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The Neotropical frog genus Pseudopaludicola includes 25 species distributed throughout South America. Herein we review the taxonomic status of P. parnaiba relative to P. canga and the specific identity of the population treated in previous studies as Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The lack of differentiation in advertisement call, morphology, and mitochondrial markers from topotypes and different populations rejects the status of P. parnaiba and Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas as distinct species. For these reasons, we suggest to formally consider P. parnaiba as a junior synonym of P. canga. We also found that a population previously reported as P. facureae from central Brazil (Palmeiras de Goiás, Goiás) corresponds to a cryptic species that we describe here as a new species. Lastly, we provide for the first time the phylogenetic positions of P. giarettai, P. llanera and P. pusilla.
The taxonomy of the genus Ophiocoma was last revised by Devaney in 1970. Recent discoveries of new species and re-instatement of previously synonymized names suggest that we still do not fully understand the species limits in this genus. A recent biodiversity survey of the SW Indian Ocean shallow reefs strongly suggested an unrecognised species in the genus, closely related to O. brevipes/O. dentata. This study examined both the molecular phylogenetic relationships and the morphological characteristics of several species in the genus in order to characterise the unrecognised species. The focal species clusters with O. brevipes, O. dentata, O. doederleini within a monophyletic clade supported by molecular data for the first time. The name Breviturma subgen. nov. is proposed for this clade, previously known as brevipes group. Type material of nominal species that have been synonymized with O. dentata was examined and re-assessed. Ophiocoma marmorata proved not conspecific with O. dentata. A rarely used character, dorsal disc granule density, was tested and showed differences between the examined species at similar sizes. In combination with colour pattern, disc granule density, arm spine sequence and maximum disc size, the new species was delimited morphologically and described as Ophiocoma krohi sp. nov.
Pityogenes chalcographus is a widely distributed spruce pest in Eurasia (KNIZEK et al. 2005). In 70ies, E. Führer studied the intraspecific variation of this spruce bark beetle and detected race differentiation among European populations based on crossing experiments (FÜHRER 1977), morphological characters FÜHRER 1978) and allozyme electrophoresis (RITZENGRUBER 1990). In order to verify the hypothesis differentiation, we analysed diverse European P. chalcographus populations using the Cytochrome Oxidase gene (COI) of the mitochondrial DNA. The complete COI gene of 96 individuals was sequenced. In facilitate the screening of the European populations, we applied a PCR-SSCP method. This polyacrylamide electrophoresis technique offers a sensitive but inexpensive, rapid and convenient method for detecting polymorphisms, reducing the amount of samples that require sequencing (SUNNUCKS et al. 2000).