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Zentrales Forschungsanliegen der vorliegenden Abhandlung ist die Erörterung der Probleme, welche sich für die Corporate Governance einer Aktiengesellschaft ergeben, wenn abweichend vom gesetzlichen Optimalbild eine Divergenz zwischen dem Stimmrecht des Aktionärs und dessen wirtschaftlicher Betroffenheit vorliegt. Der von seinen Entscheidungen nicht proportional betroffene Aktionär soll als Corporate Governance Akteur in den Blick genommen werden.
Wieso aber lohnt sich eine erneute Befassung mit einem Problem, welches Easterbrook und Fischel bereits 1983 als ein solches identifiziert haben? Zum einen ist die internationale und deutsche Corporate Governance Debatte erheblich vorangeschritten. Steckte diese zum Zeitpunkt des Aufsatzes „Voting in Corporate Law“ noch in den Kinderschuhen, hat sie sich heute zu einem eigenen Forschungsfeld entwickelt, welches Juristen und Ökonomen in aller Welt beschäftigt. Der nicht proportional betroffene Aktionär wird in das durch diese Forschungsströmung entwickelte moderne Corporate Governance System eingeordnet. Zum anderen sind vor allem durch die Entwicklung vielfältiger Finanzderivate im Rahmen der sogenannten „derivatives revolution“ die Möglichkeiten durch schuldrechtliche Vereinbarungen eine entsprechende Disproportionalität zu erzeugen erheblich gestiegen. Während Easterbrook und Fischel noch feststellten „[…] it is not possible to seperate the voting right from the equity interest“, gestatten moderne Finanzprodukte es Aktionären, ihre wirtschaftliche Betroffenheit und zugleich deren Verhältnis zu ihrer Stimmrechtsmacht fast beliebig auszugestalten.
Die Zusammenschau aus einer erheblich diffizileren Corporate Governance Debatte in Verbindung mit einer neuen Vielzahl an Möglichkeiten eine Disproportionalität zwischen Stimmrecht und wirtschaftlicher Betroffenheit zu erzeugen, gibt der Thematik die notwendige Aktualität, die eine vertiefte Befassung anzeigt.
In Abgrenzung zu den bislang in diesem Themenkreis erschienenen Arbeiten, welche sich vor allem isoliert mit den Folgen für das Stimmrecht bzw. den einzelnen Anteilseigner befassen, thematisiert die vorliegende Abhandlung vor allem die Auswirkungen, welche die Trennung von Stimmrecht und wirtschaftlicher Betroffenheit für die Corporate Governance Struktur der Aktiengesellschaft nach sich ziehen kann. Auf diese Weise wird die Problematik der Ausübung disproportionaler Stimmrechte in die Erkenntnisse der Corporate Governance Theorie eingeordnet und insbesondere auch die ökonomischen Folgen selbiger herausgearbeitet. Die so gewonnenen Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den gesetzgeberischen Handlungsbedarf.
Corporate governance is the set of rules, be they legal or self-regulatory, practices and processes pursuant to which an insurance undertaking is administrated. Good corporate governance is not only key to establishing oneself and succeeding in a competitive environment but also to safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders in an insurance undertaking. It is insofar not surprising that mandatory requirements on the administration of insurance undertakings have become rather prolific in recent years, in an attempt by regulators to protect especially policyholders against perceived risks hailing from improperly governed insurance undertakings. In Germany this has been regarded by many undertakings as an overly paternalistic approach of the legislator, especially considering that the German insurance sector has experienced for decades if not centuries a remarkably low number of insolvencies and that German insurers were neither the trigger nor the (especially) endangered actors in the financial crisis commencing in 2007. Notwithstanding the true core of this criticism, that the insurance industry was taken to a certain degree hostage by the shortcomings within the banking sector, the reform of German Insurance Supervisory Law via implementation of the Solvency II-System has brought many advances in the sense of better governance of insurance undertakings and has also brought to light many deficiencies that the administration of some insurance undertakings may have suffered from in the past, which are now more properly addressed.
“Protection of the environment“ and “sustainability“ are more significant than ever. The legal system contributes an important share to the protection of the environment. However, an overview of the German private environmental liability law shows that conventional tort law is not a suitable basis for civil liability for the environmental consequences of officially approved emissions of greenhouse gases. In general, one of the main problems of private environmental liability law lies in proving the individual causality of the conduct of an emitter, as the lawsuit of a Peruvian homeowner against a German energy company pending before the Higher Regional Court of Hamm illustratively demonstrates. The outcome of this lawsuit, which may have an outstanding significance for the status and development of private environmental liability law in Germany, is awaited with great anticipation. The article also briefly examines recent developments in private environmental liability law outside Germany and the question to what extent insurance can be an instrument to protect the environment.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Legitimität der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels in Brasilien zu hinterfragen. Dies geschieht mit besonderem Augenmerk auf das spezifische brasilianische Glücksspiel, das „Spiel der Tiere“ (Jogo do bicho), das Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in der Stadt Rio de Janeiro, der Hauptstadt des damaligen kaiserlichen Brasiliens, entstand. Es handelt sich um eine Form des Glücksspiels, die sich in ganz Brasilien verbreitet hat und bereits Gegenstand mehrerer akademischer Studien in den Bereichen Anthropologie und Soziologie war. Das Verbot dieser Art von Glücksspiel, seine Kriminalisierung, seine große Beliebtheit und seine gesellschaftliche Toleranz sind jedoch Gründe dafür, dass das Spiel der Tiere im Besonderen und das Glücksspiel im Allgemeinen auch im juristischen Bereich, insbesondere im Strafrecht, ein bisher vernachlässigter Forschungsgegenstand von großem Interesse ist.
Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Analyse der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels, das in Brasilien seit über einem Jahrhundert unter freiem Himmel praktiziert wird. Bei dieser Analyse werden die Gründe für die Kriminalisierung und die Legitimität des Verbots in Frage gestellt. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Text, abgesehen von der Einleitung und der Schlussfolgerung, in sechs Kapitel unterteilt.
Kapitel 1 beschreibt die Geschichte des brasilianischen Tierspiels, die Ursprünge seines Verbots und seiner Kriminalisierung. In Kapitel 2 wird über die Wirklichkeit der Strafverfolgung in diesem „Kriminalitätsbereich“ berichtet. Kapitel 3 stellt den ent-sprechenden Straftatbestand des brasilianischen „Código Penal“ im Kontext der Systematik des brasilianischen Strafgesetzbuches vor. Kapitel 4 widmet sich zunächst den verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen der Kriminalisierung, und danach einem Überblick über das deutsche Glücksspielverbot und die Glücksspielregulierung. Ergänzt wird diese Suche in Kapitel 5, in dem die Forschung das strafrechtliche Glücksspielverbot in den Kontext der Debatte über die Abgrenzung zwischen und den Zusammenhang von Recht und Moral. Im abschließenden Kapitel 6 wird das (strafrechtlich sanktionierte) Glücksspielverbot mit den klassischen Legitimations-anforderungen konfrontiert.
Was in der strafrechtlichen Literatur der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zur Rechtfertigung des Verbots zu lesen ist, deutet auf einen großen Einfluss moralischer Argumente hin. Diese Argumente haben bis heute an Gewicht nicht verloren, auch wenn die Befürworter der Beibehaltung der Kriminalisierung versuchen, ihre letztlich moralistische Ideologie gegen das Glücksspiel mit Argumenten wie der Begleitkriminalität des Glückspiels zu verschleiern, die eher eine Folge als eine Ursache der Kriminalisierung ist.
Using hand-collected data on CEO appointments during shareholder activism campaigns, this study examines whether shareholder involvement in CEO recruiting affects frictions in CEO hiring decisions. The results indicate that appointments of CEOs who are recruited with shareholder activist influence are followed by more favorable stock market reactions and stronger profitability improvements than CEO appointments that also occur during activism campaigns but without the influence of activists. I find little evidence that shareholder activists increase hiring frictions by facilitating the recruiting of CEOs who will implement myopic corporate policies. Analyses of recruiting process characteristics reveal that activist influence is associated with more resources being dedicated to the CEO search process and with a higher propensity to recruit CEOs from outside the firm. These findings contribute to the CEO labor market literature, which tends to focus on the decision to remove incumbent CEOs but provides limited insights into CEO recruiting.
We study the design features of disclosure regulations that seek to trigger the green transition of the global economy and ask whether such regulatory interventions are likely to bring about sufficient market discipline to achieve socially optimal climate targets.
We categorize the transparency obligations stipulated in green finance regulation as either compelling the standardized disclosure of raw data, or providing quality labels that signal desirable green characteristics of investment products based on a uniform methodology. Both categories of transparency requirements can be imposed at activity, issuer, and portfolio level.
Finance theory and empirical evidence suggest that investors may prefer “green” over “dirty” assets for both financial and non-financial reasons and may thus demand higher returns from environmentally-harmful investment opportunities. However, the market discipline that this negative cost of capital effect exerts on “dirty” issuers is potentially attenuated by countervailing investor interests and does not automatically lead to socially optimal outcomes.
Mandatory disclosure obligations and their (public) enforcement can play an important role in green finance strategies. They prevent an underproduction of the standardized high-quality information that investors need in order to allocate capital according to their preferences. However, the rationale behind regulatory intervention is not equally strong for all categories and all levels of “green” disclosure obligations. Corporate governance problems and other agency conflicts in intermediated investment chains do not represent a categorical impediment for green finance strategies.
