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We live in the age of commentaries. When I was a law student at Heidelberg University and wrote a take-home exam on private law in the mid-1990s, I had to survey eight commentaries on the German Civil Code. Today, students have to check twice as many commentaries, among them whoppers like the Historical-Critical Commentary and the Beck "Grand" Online-Commentary, the latter still in progress with more than 400 individual contributors – not paragraphs. Publishers and editors must use all kinds of incentives to lure new authors onto their juridical treadmills. Nobody needs an oracle to predict that most of the commentaries without a digital interface will soon vanish – sometimes to the relief of their authors, who are deeply frustrated by the lack of citations in textbooks and court cases. There is no need for the Club of Rome to issue a paper on the limits of legal commentaries. Despite all this intertextual Darwinism, the commentaries call to mind a kind of legal oasis with plenty of resources. The desert beyond buries the few remaining "grand" textbooks that traditionally developed legal principles and legal system. The commentaries can provide no guidance on these points. Their focus lies on practical details, not overarching structures. It is no wonder that mainstream contemporary German legal writing on private law is unable to master the overwhelming number of changes in the German Civil Code introduced over the last two decades. ...
Über kaum einen Gegenstand wissen wir so wenig wie über die Wirklichkeit des juristischen Denkens. Am besten sind wir noch – dank Richard Posner ("How Judges Think" – Cambridge, MA/London 2008) und anderer (überwiegend) anglo-amerikanischer Autoren – über die Untiefen und Irrläufe richterlicher Entscheidungsfindung informiert. Rechtswissenschaft und Rechtspolitik werden hingegen nach wie vor nur selten in kognitiven Kategorien vermessen. ...
Sammelbände sind eine zweischneidige Angelegenheit. Soll man sie als Buch ansehen, eingeteilt in verschiedene Kapitel, die von mehreren Autoren stammen? Oder hat man viel eher eine Sammlung einzelner Aufsätze vor sich, die sich mehr oder weniger passend unter ein vom Herausgeber vorgegebenes Rahmenthema scharen? Beides trifft gleichermaßen zu, und das macht es so schwer, Werke dieser Gattung zu rezensieren. Geht man von einem geschlossenen Buch aus, fällt der Blick auf die Einleitung. Hier legen die Herausgeber jeweils ihre Überlegungen offen, die zu der nunmehr im Druck vorliegenden Tagung geführt hatten. Sie selbst ordnen die einzelnen Beiträge dann auch in die übergreifenden Ideen ein. Der Leser bekommt also einen Eindruck davon, wo der rote Faden verlaufen soll. Wer mit dieser Erwartungshaltung das Buch über Popular Justice aufschlägt, wird ein wenig enttäuscht. Gerade der Dreh- und Angelpunkt des Bandes, die Popular Justice, bleibt nämlich blass. Es geht irgendwie um die Beteiligung der Bevölkerung an der Rechtsdurchsetzung, um Laien, die Gerichtsbarkeit ausüben. Aber hier ist die Bandbreite groß, und deswegen sind genauere Zuspitzungen kaum möglich. Die Einleitung bietet einen bunten Strauß von Beispielen, die schnell und schlechthin als Volksjustiz erscheinen. Jedenfalls tauchen französische Jurys aus der Revolutionszeit auf, es geht um Reformen der Gerichtsverfassung in Spanien im 19. Jahrhundert zur Einführung der Jury, um spezifische Formen der Schiedsstellen für arbeitsgerichtliche Streitigkeiten in Italien, um sog. Katzenmusik und Charivari, um öffentliche Schändungen von Kollaborateuren in Frankreich, um deutsche und österreichische Volksgerichte nach dem ersten und zweiten Weltkrieg, um Volk und Gericht im Nationalsozialismus sowie um symbolische Gewalt gegen die SED-Herrschaft in der SBZ/DDR. ...
