von Radikalisierung spielen allerdings die Kommunen eine entscheidende Rolle. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Maßnahmen, die auf kommunaler Ebene getroffen werden (sollten) – von verschiedenen Präventionsangeboten bis hin zu Chancen kommunaler Vernetzung...
Tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran have been increasing recently. Although the narrative developed to describe the execution of a Saudi Shiite cleric, Nimr Al-Nimr, as a sectarian dimension of the Kingdom’s policies towards Iran, Saudi Arabia’s goals are not principally fuelling the Shiite-Sunni divide. The Saudi executions were partially an attempt by Saudi Arabia to severe ties with Iran and push the tensions forward. Lifting sanctions against Iran, coupled with oil prices plummeting to around $32 per barrel remains a frightening nightmare for the Saudis...
Tertium datur, heißt hier „es gibt einen dritten Weg.“ Damit meinen die Politikwissenschaftlerin Ulrike Guérot und der östereichische Schriftsteller Robert Menasse in ihrem kürzlich in Le Monde diplomatique erschienenen Artikel den Weg Europas aus der Flüchtlingskrise. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz könnte heftige Debatten auslösen, wenn weder Repression noch laissez-faire mehr funktionieren, Wohlstand und Sattheit endgültig der Panik weichen. Und warum sollten wir den Rechtspopulisten die Initiative bei der Entwicklung neuer gesellschaftlicher Konzepte überlassen?? In ihrem Artikel fordern Guérot und Menasse: Nicht Grenzen zu, nicht Grenzen auf, sondern Grenzen weg und her mit den Menschen! Flüchtlinge sollen im Sinne Immanuel Kants als Weltgäste willkommen geheißen werden, und sie sollen bei uns, in den Gastländern ihre eigenen Städte nachbauen. Soziologisch gesehen führten viele sich frei entwickelnde Parallelgesellschaften zu einem produktiveren Miteinander als Stigmatisierung, Integrationskurse und nach drei Jahren mögliche Abschiebung, so die Autoren...
A short while ago, an interested reader inquired about one of my articles on the topic of jihad and terrorism. I am thankful for the inspiring question. The reader asked me to clarify why there seems to be no difference between terrorism and jihad nowadays, and why this boundary has disappeared in debates by many people in the social media and in other places...
This is the third article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
I am the author of two books about the French nouvelle droite (ND – New Right): Where Have All The Fascists Gone? and Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to modernity. In 2014, I published a piece entitled „The French New Right Neither Right, nor Left?“. Surprisingly, the French ND leader Alain de Benoist responded with a polemical and largely ad hominem article in the same journal.1 I must stress that I neither identify with a political party, nor a political movement. I do not support any ideological current. De Benoist does. He is self-described as a man of the right. Hence, he cannot even claim intellectual objectivity.
In this piece, I want to offer some comments on my debate with de Benoist. I argue that while we should strive towards intellectual objectivity, we cannot be silent in the face of falsehoods. In this respect, the ND plays a dishonest game. Its leader and other ND intellectuals feign intellectual objectivity and the platitudes of transcending right and left, but they want cultural hegemony and the triumph of their decidedly radical right-wing ideals...
This is the sixth article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
As everywhere else in Eastern Europe, ever since the fall of the communist regime, Romania’s political system has experienced dramatic changes from one electoral cycle to another, starting off with what was considered to be an inflation of political parties at the beginning of the 1990’s and arriving today at what seems to approximate a two-party system, with the Social-Democratic Party (PSD) on the left and the National Liberal Party (PNL) on the right side of the political spectrum. However, the fog surrounding the ideological identities of virtually all Romanian political parties has only intensified in time, leaving the party system in flux and creating the idea that there are no significant differences between the major political players. As was the case of many other countries, this situation has generated the (at least partial) success of a radical anti-establishment discourse. However, unlike other European countries, the far right in Romania did not benefit by the financial crisis...
Here we go again. Recent terrorist attacks against another European capital city in less than a year continue to shake the core of world politics. It is worth to note that terrorist attacks are not only happening against European states, but also against other countries, most notably Turkey and Indonesia. Is it a clash of cultures, religions, or it is merely politics? How do we keep serving Daesh (Islamic State)?
This is the first article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Europe is in trouble. Far right politics is spreading all over the place and its actors and discourses become increasingly influential at various levels: Parties from the far right achieved successes in French, Austrian and Slovakian elections. Far right movement organizations in Germany and Italy mobilized thousands of people to the streets. In Sweden and Great Britain, vigilante and terrorist groups wage armed struggle. And last but not least, ‚illiberal models of democracy‘ in Poland and Hungary demonstrate the far right’s capacity to transform politics on the European level...
An analysis of the UK's counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST, and the challenges in its evaluation
(2016)
The UK’s Counter-Terrorism strategy, known as CONTEST, is recognized as one of the most successful soft-focus strategies in the world, with an intended emphasis on community support and what have become known as ‘Prevent’ (or counter-extremism) measures. In all, there are four limbs to CONTEST: PREVENT, PROTECT, PURSUE and PREPARE. While there is much crossover between these areas, for example policing activities take place in all four limbs, each one has a specific focus with its own intrinsic goals. This article intends to provide an overview of CONTEST, and to explore the challenges of evaluating counter-terrorism strategies in general. In doing so, I intend to show that while robust and independent evaluation of CONTEST has not been undertaken from a quantitative approach, some level of evaluation has taken place and can be taken into consideration when moving forward with future analysis of the strategy...
Since Mobile Virtual Assistants are rising in popularity and come with most new smartphones out of the box and theoretical work in the field is hard to come by, a test is in order to establish the status quo of development. We did a manual test on six different Mobile Virtual Assistants in the categories Voice Recognition, Online Search, Phone Control and Natural Conversation and the results show that Siri is currently the best Mobile Virtual Assistant on the market with a success rate of 65.8% on average over all four categories.
This is the 27. and final article in our series Trouble on the Far-Right.
Trouble on the far right has become troubling for Europe. Not only do right-wing motivated attacks occur regularly against Roma camps, ethnic minorities, LGBTQI people and Jewish institutions. At the same time, a xenophobic discourse on refugees has gained momentum in politics and society and further blurred the lines between far right agitation and mainstream politics. In order to classify these events adequately, far right activism should not just be regarded as a security issue that can be eliminated by force, but as a threat that threatens the foundations of open, democratic and pluralist societies. Hence, we should be aware that far right politics are neither a new nor an isolated phenomenon but often bank on existing cultures of (gender, competitive, nativist) domination in capitalist societies.1
Certain developments have recently accelerated a radicalization of the political mainstream in terms of rhetoric, demands and policy outcomes and transformed the institutional landscape. The Slovakian parliamentary elections and the fateful presidential elections in Austria are central events during our 10-week blog series that prove the inherent dynamic. The right-wing government in Poland that has started removing fundamental rights and facilitated the spread of nationalist values is another example.
Contrary to the one-sided academic focus on elections, far right influence on European societies should be measured on three further levels: Massive street mobilizations epitomized by Pegida in Germany (and beyond) and the Italian Stop Invasione rallies, clandestine organizing such as the British far right militants and prospering relations between state authorities and far right movements, for example in Turkey, testify a growing diversification of far right activism. These scenarios demand methodologically and theoretically innovative perspectives. Our blog series Trouble on the Far Right has provided them with an international forum.