However, the many forces that may prevent markets from achieving socially optimal equilibria render disclosure-centered green finance legislation a second best to more direct forms of regulatory intervention like global carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. Inherently transnational market-based green finance concepts can play a supporting role in sustainable transition, which is particularly important as long as first-best solutions remain politically unavailable.
Extant research shows that CEO characteristics affect earnings management. This paper studies how investors infer a specific characteristic of CEOs, namely moral commitment to honesty, from earnings management and how this perception – in conjunction with their own social and moral preferences – shapes their investment choices. We conduct two laboratory experiments simulating investment choices. Our results show that participants perceive a CEO to be more committed to honesty when they infer that the CEO engaged less in earnings management. For investment decisions, a one standard deviation increase in a CEO's perceived commitment to honesty compared to another CEO reduces the relevance of differences in the CEOs’ claimed future returns by 40%. This effect is most prominent among investors with a proself value orientation. To prosocial investors, their own honesty values and those attributed to the CEO matter directly, while returns play a secondary role. Overall, perceived CEO honesty matters to different investors for distinct reasons.
This paper argues that the key mechanisms protecting retail investors’ financial stake in their portfolio investments are indirect. They do not rely on actions by the investors or by any private actor directly charged with looking after investors’ interests. Rather, they are provided by the ecosystem that investors (are legally forced to) inhabit, as a byproduct of the mostly self-interested, mutually and legally constrained behavior of third parties without a mandate to help the investors (e.g., speculators, activists). This elucidates key rules, resolves the mandatory vs. enabling tension in corporate/securities law, and exposes passive investing’s fragile reliance on others’ trading.
Increasing the diversity of policy committees has taken center stage worldwide, but whether and why diverse committees are more effective is still unclear. In a randomized control trial that varies the salience of female and minority representation on the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy committee, the FOMC, we test whether diversity affects how Fed information influences consumers’ subjective beliefs. Women and Black respondents form unemployment expectations more in line with FOMC forecasts and trust the Fed more after this intervention. Women are also more likely to acquire Fed-related information when associated with a female official. White men, who are overrepresented on the FOMC, do not react negatively. Heterogeneous taste for diversity can explain these patterns better than homophily. Our results suggest more diverse policy committees are better able to reach underrepresented groups without inducing negative reactions by others, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of policy communication and public trust in the institution.
The article traces and analyzes the negative globality of pandemic fears. It follows them through literary texts, psychological theories of individual and collective fears as well as legal documents. Rather than treating fears as law’s other, notably pandemic fears are included in the controversial discussion on how law protects (or should protect) peoples’ freedom in a pandemic. In closing, the article presents different forms of fear defense and fear denial such as conspiracy myths.
Our starting point is the following simple but potentially underappreciated observation: When assessing willingness to pay (WTP) for hedonic features of a product, the results of such measurement are influenced by the context in which the consumer makes her real or hypothetical choice or in which the questions to which she replies are set (such as in a contingent valuation analysis). This observation is of particular relevance when WTP regards sustainability, the “non-use value” of which does not derive from a direct (physical) sensation and where perceived benefits depend heavily on available information and deliberations. The recognition of such context sensitivity paves the way for a broader conception of consumer welfare (CW), and our proposed standard of “reflective WTP” may materially change the scope for private market initiatives with regards to sustainability, while keeping the analytical framework within the realm of the CW paradigm. In terms of practical implications, we argue, for instance, that actual purchasing decisions may prove insufficient to measure consumer appreciation of sustainability, as they may rather echo learnt but unreflected heuristics and may be subject to the specific shopping context, such as heavy price promotions. Also, while it may reflect current social norm, the latter may change considerably over time as more consumers adopt their behavior.
Aufgrund § 16 Abs. 3 Hessisches Hochschulgesetz (HHG) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 14. Dezember 2009 (GVBl. I S. 666), zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 24. Juni 2020 (GVBl. S. 435), hat das Präsidium der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main am 18.05.2021 die folgende Entgeltordnung für das weiterbildende Curriculum mit Zertifikat „Konfliktlösung im nationalen und internationalen Sport“ beschlossen:...
We identify strong cross-border institutions as a driver for the globalization of in-novation. Using 67 million patents from over 100 patent offices, we introduce novel measures of innovation diffusion and collaboration. Exploiting staggered bilateral in-vestment treaties as shocks to cross-border property rights and contract enforcement, we show that signatory countries increase technology adoption and sourcing from each other. They also increase R&D collaborations. These interactions result in techno-logical convergence. The effects are particularly strong for process innovation, and for countries that are technological laggards or have weak domestic institutions. Increased inter-firm rather than intra-firm foreign investment is the key channel.
Venture capital-backed firms, unavoidable value-destroying trade sales, and fair value protections
(2021)
This paper investigates the implications of the fair value protections contemplated by the standard corporate contract (i.e., the standard contract form for which corporate law provides) for the entrepreneur–venture capitalist relationship, focusing, in particular, on unavoidable value-destroying trade sales. First, it demonstrates that the typical entrepreneur–venture capitalist contract does institutionalize the venture capitalist’s liquidity needs, allowing, under some circumstances, for counterintuitive instances of contractually-compliant value destruction. Unavoidable value-destroying trade sales are the most tangible example. Next, it argues that fair value protections can prevent the entrepreneur and venture capitalist from allocating the value that these transactions generate as they would want. Then, it shows that the reality of venture capital-backed firms calls for a process of adaptation of the standard corporate contract that has one major step in the deactivation or re-shaping of fair value protections. Finally, it argues that a standard corporate contract aiming to promote social welfare through venture capital should feature flexible fair value protections.
In memory of Brigitte Haar
(2021)
Nachruf auf Brigitte Haar (1965-2019).
Combining insights from the history of citizenship with contemporary legal analysis, this article both highlights and problematizes what we may call sorting strategies – restrictive closure and selective openness – which rely on ‘varieties of affluence’ (income, wealth, equity, credit, and the like) in shaping possibilities for entry, settlement, and naturalization. By emphasizing the growing significance of income barriers and thresholds on the one hand, and fast-tracked investment-based entryways on the other, this article investigates the role of wealth as both accelerator and barrier to citizenship, contributing to the varied toolbox used by governments to advance goals that may at times appear contradictory; these tools both tighten and relax the requirements of access to membership at the same time. These new developments represent different facets of the same trend. Without explicitly stating as much, programs that turn wealth into a core criterion for admission conceptually reignite an older, exclusive, and exclusionary vision according to which individuals must hold property (in land, resources, or in relation to one’s ‘dependents,’ including women, slaves, and children) in order to qualify as a citizen. While such a trajectory is no stranT8ger to ancient models, it raises profound challenges to modernist accounts of political membership that place equality at their core.
In this study, we analyze the trading behavior of banks with lending relationships. We combine detailed German data on banks’ proprietary trading and market making with lending information from the credit register and then examine how banks trade stocks of their borrowers around important corporate events. We find that banks trade more frequently and also profitably ahead of events when they are the main lender (or relationship bank) for the borrower. Specifically, we show that relationship banks are more likely to build up positive (negative) trading positions in the two weeks before positive (negative) news events, and also that they unwind these positions shortly after the event. This trading pattern is more pronounced for unscheduled earnings events, M&A transactions, and after borrower obtain new bank loans. Our results suggest that lending relationships endow banks with important information, highlighting the potential for conflicts of interest in banking, which has been a prominent concern in the regulatory debate.
Do required minimum distribution 401(k) rules matter, and for whom? Insights from a lifecylce model
(2021)
Tax-qualified vehicles helped U.S. private-sector workers accumulate $25Tr in retirement assets. An often-overlooked important institutional feature shaping decumulations from these retirement plans is the “Required Minimum Distribution” (RMD) regulation, requiring retirees to withdraw a minimum fraction from their retirement accounts or pay excise taxes on withdrawal shortfalls. Our calibrated lifecycle model measures the impact of RMD rules on financial behavior of heterogeneous households during their worklives and retirement. We show that proposed reforms to delay or eliminate the RMD rules should have little effects on consumption profiles but more impact on withdrawals and tax payments for households with bequest motives.
Im Gesetzgebungsverfahren zur Umsetzung des Kohleausstiegs wurde kurz vor den abschließenden Beratungen auf Initiative des Ausschusses für Wirtschaft und Energie eine Vorschrift in das Gesetz zur Reduzierung und zur Beendigung der Kohleverstromung (KVBG) aufgenommen, die die “Notwendigkeit” des Braunkohletagebaus Garzweiler II rechtlich absichern soll (§48 KVBG; dazu 1). Unabhängig von der Frage, ob dieser Versuch durch die verschärften Jahresemissionsmengen für die Energiewirtschaft, die durch die Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 24.3.2021 veranlasst sind, bereits als überholt angesehen werden kann, und auch unabhängig von materiellen Bedenken fehlt dem Bund die Gesetzgebungskompetenz. Denn die Vorschrift ist an dem Erforderlichkeitsmaßstab des Art. 72 Abs. 2 GG zu messen (dazu 2) und die Anwendung der dazu in der Rechtsprechung entwickelten Kriterien (dazu 3) auf §48 KVBG führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass es an der Erforderlichkeit der Bedarfsfeststellung für Garzweiler II zur Wahrung der Wirtschaftseinheit im gesamtstaatlichen Interesse fehlt (dazu 4).
Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences.
Both China and the EU have nearly 30 years of legislative experience on GMOs. However, despite all the experience gained so far and theoretical analyses, due to the social concerns about GMO risk, both China and Germany are still encountering a decision-making dilemma on authorizing green GMOs. Therefore, the dissertation is dedicated to the issue of whether there is a possibility that this dilemma could be resolved by improving or reformulating the administrative risk decision-making mechanism regarding green GMOs. Specifically, the dissertation analyses four concrete questions: operation of classical decision-making on danger prevention, the challenges posed by uncertain risks, the theoretical legal response to uncertain risk, and the functioning of legally constituted decision-making mechanisms for GMOs in Germany/ the EU and China.
