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Until recently, up to thirteen specics of the scincid genus, Scincus, were recognized, but examination of some 590 individuals frorn a wide range of localities suggests that only three or four are valid. Of these, S. mitranus is confined to eastern and southern Arabia and S. hemprichii probably to southwest Arabia. The remaining forms constitute the S. scincus complex, which may consist in North Africa of two largely allopatric species, S. scincus and S. albifasciatus, although evidence for this is not conclusive. The S. scincus complex is represented in southwest Asia by two forms : S. scincus meccensis in southern Jordan, northwest and west Arabia and S. s. conirostris in southern and eastern Arabia, Iraq and southwest Iran. Scincus appears to have evolved Erom a primitive scincine, very similar to members of the Eumeces schneideri group, especially E. (schneideri) algariensis; it does not seem to be directly related to the sympatric genus Scincopus. Within Scincus, the S. scincus complex is the least specialized component of the genus and both S. rnitranus and S. hemprechii may have been independently derived from it, or from a closely related form. Possibly the whole range of the genus was once occupied by a S. scincus-like species and its distribution was subsequently restricted by the onset of less desertic conditions leaving reduced populations in North Africa, southwest Arabia and southeast Arabia that gave rise to the S. scincus complex, S. hemprichii and S. mitranus respectively. A renewed expansion of arid areas could then have enabled the S. scincus complex to invade southwest Asia. Some of the characters of its most eastern subspecies, S. s. conirostris, may have arisen, or been maintained, by character displacement through contact with S. mitranus.
The last decade of research in the field of animal nutrition has Ied to the discovery of a new class of substances in the food stuffs constituting the animal dietary. These compounds have been designated "Vitamines, Accessory Factors of the Diet, Exogenous Hormones of the Diet". They are present in infinitesimal quantities in certain articles of the diet, but their role in the metabolic cycle is one of the greatest importance. Subsequent investigation has shown that they are essential for the wellbeing and even the life of the organism itself. Without these indispensable elements the animal cell is unable to maintain its activities unimpaired, or the adolescent subject to attain normal growth. Continued deprivation leads to disease and ultimately to cessation of life. The discovery of these cornpounds was the result of a generation's work on the etiology of two diseases - Beri-beri and Scurvy. These are now known as "Deficiency Diseases". Each of these pathological conditions is due to the dietary deficiency of a specific substance, which in the case of beri-beri is known as the "Anti-neuritic Vitamin" (Funk); "Water Soluble B substance" (McCollum). In the case of scurvy this element is called the "Antiscorbutic Substance". A third factor associated with fats of animal origin has been subsequently discovered, but its deficiency results in a general malnutrition of a chronic type complicated with Xerophthalmia.
Catalog of the mosses of Japan compiled by the author in 1991 was revised. This new catalog lists all names of genera and species of mosses described or reported from Japan, based on all literature available to the author up to the end of January 2004. The new catalog is comprised of 1,135 species of mosses belonging to 332 genera. These taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Each valid epithet is followed by author citation, literature, distributional area in Japan, and Japanese name.
Aeration in higher plants
(1979)
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
A systematic revision of the genus Dichaeu (Orchidaceae) in Costa Rica is presented. The taxonomic history of the genus and its phylogenetic position are discussed, with emphasis on infragenenc grouping. Characters of vegetative and floral morphology are treated, and their taxonoiilic significance is discussed. Twenty-nine Dichnea taxa are recognized for the flora of Costa Rica, and a key to species is provided. Each taxon is described on the basis of Costa Rican material, illustrated in a composite plate, and its distribution in the country is assessed. Distribution maps for all the taxa are given. Overall distribution, derivation of name, notes on species ecology, and diagnostic features are presented for each taxon. Lectotypes are selectcd for D. acostae Schltr., D. acroblephara Schltr., D. amparoana Schltr., D. costaricensis Schltr., D. dammeriana Kraenzl., D. lycopodioides Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl., D. poicillantha Schltr., D. selaginella Schltr., D. tuercklheimii Schltr., Epidendrum echinocarpon Sw., and E. trichocarpon Sw. A new species, D. gomez-lauritoi, is described and illustrated from the wet Caribbean plains of central Costa Rica.