There is a consensus among historians that the School of Salamanca brought something new to the development of early modern European legal thinking and methodology. Francisco de Vitoria is considered, not only by modern researchers but also by his contemporaries (from Melchor Cano onward), the origin of the school and its founding figure. He is famously claimed to have introduced Thomas Aquinas’s Summa theologiae as the fundamental text for theological lectures at the University of Salamanca and so prepared the ground for the upsurge of academic activity and intellectual brilliance of late or modern scholasticism at Spanish, Portuguese, and American universities. Regardless of the differences in the assessments of the late scholastics’ political stance (whether viewed as trailblazers on the way to human rights and a modern law of nations or as conservative imperialists, whose sole intent was the perpetuation and legitimation of the Spanish rule in the Americas), Vitoria and his followers are seen as intellectual innovators, opening the restrictive traditions of medieval scholarship to the modern exigencies of a globalized world. This almost universal image has recently been called into question, with Jacob Schmutz showing that Vitoria was not quite the first to introduce Aquinas’s Summa into the teaching of Salamanca’s theological faculty, and Thomas Duve recently asking outright: Did everything actually start with Francisco de Vitoria? ...
Introduction: Convivencia(s)
(2018)
How can members of different cultures, religions, and confessions live together peacefully? What rules of coexistence, interaction, and conflict regulation have these communities developed to enable this cohabitation? What role does law play in this? – This is not the first time such questions have been discussed. These questions gain a specific poignancy when it’s not just about taste or cultural preferences but rather concerns an existential dimension like the religious sphere: for instance, when the immanent is observed from the perspective of transcendence. Even the smallest event can lead to major conflicts. ...
The end of an empire is almost always marked with legal acts, which often serve as the founding documents of a new order. There the beginning and the end converge. For example, the constitutional documents of Hispanic America after 1810 simultaneously heralded the dawn of new states and the twilight of the Spanish Empire. Since constitutions and the state institutions they help to build are deeply imbued with symbolic power, they are an important element in constructing, perhaps even in "inventing", nations. They provide raw materials for our regimes of memory and divide history into a "before" and an "after", through which they also exert a stabilising effect. ...
In the past 30 years, the end of the Cold War and the breakdown of the modernist frame of politics have promoted the historical turn of international law. A non-Eurocentric narrative of international law is needed not only to help it go beyond the geographical and conceptual self-justification, but also to open itself to other normative orders. This presents an intellectual and normative challenge to legal historians, who increasingly explore the normative dialogue and competition in interstitial areas, such as South and Southeast Asia in their existence between the Islamic, Sinocentric and European orders. It is this issue and this important era of globalisation that Clara Kemme’s book examines roughly over the period from 1500 to 1900, in particular how the key concepts of tribute and treaty were understood through diplomatic ideas and practices in South and SoutheastAsia, how the treaty system as a product of international law became global and why it prevailed over other systems of order (2). ...
Cómo reaccionaba la inquisición española ante la presencia de protestantes en sus colonias americanas es una de las preguntas transversales de la investigación que nos presenta el libro de Joël Graf. A partir de un análisis comparativo de los respectivos procesos inquisitoriales, el autor analiza las lógicas históricas, geográficas, jurídicas y teológicas que estaban a la base de las formas en que los tres tribunales inquisitoriales americanos procesaron a los diversos protestantes entre los siglos XVI y XVIII. Presentado de forma cronológica, el autor va mostrando las diferentes formas de reaccionar de los tribunales, sus prácticas jurídicas y principales debates. Entre ellos, quisiéramos resaltar algunos aspectos fundamentales del libro: a) los mecanismos de inclusión del catolicismo, basados en prácticas de disimulo, reverencia y auto-denuncia; b) las particularidades americanas de los denominados "herejes nacionales"; c) el poco uso de los tratados internacionales en medio de una amplia oferta normativa. ...
The conquista of the Americas confronted Spanish jurists educated in the legal concepts of the European medieval tradition with a different reality, pushing them to develop modern legal concepts on the basis of the European ius commune tradition. Traditionally, the School of Salamanca, theologians and jurists centred around the Dominican Francisco de Vitoria are credited with this intellectual renovation of moral and legal thought. However, the role earlier authors played in the process is still insufficiently researched. The Castilian crown jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios is one of the most interesting authors of the early phase in the conquest of the Americas. His treatise about the Spanish dominion in the Americas is a central text that shows how at the beginning of the 16th century the knowledge and the experiences of the European past were applied to the American present and, in the process, were shaped into modern ideas.