Conventionally, danger is a threshold for the executive to intervene in individual liberty. It can ensure the rationality of ex-ante intervention and further guarantee a balance between individual liberty and public safety. Regarding the danger prevention decision-making process, the executive authorities investigate the factual information at first; then, based on reliable and accessible common knowledge about the rule of causality, predict the degree of possible damage and the occurrence probability; at last, make ex-ante intervention decisions to interrupt the causality chain and avoid damages.
In the risk society, uncertain risk of GMOs is characterized as collectively wide-ranging, manufactured, high-technological, and value-oriented. The ex-ante intervention of the administration extends from danger to uncertain risk, i.e., risk precaution. The essential cause of uncertain risk is that humans do not have sufficient knowledge and have not yet grasped the rule of causality regarding new technologies. Due to the lack of a cognitive reference standard, it is not easy for the administration to judge the existence of risks and make rational decisions on risk precaution, which, consequently, amounts to losing the balance between individual freedom and public safety. Besides, if the authority makes a decision ad arbitrium, and expects learning by error, this may cause significant secondary risks.
In the risk management system, there are two primary, partly interrelated strategies to manage risk that are currently used: that is, knowledge generation and proceduralization. Specifically, to de-materialize the legislation, integrate multipartite participation in the decision-making process, and open the procedure for updating the information can contribute to the generation of the requisite knowledge. Proceduralization can assist with knowledge generation, promote the reconciliation of conflicting interests, compensate for material and legal deficits, and control the legitimacy of administrative behavior.
In the final chapter, the laws on GMOs in the EU, Germany, and China are analysed, especially under the perspective of the concrete risk decision-making mechanisms.
Overall, this dissertation argues that law can procedurally guarantee the independence and reliability of experts and ensure that access to public participation is open. But what the law can do to address public trust and scientifically uncertain risks, is limited.
Criminal law exceptionalism, or so I suggest, has turned into an ideology in German and Continental criminal law theory. It rests on interrelated claims about the (ideal or real) extraordinary qualities and properties of the criminal law and has led to exceptional doctrines in constitutional criminal law and criminal law theory. It prima facie paradoxically perpetuates and conserves the criminal law, and all too often leads to ideological thoughtlessness, which may blind us to the dark sides of criminal laws in action.
Pfälzische Rechtsgeschichten
(2021)
Private equity has grown remarkably in the last 30 years. Given its rise to prominence, exceptional profitability and a more prolific and publicly visible buyout activity, regulation in the private equity space seemed inevitable. The 2007 global financial crisis furnished an opportunity to doubt the industry’s role and magnify the key concerns, providing momentum for calls to regulate the industry more aggressively. Ultimately, the regulatory change came from the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD), which has been described as one of the most rigorously debated and controversial pieces of financial regulation to ever emerge from the European Union (EU).
The AIFMD is unique and unprecedented, yet there has been very little written about it in the context of private equity. Therefore, this thesis makes a contribution to this area of research by examining the implications of AIFMD for private equity and arguing that this EU Directive has a re-shaping effect on the industry that inevitably marks the end of the light-touch regulation in this area. Whilst the desire of policymakers to act and intervene decisively during market
downturns is understandable, there is a risk that the response may not be appropriate and result in a crisis-induced over-reaction.
This thesis demonstrates, amongst other things, that the AIFMD has created a particularly
complex regulatory regime which for the hitherto unregulated or lightly regulated fund managers has had a significant effect in the EU and beyond. Examples of the most impactful
provisions relate to authorisation, marketing, depositaries, acquisition of control, remuneration, and transparency and disclosure. The implication are wide-ranging, and there is a clear conflict between the opportunities (e.g. EU passport, AIFMD as a global brand) and threats (e.g. excessive compliance costs, exodus of fund managers from the EU), which depend on a firm’s size, domicile and the gap needed to be aligned between the pre- and post-AIFMD regime.
Although there will be no stark triumph of one position over another in the assessment of the AIFMD until all of its elements are fully implemented, overall the impact of the Directive has been material, requiring substantial work to comply with (or adapt to) the requirements, which in some cases are not only particularly onerous and costly, but also a bit misguided, discouraging, or fairly irrelevant.
Using loan-level data from Germany, we investigate how the introduction of model-based capital regulation affected banks’ ability to absorb shocks. The objective of this regulation was to enhance financial stability by making capital requirements responsive to asset risk. Our evidence suggests that banks ‘optimized’ model-based regulation to lower their capital requirements. Banks systematically underreported risk, with under reporting being more pronounced for banks with higher gains from it. Moreover, large banks benefitted from the regulation at the expense of smaller banks. Overall, our results suggest that sophisticated rules may have undesired effects if strategic misbehavior is difficult to detect.
This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and wealth differentials between black and white households. Specifically, we show that, although a more accommodative monetary policy increases employment of black households more than white households, the overall effects are small. At the same time, an accommodative monetary policy shock exacerbates the wealth difference between black and white households, because black households own less financial assets that appreciate in value. Over multi-year time horizons, the employment effects are substantially smaller than the countervailing portfolio effects. We conclude that there is little reason to think that accommodative monetary policy plays a significant role in reducing racial inequities in the way often discussed. On the contrary, it may well accentuate inequalities for extended periods.
In diesem Text werden, ausgehend von der Unterscheidung von Autorität und Autoritarismus, zunächst Entwicklungen im Gefahrenabwehrrecht (Polizeirecht) rekonstruiert, die sich autoritär kennzeichnen lassen. Die Entfesselung des (rechtsstaatlich gebändigten) Leviathan wird dann weiterverfolgt im Recht des Infektionsschutzes. Der Fokus liegt hier auf den anti-corona Gesetzen zum Schutz der Bevölkerung der Jahre 2020 und 2021. In einer Art Gegenprobe wird der infektionsschutzrechtliche Autoritarismus daraufhin überprüft, ob er alternativlos war, problemlos auf die rechtsstaatliche Spur zurückgeführt werden oder sich als demokratisches Gemeinschaftsprojekt interpretieren lassen könnte.
Der Beitrag erläutert die Fragestellung, die Kernthesen und den juristischen Erkenntniswert einer „Ontologie des Immaterialgüterrechts“. Ihr Untersuchungsgegenstand ist die Frage, auf welchem Verständnis der Wirklichkeit, genauer: seines Schutzgegenstands, das IP-Recht beruht. Nicht die Seinsweise des Rechts wird analysiert, sondern die hiervon zu unterscheidende Seinsweise einer bestimmten Klasse von Rechtsobjekten, nämlich Immaterialgütern und insbesondere urheberrechtlichen Werken. Die diesbezügliche ontologische und historische Betrachtung ergibt, dass es sich beim abstrakt-unkörperlichen Werk um eine sprachbasierte Konstruktion handelt, die als sozial-institutionelle Tatsache wirkmächtig ist, weil und soweit Menschen seit ca. 200 Jahren so sprechen und denken, als gäbe es unkörperliche Werke – obwohl diese metaphysische Annahme nicht plausibel ist. Der Beitrag erläutert weiter, dass sich das Urheber- und IP-Recht auf der Basis dieser Einsichten und einer alternativen, handlungs- und artefaktbasierten IP-Theorie besser erklären lässt als auf dem Boden des herrschenden Paradigmas vom abstrakten Immaterialgut bzw. Werk. Dies gilt sowohl im Hinblick auf die Dogmatik und Anwendungspraxis des geltenden Rechts als auch im Hinblick auf die ökonomische Analyse und den Rechtsvergleich. Die normativen Implikationen dieser deskriptiven Erkenntnisse sind hingegen begrenzt und richten sich vor allem an die Urheberrechtswissenschaft. Diese sollte tunlichst nicht mehr so reden und argumentieren, als existierten abstrakte Werke, die dem Berechtigten wie Sachen exklusiv zugeordnet sind.
The paper examines the importance of international labour standards for ESG reporting. International labour standards exist today for almost all working conditions. There are many reasons why ESG criteria should be based on these standards. This is already happening to some extent. However, the references to international labor standards should be expanded and the existing references deepened.
This article provides a novel explanation for the global intellectual property (IP) paradox, i.e. the consistent growth of the multilateral IP system in spite of mounting evidence that its effects are at best neutral if not disadvantageous for low-income and most middleincome countries and thus the majority of contracting states. It demonstrates that the multilateral IP system is deliberately structured as a virtual network that exhibits network effects similar to a social media platform, for example. The more members an IP treaty has, the more IP protection acceding states can secure for their nationals. Conversely, every accession enlarges the territory in which nationals of previous members can enjoy protection. Due to these increasing returns to adoption, signing up to and remaining part of the global IP network is attractive, irrespective of the immediate effects of a treaty.
According to the standard account, IPRs allocate objects to owners, just like ownership allocates real property. In this paper, I explain that this simplistic paradigm operates on the basis of three fictions: The first – truly Polanyian – fiction concerns IP subject matter that was originally not produced for sale but created for other purposes, e.g. private pleasure. The second fiction is that IP is treated as a marketable good whereas much IP, in particular works and signs, are embedded in communication. Finally, IP is a fictitious concept in that we speak of works, inventions, and other IP objects as of tangible commodities, where in fact IP objects only exist insofar and because we speak and regulate as if they exist as abstract “goods” of value.
Das LG Mannheim hat in einer Entscheidung einen sog. Faktencheck auf Facebook für lauterkeitsrechtlich unbedenklich erklärt. Die folgende Urteilsbesprechung zeigt jedoch, dass die Entscheidung weder in der Begründung noch im Ergebnis zu überzeugen vermag. Denn der konkrete Faktencheck ist geeignet, den Wettbewerb zwischen Nachrichtenseiten zu verfälschen.
Women are overrepresented in informal employment in the Indian labour market. They also devote more time to unpaid care work than men do. The poor working conditions of women are attributable to this double burden of work. Due to the lack of regulatory measures to protect the interest of informal women workers along with rigid gender norms, women’s participation in paid work is drastically reduced. As far as unpaid care work is concerned, feminist economists have been striving to make such work visible for a long time now. There have been some developments in labour statistics, with time use surveys quantifying women’s paid and unpaid contributions to the economy. This article delves into the examination of unpaid care work in India with the help of the Indian government’s recent Time-use Survey. It attempts to study the connection between paid work and unpaid care work and its implications for the working conditions of women in India. Finally, it evaluates the ‘right to work’ as a possible solution by using the example of employment guarantee schemes in India.
Large companies are increasingly on trial. Over the last decade, many of the world’s biggest firms have been embroiled in legal disputes over corruption charges, financial fraud, environmental damage, taxation issues or sanction violations, ending in convictions or settlements of record-breaking fines, well above the billion-dollar mark. For critics of globalization, this turn towards corporate accountability is a welcome sea-change showing that multinational companies are no longer above the law. For legal experts, the trend is noteworthy because of the extraterritorial dimensions of law enforcement, as companies are increasingly held accountable for activities independent of their nationality or the place of the activities. Indeed, the global trend required understanding the evolution of corporate criminal law enforcement in the United States in particular, where authorities have skillfully expanded its effective jurisdiction beyond its territory. This paper traces the evolution of corporate prosecutions in the United States. Analyzing federal prosecution data, it then shows that foreign firms are more likely to pay a fine, which is on average 6,6 times larger.
Der Beitrag stellt dar, wie Online-Plattformen in den Bereichen Urheberrecht, Hassrede und Desinformation in der EU reguliert wurden. Die Analyse ergibt einen Regulierungskreislauf, der in vier Phasen ablief. Bis zum Jahrtausendwechsel war es die Legislative, die einen allgemeinen gesetzlichen Rahmen für die Online-Kommunikation in Gestalt von Äußerungsverboten und Haftungsprivilegierungen definierte. Dieser Rahmen wurde im folgenden Jahrzehnt von den Betreibern der neu entstehenden Plattformen unter Ausnutzung ihres privatautonomen Gestaltungsspielraums implementiert. In der dritten Phase ab ca. 2010 verschärften die Judikative und die Exekutive die sich aus dem allgemeinen gesetzlichen Rahmen ergebenden Mindestanforderungen an die Bekämpfung von Urheberrechtsverletzungen, Hassrede und Desinformation. In der vorläufig letzten Phase des Regulierungskreislaufs ab 2017/2018 ergriff wieder der Gesetzgeber die Initiative, indem die Standards, die in den Phasen zwei und drei entwickelt worden waren, kodifiziert und teilweise nochmals angehoben wurden. Damit ist der Kreislauf der unionalen Plattformregulierung allerdings nicht zu seinem Ende gekommen. Vielmehr ist bereits erkennbar, dass sich nun wieder eine eher experimentell-tastende Phase privatautonomer Implementierung und ko-regulativer Fortentwicklung des neuen gesetzlichen Rahmens anschließt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kurzen Bewertung dieser Entwicklung hin zu mehr hoheitlicher Kommunikationskontrolle.
In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten sind Anmeldungen von Rechten des geistigen Eigentums (intellectual property, IP) bzw. Verletzungsklagen wiederholt an der unzureichenden Bestimmtheit des exklusiv beanspruchten Gegenstands gescheitert. Ihren Ausgang nahm diese Entwicklung im Markenrecht mit Entscheidungen des EuGH (Stichworte: Sieckmann, Heidelberger Bauchemie, Dyson, IP Translator, Oy Hartwall) und später auch des BGH (Stichwort: UHU). Die markenrechtlichen Grundsätze strahlten auf das Designrecht (Stichworte: Sporthelm, Mast-Jägermeister) und zuletzt auch auf das Urheberrecht (Stichwort: Levola) aus. Im Folgenden werden die maßgeblichen Urteile zur Schutzfähigkeit von Zeichen, Designs und Werken zusammengetragen und systematisiert. Dabei treten zwei Aspekte eines Bestimmtheitsgebots zu Tage, die, wie abschließend zu zeigen sein wird, auch im Patentrecht gelten
Der Beitrag nimmt kritisch zum gegenwärtig anhängigen EU-Gesetz über digitale Dienste (Digital Services Act, DSA) Stellung. Die Kernthese lautet: Big Tech muss reguliert werden, aber nicht wie im DSA vorgesehen. Zur Untermauerung dieser Position werden fünf grundlegend problematische Aspekte des DSA benannt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die derzeit verhandelten Fassungen des DSA (1) die Vertragsfreiheit nicht kommunikationsmächtiger Vermittlungsdienste missachten, (2) automatisiertes Overblocking begünstigen, (3) auch legale, aber in unspezifischer Weise „schädliche“ Äußerungen ins Visier nehmen, (4) einen vagen und für die Kommunikationsregulierung generell unpassenden Risikopräventionsansatz verfolgen und (5) eine Kommunikationsüberwachungsbürokratie errichten, die ihrerseits keinen zureichenden öffentlich-demokratischen Kontrollen unterliegt. Als Reaktion auf diese Befunde wird vorgeschlagen, (1) nur sehr großen Online-Plattformen inhaltliche Vorgaben im Hinblick auf ihre AGB zu machen, (2) die Verpflichtung/Berechtigung zum Einsatz automatischer Moderationssysteme auf offensichtlich rechtswidrige Inhalte zu beschränken, (3) im DSA auch keine indirekten Pflichten zur Unterdrückung legaler, aber „schädlicher“ Inhalte vorzusehen, (4) das systemische Risiko des Art. 26 Abs. 1 Buchst. c DSA ersatzlos zu streichen und (5) die DSA-Bürokratie staatsfern auszugestalten und einer parlamentarischen Kontrolle zu unterwerfen.
Der Beitrag bietet eine Übersicht der unionalen und deutschen Rechtsbegriffe zur Bezeichnung von Diensten im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik (IKT). Neben Rechtsquellen der ersten Regulierungsgeneration (insbes. E-Commerce- und InfoSoc-Richtlinie) werden 26 Gesetze bzw. Gesetzesvorschläge aus den letzten fünf Jahren in die Bestandsaufnahme einbezogen. Die einzelnen Dienstebegriffe werden erläutert und nach Maßgabe ihrer technisch-sozialen Funktion klassifiziert. Die vergleichende Analyse arbeitet Unterschiede und Überschneidungen sowie allgemeine dogmatische Grundsätze heraus, etwa zur Beurteilung multifunktionaler Dienste. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt Diensten wie sozialen Netzwerken und Messengern, deren juristische Einordnung ungeklärt ist. Der Beitrag schließt mit begrifflichen Reformvorschlägen für das künftige Digitalrecht.
Der Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über den entstehungsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund sowie den Inhalt des ursprünglichen Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetzes (NetzDG) 2017, seine Wirkungen in der Praxis und die Änderungen durch die NetzDG-Reform 2021. Es wird gezeigt, dass aus einem Regelwerk mit engem Fokus auf die Durchsetzung des Strafrechts in OnlineNetzwerken ein Plattformregulierungsgesetz wurde, das sowohl Löschgebote (Strafrecht) als auch Löschverbote (Meinungsfreiheit) prozeduralisiert. Während das NetzDG 2017 keinen nennenswerten Niederschlag in gerichtlichen oder behördlichen Entscheidungen fand und inzwischen auch kaum noch eine Rolle in der Löschpraxis der Netzwerke spielt, dürfte es dazu beigetragen haben, dass die Netzwerkbetreiber ihre privaten Kommunikationsregeln verschärft haben. Hintergrund für diese „Flucht in die AGB“ ist, dass die großen Netzwerkbetreiber und der Gesetzgeber dasselbe Nahziel verfolgen: Einer Verrohung der Debattenkultur soll aus ökonomischen bzw. gesellschaftspolitischen Gründen entgegengewirkt werden. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick auf den Digital Services Act (DSA), mit dem der Compliance-Ansatz des NetzDG europäisiert würde.
Global consensus is growing on the contribution that corporations and finance must make towards the net-zero transition in line with the Paris Agreement goals. However, most efforts in legislative instruments as well as shareholder or stakeholder initiatives have ultimately focused on public companies.
This article argues that such a focus falls short of providing a comprehensive approach to the problem of climate change. In doing so, it examines the contribution of private companies to climate change, the relevance of climate risks for them, as well as the phenomenon of brown-spinning (ie, the practice of public companies selling their highly polluting assets to private companies). We show that one cannot afford to ignore private companies in the net-zero transition and climate change adaptation. Yet, private companies lack several disciplining mechanisms that are available to public companies, such as institutional investor engagement, certain corporate governance arrangements, and transparency through regular disclosure obligations. At this stage, only some generic regulatory instruments such as carbon pricing and environmental regulation apply to them.
The article closes with a discussion of the main policy implications. Primarily, we discuss and evaluate the recent push to extend climate-related disclosure requirements to private companies. These disclosures would not only help investors by addressing information asymmetry, but also serve a wide group of stakeholders and thus aim at promoting a transition to a greener economy.
Prospective welfare analysis - extending willingness-to-pay assessment to embrace sustainability
(2022)
In this paper we outline how a future change in consumers’ willingness-to-pay can be accounted for in a consumer welfare effects analysis in antitrust. Key to our solution is the prediction of preferences of new consumers and changing preferences of existing consumers in the future. The dimension of time is inextricably linked with that of sustainability. Taking into account the welfare of future cohorts of consumers, concerns for sustainability can therefore be integrated into the consumer welfare paradigm to a greater extent. As we argue in this paper, it is expedient to consider changes in consumers’ willingness-to-pay, in particular if society undergoes profound changes in such preferences, e.g., caused by an increase in generally available information on environmental effects of consumption, and a rising societal awareness about how consumption can have irreversible impacts on the environment. We offer suggestions on how to conceptionalize and operationalize the projection of such consumers’ changing preferences in a “prospective welfare analysis”. This increases the scope of the consumer welfare paradigm and can help to solve conceptual issues regarding the integration of sustainability into antitrust enforcement while keeping consumer surplus as a quantitative gauge.
Since the 2008 financial crisis, European largest banks’ size and business models have largely remained unchallenged. Is that because of banks’ continued structural power over States? This paper challenges the view that States are sheer hostages of banks’ capacity to provide credit to the real economy – which is the conventional definition of structural power. Instead, it sheds light on the geo-economic dimension of banks’ power: key public officials conceive the position of “their own” market-based banks in global financial markets as a crucial dimension of State power. State priority towards banking thus result from political choices over what structurally matters the most for the State. Based on a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates in France, Germany and Spain between 2010 and 2020 as well as on a comparative analysis of the implementation of a special tax on banks in the early 2010s, this paper shows that State’s Finance ministries tend to prioritize geo-economic considerations over credit to firms. By contrast, Parliaments tend to prioritize investment. Power dynamics within the State thus largely shape political priorities towards banking at the domestic and international levels.
Using granular supervisory data from Germany, we investigate the impact of unconventional monetary policies via central banks’ purchase of corporate bonds. While this policy results in a loosening of credit market conditions as intended by policy makers, we document two unintended side effects. First, banks that are more exposed to borrowers benefiting from the bond purchases now lend more to high-risk firms with no access to bond markets. Since more loan write-offs arise from these firms and banks are not compensated for this risk by higher interest rates, we document a drop in bank profitability. Second, the policy impacts the allocation of loans among industries. Affected banks reallocate loans from investment grade firms active on bond markets to mainly real estate firms without investment grade rating. Overall, our findings suggest that central banks’ quantitative easing via the corporate bond markets has the potential to contribute to both banking sector instability and real estate bubbles.
The expansion of actors and instruments in sovereign debt markets through bond financing generated a coordination problem among bondholders during the debt restructuring process. There is a risk that an individual bondholder will be passive or act against the restructuring slowing down or even precluding the process of restructuring even though it is in the general interest of bondholders as a group, not to mention the population of the country experiencing the shortage of funds for public welfare. In particular, the disruptions to sovereign debt restructuring by frivolous litigation is considered as one of the main threats.
This dissertation is the first major study devoted to sovereign bonds structured through a trust arrangement and the promising features that such a legal structure possesses for an effective and efficient sovereign debt restructuring. It provides a comprehensive inquiry into the evolution of the mechanisms to coordinate creditors, with a focus on bondholders and institutional frameworks which facilitated this coordination. It examines intriguing primary sources from League of Nations archives and provides in-depth case studies on the functionality of the trustees in sovereign bond restructurings performed by Argentina in 2016 and Ecuador in 2008.
Assessing the utility of trust arrangements to address coordination problems, this thesis is driven by the puzzle: How to better balance (i) the need for smooth sovereign debt restructurings, which by definition entails some losses for creditors, with (ii) bondholders’ legitimate interests? What approach can be used in constructing a legal and institutional framework for trustees to promote the best interest of the bondholders in sovereign debt restructuring? As a solution, it seems that incentives for bond trustees to pursue debt sustainability will achieve both goals.
In this regard, recognition of the concept of debt sustainability, being in substance the IMF and WB debt sustainability assessment, as the best interest of bondholders in sovereign debt restructuring is beneficial from multiple aspects. It enables a bond trustee to excel in its role as a guardian of bondholders by following the best interest of bondholders in exercising its discretion. Moreover, it fosters an equilibrium between the interests of private creditors and a state taking into account its socio-political aspects.
Die digitale Revolution stellt viele traditionelle Industrien vor große Herausforderungen. Auf dem Finanzmarkt werden innovative Geschäftsmodelle geschaffen, die die Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen Finanzprodukte und -dienste angeboten werden, drastisch verändern. Infolgedessen entstehen rechtliche Unsicherheiten sowohl für die Marktakteure als auch für die Aufsicht. Diese Unsicherheiten weisen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, den Rechtsrahmen an die technologische und ökonomische Entwicklung anzupassen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden die Herausforderungen für das Aufsichts- und Wettbewerbsrecht untersucht, die die digitale Transformation des Finanzmarktes verursacht. Der Finanzmarkt wird vor allem durch die Entstehung von FinTechs, durch das Eintreten von BigTechs in den Finanzbereich und durch die Veränderung der Produkte und Dienstleistungen traditioneller Anbieter auf der Grundlage moderner Technologien transformiert. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die zentralen innovativen Geschäftsmodelle, der mit den zahlreichen praxisrelevanten Beispielen begleitet wird. Anschließend folgt eine Beurteilung des Umfanges und der Effizienz der vorhandenen und vorgeschlagenen aufsichtsrechtlichen Vorschriften. Diese Erkenntnisse dienen als Grundlage für die wettbewerbsrechtliche Analyse des Finanzmarktes mit dem Fokus auf die plattform- und algorithmenbasierten Geschäftsmodelle im zweiten Teil der Dissertation. Da werden wettbewerbsrechtliche Konstellationen betrachtet, die zwischen konkurrierenden innovativen Geschäftsmodellen entstehen. Die Verfasserin befasst sich mit der Problematik der Definition des relevanten Marktes bei den algorithmen- und plattformbasierten Geschäftsmodellen, der Beurteilung ihrer Marktmacht, den möglichen Auswirkungen der Netzwerkeffekte auf die mehrseitigen Plattformen. Ferner werden solche Aspekte wie Datenzugriff als wettbewerbsrechtlicher Faktor und die Rolle der Algorithmen für die Durchführung wettbewerbswidrigen Praktiken analysiert. Infolgedessen wird ein Überblick über mögliche kartellrechtliche Probleme gegeben, die im Rahmen der Digitalisierung im Finanzmarkt auftreten können, sowie die Vorstellungen darüber, wie sich Wettbewerbsfaktoren verändern sollten, wenn die Anwendung der traditionellen Konzepte des Wettbewerbsrechts nicht immer möglich oder sinnvoll ist. Es werden die Bereiche identifiziert, in denen das europäische und deutsche Wettbewerbsrecht derzeit nicht in der Lage ist, die von den innovativen Geschäftsmodellen stammenden Herausforderungen effektiv zu bewältigen. Im dritten Teil der Dissertation wird erörtert, wie sich das Aufsichts- und das Wettbewerbsrecht ergänzen und zusammen ein System der Ex-ante- und Ex-post-Regulierung bilden. Es wird dargestellt, wie die aufsichtsrechtlichen Anforderungen an die Finanzinstitute, FinTechs und BigTechs mit den ausgewählten Wettbewerbsergebnissen im Finanzsektor zusammenhängen. Darüber hinaus erklärt die Verfasserin, inwiefern einige aufsichtsrechtliche Vorschriften wettbewerbsnachteilig oder wettbewerbsfreundlich auswirken können und warum die Koordination zwischen den aufsichts- und wettbewerbsrechtlichen Instrumenten und Ansätzen essenziell ist. Schließlich werden die Vor- und Nachteile unterschiedlicher Optionen zur Regulierung innovativer Geschäftsmodelle auf dem Finanzmarkt auf einer abstrakteren Ebene erwogen.
Common ownership and the (non-)transparency of institutional shareholdings: an EU-US comparison
(2022)
This paper compares the extent of common ownership in the US and the EU stock markets, with a particular focus on differences in the ap- plicable ownership transparency requirements. Most empirical research on common ownership to date has focused on US issuers, largely relying on ownership data obtained from institutional investors’ 13F filings. This type of data is generally not available for EU issuers. Absent 13F filings, researchers have to use ownership records sourced from mutual funds’ periodic reports and blockholder disclosures. Constructing a “reduced dataset” that seeks to capture only ownership information available for both EU and US issuers, I demonstrate that the “extra” ownership information introduced by 13F filings is substantial. However, even when taking differences in the transparency situation into due account, common ownership among listed EU firms is much less pronounced than among listed US firms by any measure. This is true even if the analysis is limited to non-controlled firms.
The essay argues that anti-suit injunctions granted in disputes on standard-essential patents are inconsistent with the general standards governing anti-suit injunctions. The section on anti-suit injunction demonstrates that the case law on anti-suit injunctions is not comparable to disputes over standard essential patents. In contrast, anti-anti-suit injunctions are a legitimate response to an extraterritorial assertion of jurisdiction by foreign courts. Under EU law, the courts of member states might even be required to issue anti-anti-suit injunctions to protect their exclusive jurisdiction over patents.
Search costs for lenders when evaluating potential borrowers are driven by the quality of the underwriting model and by access to data. Both have undergone radical change over the last years, due to the advent of big data and machine learning. For some, this holds the promise of inclusion and better access to finance. Invisible prime applicants perform better under AI than under traditional metrics. Broader data and more refined models help to detect them without triggering prohibitive costs. However, not all applicants profit to the same extent. Historic training data shape algorithms, biases distort results, and data as well as model quality are not always assured. Against this background, an intense debate over algorithmic discrimination has developed. This paper takes a first step towards developing principles of fair lending in the age of AI. It submits that there are fundamental difficulties in fitting algorithmic discrimination into the traditional regime of anti-discrimination laws. Received doctrine with its focus on causation is in many cases ill-equipped to deal with algorithmic decision-making under both, disparate treatment, and disparate impact doctrine. The paper concludes with a suggestion to reorient the discussion and with the attempt to outline contours of fair lending law in the age of AI.
Das Forschungsprojekt KviAPol (Körperverletzung im Amt durch Polizeibeamte und -beamtinnen) untersucht polizeiliche Gewaltanwendungen, die aus Sicht der Betroffenen rechtswidrig waren, mittels quantitativer Online-Befragung sowie die polizeiliche, justizielle und zivilgesellschaftliche Perspektive auf rechtswidrige Polizeigewalt und deren Aufarbeitung in Deutschland mittels qualitativer Interviews. Zum Team gehören die Wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiterinnen Laila Abdul-Rahman, Hannah Espín Grau und Luise Klaus sowie Prof. Dr. Tobias Singelnstein, der die Projektleitung innehat.
Freie, öffentlichen Meinungsbildung ist das Herzstück der Demokratie. Doch digitale Kommunikation und datengetriebene Kuratierung von Inhalten verändern das der Demokratie eigene Konzept von Öffentlichkeit und erfordern neue gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen. In diesem Sammelband führen Expert:innen der Rechts- und Politikwissenschaften, der Soziologie und Datenwissenschaft in die Materie ein und weisen Wege zur Stärkung der Demokratie in der Digitalisierung.
Das Europäische Asylverfahren ist wieder mal einer enormen Belastungsprobe ausgesetzt. An der Grenze zwischen Polen und Belarus spielen sich seit Monaten dramatische Szenen ab, das Recht auf Asyl der Schutzsuchenden ist faktisch ausgesetzt und die polnische Regierung reagiert mit verschärften Maßnahmen und baut eine Mauer. Der folgende Beitrag kommentiert und ordnet rechtlich die aktuelle Situation an der polnischen Grenze ein.
We investigate the impact of uneven transparency regulation across countries and industries on the location of economic activity. Using two distinct sources of regulatory variation—the varying extent of financial-reporting requirements and the staggered introduction of electronic business registers in Europe—, we consistently document that direct exposure to transparency regulation is negatively associated with the focal industry’s economic activity in terms of inputs (e.g., employment) and outputs (e.g., production). By contrast, we find that indirect exposure to supplier and customer industries’ transparency regulation is positively associated with the focal industry’s economic activity. Our evidence suggests uneven transparency regulation can reallocate economic activity from regulated toward unregulated countries and industries, distorting the location of economic activity.
Cryptocurrencies provide a unique opportunity to identify how derivatives impact spot markets. They are fully fungible, trade across multiple spot exchanges at different prices, and futures contracts were selectively introduced on bitcoin (BTC) exchange rates against the USD in December 2017. Following the futures introduction, we find a significantly greater increase in cross-exchange price synchronicity for BTC--USD relative to other exchange rate pairs, as demonstrated by an increase in price correlations and a reduction in arbitrage opportunities and volatility. We also find support for an increase in price efficiency, market quality, and liquidity. The evidence suggests that futures contracts allowed investors to circumvent trading frictions associated with short sale constraints, arbitrage risk associated with block confirmation time, and market segmentation. Overall, our analysis supports the view that the introduction of BTC--USD futures was beneficial to the bitcoin spot market by making the underlying prices more informative.
Using the negotiation process of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), this paper studies the way regulators form their positions on regulatory issues in the process of international standard-setting and the consequences on the resultant harmonized framework. Leveraging on leaked voting records and corroborating them using machine learning techniques on publicly available speeches, we construct a unique dataset containing the positions of banks and national regulators on the regulatory initiatives of Basel II and III. We document that the probability of a regulator opposing a specific initiative increases by 30% if their domestic national champion opposes the new rule, particularly when the proposed rule disproportionately affects them. We find the effect is driven by regulators who had prior experience of working in large banks – lending support to the private-interest theories of regulation. Meanwhile smaller banks, even when they collectively have a higher share in the domestic market, do not have any impact on regulators’ stand – providing little support to public-interest theories of regulation. Finally, we show this decision-making process manifests into significant watering down of proposed rules, thereby limiting the potential gains from harmonization of international financial regulation.
Resolving financial distress where property rights are not clearly defined: the case of China
(2022)
We use data on financially distressed Chinese companies in order to study a debt market where property rights are crudely defined and poorly enforced. To help with identification we use an event where a business-friendly province published new guidelines regarding the administration and enforcement of assets pledged as collateral. Although by no means a comprehensive reform of bankruptcy law or property rights, by instructing courts to enforce existing, albeit rudimentary, contractual rights the new guidelines virtually eliminated creditors runs and produced a sharp increase in the survival rate of financially-distressed companies. These changes illustrate how piecemeal reforms of property rights and their enforcement may have a significant impact on economic outcomes. Our analysis and results challenge the view that a fully fledged system of private property is a precondition for economic development.
We employ a proprietary transaction-level dataset in Germany to examine how capital requirements affect the liquidity of corporate bonds. Using the 2011 European Banking Authority capital exercise that mandated certain banks to increase regulatory capital, we find that affected banks reduce their inventory holdings, pre-arrange more trades, and have smaller average trade size. While non-bank affiliated dealers increase their market-making activity, they are unable to bridge this gap - aggregate liquidity declines. Our results are stronger for banks with a higher capital shortfall, for non-investment grade bonds, and for bonds where the affected banks were the dominant market-maker.
Supranational supervision
(2022)
We exploit the establishment of a supranational supervisor in Europe (the Single Supervisory Mechanism) to learn how the organizational design of supervisory institutions impacts the enforcement of financial regulation. Banks under supranational supervision are required to increase regulatory capital for exposures to the same firm compared to banks under the local supervisor. Local supervisors provide preferential treatment to larger institutes. The central supervisor removes such biases, which results in an overall standardized behavior. While the central supervisor treats banks more equally, we document a loss in information in banks’ risk models associated with central supervision. The tighter supervision of larger banks results in a shift of particularly risky lending activities to smaller banks. We document lower sales and employment for firms receiving most of their funding from banks that receive a tighter supervisory treatment. Overall, the central supervisor treats banks more equally but has less information about them than the local supervisor.
The loan impairment rules recently introduced by IFRS 9 require banks to estimate their future credit losses by using forward-looking information. We use supervisory loan-level data from Germany to investigate how banks apply their reporting discretion and adjust their lending upon the announcement of the new rules. Our identification strategy exploits a cut-off for the level of provisions at the investment grade threshold based on banks’ internal rating of a borrower. We find that banks required to adopt the new rules assign better internal ratings to exactly the same borrowers compared to banks that do not apply IFRS 9 around this cut-off. This pattern is consistent with a strategic use of the increased reporting discretion that is inherent to rules requiring forward-looking loss estimation. At the same time, banks also reduce their lending exposure to exactly those borrowers at the highest risk of experiencing a rating downgrade below the cutoff. These loans would be associated with additional provisions in future periods, both in the intensive and extensive margin. The lending change thus mitigates some of the negative effects of increased reporting opportunism on banks’ crisis resilience. However, when these firms with internal ratings around the investment grade cut-off obtain less external funding through banks, the introduction of IFRS 9 will likely also be associated with real economic effects
he ECB is independent, but it is also accountable to the European parliament (EP). Yet, how the EP has held the ECB accountable has largely been overlooked. This paper starts addressing this gap by providing descriptive statistics of three accountability modalities. The paper highlights three findings. First, topics of accountability have changed. Climate-related accountability has increased quickly and dramatically since 2017. Second, if the relationship between price stability and climate change remains an object of conflict among MEPs, a majority within the EP has emerged to put pressure for the ECB to take a more active stance against climate change, precisely on behalf of its price stability mandate. Third, MEPs engage with the climate topic in very specific ways. There is a gender divide between the climate and the price stability topics. Women engage more actively with climate-related topics. While the Greens heavily dominate the climate topic, parties from the Right dominate the topic of Price stability. Finally, MEPs adopt a more united strategy and a particularly low confrontational tone in their climate-related interventions.
On 15 December 2020, the European Commission submitted a proposal for a regulation on a single market for digital services (Digital Services Act, DSA) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. The legislative project seeks to establish a robust and durable governance structure for the effective supervision of providers of intermediary services. To this end, the DSA sets out numerous due diligence obligations of intermediaries concerning any type of illegal information, including copyright-infringing content. Empirically, copyright law accounts for most content removal from online platforms, by an order of magnitude. Thus, copyright enforcement online is a major issue in the context of the DSA, and the DSA will be of utmost importance for the future of online copyright in the EU. Against this background, the European Copyright Society takes this opportunity to share its view on the relationship between the copyright acquis and the DSA, as well as further selected aspects of the DSA from a copyright perspective.
Die am 28. Oktober 2021 in Kraft getretene Änderungsverordnung zur Aarhus-Verordnung der EU modernisiert den administrativen und gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz gegen Rechtsakte der Organe und Einrichtungen der EU. Die Verordnung setzt einen Schlusspunkt unter das jahrelange Tauziehen zwischen dem Compliance-Ausschuss der Aarhus-Konvention und der EU über die Vereinbarkeit des administrativen Überprüfungsverfahrens nach der Verordnung mit den Anforderungen des Art. 9 Abs. 3 der Aarhus-Konvention. Wesentliche Regelungen sind die Ausdehnung des Kreises der anfechtbaren Entscheidungen auf alle Rechtsakte nicht-legislativer Natur und die Anerkennung von Antragsrechten Einzelner, wenngleich unter einschränkenden Voraussetzungen. Kritisch zu bewerten sind insbesondere die fehlende Unabhängigkeit des administrativen Überprüfungsverfahrens und die Bevorzugung der Umweltverbände beim Zugang zum Gericht der EU.
Lack of privacy due to surveillance of personal data, which is becoming ubiquitous around the world, induces persistent conformity to the norms prevalent under the surveillance regime. We document this channel in a unique laboratory---the widespread surveillance of private citizens in East Germany. Exploiting localized variation in the intensity of surveillance before the fall of the Berlin Wall, we show that, at the present day, individuals who lived in high-surveillance counties are more likely to recall they were spied upon, display more conformist beliefs about society and individual interactions, and are hesitant about institutional and social change. Social conformity is accompanied by conformist economic choices: individuals in high-surveillance counties save more and are less likely to take out credit, consistent with norms of frugality. The lack of differences in risk aversion and binding financial constraints by exposure to surveillance helps to support a beliefs channel.
The dissertation explores to what extent the post-financial crisis EU resolution regime, based on equity/debt write-down and conversion powers and bail-in tools will be effective in maintaining the stability of bank groups. To arrive at its unique angle, it first asks why bank groups are considered complex, thereby explaining the reasons for their proliferation and instability, and how this may inform the view regarding a desired regulatory framework. The main observation the dissertation makes is that, notwithstanding of other factors already pointed out in the literature, bank groups adopt complex structures with multiple entities, as it allows them, inter alia, to use double-leverage financing structures and internal capital markets.
Double-leverage financing structures allow bank groups to optimise the combination of their debt/equity funding from external parent entity investors with a combination of debt/equity funding downstreamed internally to subsidiaries and other entities in the bank group. An important component within this structure is also that the allocation of the bank group’s resources takes place through the internal capital market (ICM). The allocation of resources via the ICM allows bank groups to manage their liquidity constraint either to undertake activities that are more profitable, or to stabilise the financial position of the group as a whole.
While both double leverage and ICMs can optimise the funding and allocation of resources of the bank group, respectively, they can also generate perils to the stability of the bank group. In particular, this is because double-leverage can result in excessive risk taking and regulatory arbitrage. Moreover, the allocation of the intra-group resources in the ICM may not maintain the financial health of all subsidiaries in the bank group, which can prove to be incompatible with the financial stability goals of the regulators in the countries where those subsidiaries conduct their business.
Within this context, the dissertation argues that the current EU resolution regime does not clearly address issues of double leverage when setting out capital and other liability requirements, i.e. the ‘Total Loss Absorbing Capacity’ (TLAC) and ‘Minimum Requirement for Eligible Liabilities’ (MREL) requirements. Moreover, the dissertation emphasis that it is equally relevant to clarify the way in which the bank group resources are available ahead of, and in financial distress. It is argued that to this end, bank groups need to be allowed to make use of the ICM as it is often uncertain what may be the cause of the financial distress and how the resources of the bank group could be used to stabilise it. To this end, the dissertation highlights that there is lack of clarity in both the ex-ante provisions on intra-group support framework and in the ex-post provisions governing the allocation of any surplus TLAC/MREL resources.
Besides the ‘intra-group’ issues within the bank group, the third point the dissertation makes relation to the bank group’s presence in multiple jurisdictions. This transnational element adds to the complexity of the intra-group issues resulting from sub-optimal cooperation between home and host authorities. In this regard, the dissertation underlines that the current framework could adopt a more balanced way in which the regulatory fora will take into account the interest of the authorities of all parts of the bank group.
This article provides an overview and critical assessment of WIPO ALERT. It locates this initiative in the broader context of transnational IP enforcement schemes on the Internet. These initiatives are classified into two categories according to their point of attachment and geographical effect. Whereas source-related measures (e.g. website takedowns) tend to have a transnational and possibly even a global effect, recipient-related measures (e.g. website and ad blockings) typically mirror the territorially fragmented IPR landscape. This fragmentation is where WIPO ALERT comes into play. It can be understood as a matching service which interconnects holders of information about copyright infringing websites (“Authorized Contributors”) and actors of the online ad industry who want to avoid these outlets (“Authorized Users”). The critical assessment of WIPO ALERT calls for more transparency and the establishment of uniform substantive and procedural standards that have to be met if a new “site of concern” is added to the global ad blacklist.
Zielsetzung: Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Angebote der vor allem niedrigschwelligen Drogenhilfe und Reaktionen der Klientel auf geänderte Angebote. Methodik: Verwendet wurden in erster Linie Daten aus einer asynchronen qualitativen Onlinebefragung für Mitarbeiter_innen der ambulanten Drogenhilfe, ergänzt durch Zahlen aus einer quantitativen Onlinebefragung für dieselbe Zielgruppe. Ergebnisse: Während übliche Infektionsschutzmaßnahmen nahezu überall angewendet wurden, reichte die Spanne der tatsächlichen Auswirkungen von Komplettschließungen bis zu eher geringen Einschränkungen. Schwerpunkte wurden zumeist auf Überlebenshilfe und Straßensozialarbeit gelegt. Beratung wurde oft per Telefon durchgeführt, was für viele Anliegen als sinnvoll erachtet wurde, Beziehungsarbeit aber erschwerte. Vor allem stark verelendete Klient_innen nutzten weiterhin häufig Hilfsangebote. Schlussfolgerungen: Es zeigen sich unterschiedliche Umgangsweisen der Drogenhilfe mit den pandemiebedingten Maßnahmen. Oft entwickelte man kreative Lösungen zur Umsetzung, mit Schwerpunktsetzung auf Existenzsicherung. Sowohl Mitarbeiter_innen als auch Klientel waren durch die Pandemie zahlreichen Belastungen ausgesetzt.
Epidemiegesetz : Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Neuordnung der Rechtsgrundlagen der Epidemiebekämpfung
(2023)
This article provides an overview of the current state of the regulation of disinformation in the EU. It shows that the concept of disinformation, the purpose of anti-disinformation measures and their content and enforcement can only be understood if a holistic view is taken of private, hybrid-co-regulatory and public-law norms. The delicate field of disinformation is to a large extent dealt with outside of statutory law. The questions raised thereby are largely unresolved.
This research attempts to provide for an overview of the state of co-operation between the United Nations and regional organizations like the CoE, OSCE, EU and NATO during the last Yugoslav wars, considering the 1991-2008 period. In this case, the "reconstruction" of what the organisations did in each of the countries involved in the conflicts, the country-by-country approach used in writing the research and the consideration of both headquarters and field level should facilitate the understanding of the state of things at that time. The research further includes an analysis of the co-operative trends developed by the considered international organisations since the beginning of the 1990s and is concluded by a reflection on the normative relevance of the issue of "international cooperation". In this case, the intention of the author was to go beyond the general policy level approach used for the description of UN-regional organizations interaction and propose a re-consideration of the concept of "international co-operation" as a possible normative tool in guiding the so far nebulous division of tasks of international actors in conflict-related scenarios. In this case, the concise description of the general framework for co-operation under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, already matter of wide debate by academics and practitioners, sets the frame for a more elaborate, and hopefully innovative, consideration of the notion of "international cooperation". This, of course, is to be contextualized to the lessons learned extrapolated from the case study.
Der Gesetzgeber hat sich im Personengesellschaftsrechtsmodernisierungsgesetz (MoPeG) dazu entschieden, für Personenhandelsgesellschaften ein Beschlussmängelrecht nach dem Vorbild des AktG einzuführen (sog. Anfechtungsmodell). Bei den übrigen Personengesellschaften, insbesondere bei der GbR, bleibt es hingegen bei den allgemeinen rechtsgeschäftlichen Regeln (sog. Feststellungsmodell). Der Beitrag stellt die Neuregelung vor und beurteilt die Vor- und Nachteile der beiden Modelle. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist, dass die Einführung des Anfechtungsmodells für Personenhandelsgesellschaften zu loben und gut gelungen ist, beim Feststellungsmodell allerdings noch Verbesserungspotenzial besteht.
Climate crimes – a critique
(2023)
This paper aims on taking a critical approach to the emerging debate on climate criminal justice, that is mostly about something labeled „climate criminal law“ („Klimastrafrecht“). The critique is directed at climate crimes intended to protect our habitable climate („Klimaschutzstrafrecht“) or to prevent climate change („Klimawandelpräventionsstrafrecht“) staged as transformational criminal law. “Fighting" climate change with climate crimes can lull us into deceptive certainties and by extension into perilous idleness; and it will do so if we think of climate protection essentially in terms of traditional criminal law. Climate crimes are based on the idea that we can counter climate change with the "sharpest sword" available to a polity (cf. the German and Continental European ultima-ratio principle) and that we can thereby also get hold of "the powerful". But these certainties rest on but normative (and at heart: liberal) doctrines, which are deceptive in having lost touch with the realities of the administration of criminal justice. They obscure that more effective measures are available to mitigate the climate crisis and that "the powerful" will likely be shielded with and by climate crimes. Therefore, the climate crimes approach to the climate crisis may just turn out to be (self-)appeasement. It obfuscates that more effective measures are likely necessary to avert impending crises. Our critique is therefore not "only" directed at the symbolic, but the dysfunctional and "dark side" of climate crimes.
This essay argues that access to water, and the right to water in India is subject to legal pluralism in India: the plurality of state law and the normative order of the caste system in India. While the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against or exploitation of the Scheduled Castes, society is also subject to a parallel set of social rules set forth by caste hierarchies. The Dalit community has been historically subject to exploitation and limited access to resources, with the use of religious and social sanction, this essay focuses particularly on the right to water, which is an essential part of the constitutional right to the environment is subject to plural legal systems, of state law and caste-based normative orders. Ethnographic social science research, particularly in anthropology and sociology has produced extensive findings on how the caste system limits access to natural resources and particularly water, owing to ideas of purity and impurity associated with water use, and the status of water as a common public good. This essay explores how lawyers must consider legal pluralities when understanding access and management of natural resources. The essay analyses John Griffiths’ idea of legal pluralism which describes a scenario in which not all law is administered by the State or its institutions, and there exists de facto law, beyond the boundaries of the State. This paper expands Griffiths’ model of pluralism to explain how the right to water is subject to both caste order and state law and how the lived reality of Dalits when accessing water is subject to a constant pluralism.
Es gab viel Kritik an der Vorgehensweise des Gesetzgebers während der Coronazeit. Um für künftige Epidemien besser vorbereitet zu sein, hat die Frankfurter Rechtswissenschaftlerin Prof. Andrea Kießling gemeinsam mit Dr. Anna-Lena Hollo (Hannover) und Johannes Gallon (Flensburg) einen Entwurf für ein Epidemiegesetz vorgelegt – als Diskussionsgrundlage für Rechtswissenschaft und Politik.
Im Rahmen des Tarifvertragsrechts spielen Selbstständige eine nur untergeordnete Rolle – so schien es zumindest in der Vergangenheit die Regel gewesen zu sein. Während das Tarifvertragsgesetz in seiner ursprünglichen Fassung von 1918 (TVVO) nur Arbeitnehmer im Blick hatte, wurde der persönliche Anwendungsbereich mit Einführung des § 12a TVG auf arbeitnehmerähnliche Personen ausgedehnt, wobei der restriktiv ausgelegte Anwendungsbereich und die Auswirkungen in der Praxis zeigten, dass hierdurch keine umfassende Erweiterung des Tarifvertragsrechts auf Selbstständige erreicht werden würde. Nunmehr steht das Arbeitsrecht, auch in Hinblick auf Überschneidungen mit dem Kartellrecht, vor der Herausforderung, sich auf sich ändernde Arbeitsformen und neue wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten anzupassen, um in Zukunft auch andere Personengruppen von seinem Schutze zu erfassen. Dass es sich hierbei nicht um eine rein nationale Angelegenheit handelt, zeigt der Wandel des politischen und rechtlichen Diskurses auf Unionsebene.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Zulässigkeit von sog. anti-suit injunctions im Anwendungsbereich der EuGVVO. Dabei wird anhand der Antworten des Europäischen Gerichtshofs auf Vorlageersuchen zu den Rechtssachen Turner v. Grovit und West Tankers v. Allianz/Generali herausgearbeitet, dass der Grundsatz des gegenseitigen Vertrauens der Mitgliedstaaten in die Funktions- und Leistungsfähigkeit der Rechtssysteme und Rechtspflegeorgane zu einer Inkompatibilität von anti-suit injunctions mit der EuGVVO führt. In einem weiteren Schritt folgt ein kursorischer Überblick über die aktuellen Entwicklungen im deutschen Prozessrecht rund um die sog. anti-anti-suit injunction. Abschließend wird die Frage nach der Aktualität des Rechtsmittels näher beleuchtet und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Brexits bestätigt.
Journalisten leisten eine unabdingbare Informations- und Kontrollfunktion für die internationalen Kapitalmärkte. Dabei stehen ihre journalistischen Beiträge in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit auf der einen sowie kapitalmarktrechtlichen Verhaltensvorschriften auf der anderen Seite. Dieser Beitrag versucht sich an der Auflösung dieser Konfliktlage. Dabei wird insbesondere die Übertragung anerkannter Grundsätze des Presserechts auf die Finanzmarktberichterstattung diskutiert. Den Journalisten kommt dabei im Ergebnis eine weitreichende Privilegierung zu, die allerdings insbesondere dort Einschränkungen erfährt, wo irreführende oder unrichtige Informationen verbreitet werden.
Industry concentration and markups in the US have been rising over the last 3-4 decades. However, the causes remain largely unknown. This paper uses machine learning on regulatory documents to construct a novel dataset on compliance costs to examine the effect of regulations on market power. The dataset is comprehensive and consists of all significant regulations at the 6-digit NAICS level from 1970-2018. We find that regulatory costs have increased by $1 trillion during this period. We document that an increase in regulatory costs results in lower (higher) sales, employment, markups, and profitability for small (large) firms. Regulation driven increase in concentration is associated with lower elasticity of entry with respect to Tobin's Q, lower productivity and investment after the late 1990s. We estimate that increased regulations can explain 31-37% of the rise in market power. Finally, we uncover the political economy of rulemaking. While large firms are opposed to regulations in general, they push for the passage of regulations that have an adverse impact on small firms.
We contribute to the debate about the future of capital markets and corporate finance, which has ensued against the background of a significant boom in private markets and a corresponding decline in the number of firms and the amount of capital raised in public markets in the US and Europe.
Our research sheds light on the fluctuating significance of public and private markets for corporate finance over time, and challenges the conventional view of a linear progression from one market to the other. We argue instead that a more complex pattern of interaction between public and private markets emerges, after taking a long-term perspective and examining historical developments more closely.
We claim that there is a dynamic divide between these markets, and identify certain factors that determine the degree to which investors, capital, and companies gravitate more towards one market than the other. However, in response to the status quo, other factors will gain momentum and favor the respective other market, leading to a new (unstable) equilibrium. Hence, we observe the oscillating domains of public and private markets over time. While these oscillations imply ‘competition’ between these markets, we unravel the complementarities between them, which also militate against a secular trend towards one market. Finally, we examine the role of regulation in this dynamic divide as well as some policy implications arising from our findings.
Der deutsche und der europäische Gesetzgeber kodifizierten 2013 bzw. 2019 verwandte Schutzrechte zugunsten von Presseverlegern. 2021 und 2023 erließen Australien und Kanada Sondergesetze zum Schutz der Presse im Internet. In den USA und der Schweiz sind entsprechende Legislativvorhaben anhängig. Ultimatives Ziel all dieser Interventionen ist es, ein tragfähiges digitales Pressewesen zu
gewährleisten. Presseverlegern soll zu Einnahmen verholfen werden, die von Betreibern von Suchmaschinen, News-Aggregatoren, Medienbeobachtungsdiensten und sozialen Netzwerken bezahlt werden sollen. Der Beitrag unterscheidet in rechtsvergleichender Betrachtung zunächst zwei Typen der Presseförderung im Internetzeitalter, nämlich einen klassisch-eigentumsmäßigen Ansatz – paradigmatisch realisiert im deutschen Recht – und einen systemisch-marktregulativen, von medienpolitischen Erwägungen geleiteten Ansatz – paradigmatisch verwirklicht im australischen und kanadischen Recht. Anschließend werden die sich spiegelbildlich verhaltenden Vor- und Nachteile dieser beiden Regulierungstypen benannt. Der folgende Abschnitt stellt hybride Lösungen im französischen, italienischen und schweizerischen Recht vor. Schlussbemerkungen führen zurück zur international-vergleichenden Perspektive und zur Frage, was ein wie auch immer gearteter Schutz der Presse in Anbetracht der tektonischen Verschiebungen, die die Online-Kommunikation mit sich bringt, zu bewirken vermag.
Der Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die vielfältigen Missbrauchsformen von DHL-Packstationen und analysiert damit verbundene Strafbarkeiten. Täter verschaffen sich rechtswidrig Zugang zu Packstationskonten von DHL-Kunden, um in fremdem Namen Pakete zu bestellen oder von Kunden bestellte Pakete abzuholen. Die strafrechtliche Beurteilung dieses Täterverhaltens im Hinblick auf Vermögens- und Eigentumsdelikte sowie speziellere Tatbestände wie die Falschverdächtigung bildet den Schwerpunkt der folgenden Ausführungen.
Der Einwand des rechtmäßigen Alternativverhaltens ist eine Maxime des allgemeinen Schadensrechts. Beruft sich der Schädiger im Rahmen eines Schadensersatzanspruches auf eben diesen Einwand, so macht er geltend, dass der Schaden auch bei rechtmäßigen Verhalten hätte verursacht werden können. Sodann wäre nämlich eine Haftung mangels haftungsausfüllender Zurechnung trotz haftungsbegründeten kausalen Verhaltens ausgeschlossen. Auch in der Organhaftung finden diese schadensrechtlichen Grundsätze Anwendung. Der Aufsatz geht vor diesem Hintergrund der Frage nach, ob der Einwand des rechtmäßigen Alternativverhaltens auch dann greift, wenn der Vorstand die Zustimmungspflicht des Aufsichtsrats nach § 111 Abs. 4 S. 2 AktG verletzt und sich später darauf beruft, die Hauptversammlung hätte (hypothetisch) anstelle des Aufsichtsrats einer Geschäftsführungsmaßnahme zugestimmt.