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The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
This paper describes the effect of the "Boleslaw" mining and metallurgic complex in Bukowno near Olkusz on the vegetation of the fresh coniferous forest association Vaccinia myrtilli-Pineitum. The increase in concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in selected plant species under the influence of industrial emission, and the dependence of this increase upon the magnitude of dust fall and site conditions, are analized. The extent of accumulation of heavy metals in plants was assumed to be an indicator of the degree of pressure exerted by the industrial complex. The degradation of fresh coniferous forest was. increasing along with an increase in this pressure. The species composition of the association, and the quantitative relations among species representing various site types underwent considerable changes. In patches extremely degraded, the plant species characteristic of poor sandy grass-lands gained predominance over forest plants.
Keys to the hairs of 44 species of southern African Cricetidae and Muridae have been devised for the identification of these species. The keys are based primarily on the cuticular scale patterns and groove characters. Distribution data and descriptions of the hairs are presented with micrographs to assist in identification.
During the last decade, three new acidophilous forests associations were detected in the Mecsek Mts (SW Hungary), and described as acidophilous beech wood (Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey in Kevey 2001), acido-mesophilous oak wood (Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey 1996) and acido-xerophilous oak shrubland (Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi et Kevey 1996). In this article two further new associations are described: the acidophilous oakwood of the Mecsek (Viscario-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey, ass. nova) and the acido-mesophilous oakwood of western Hungary (Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey, ass. nova). These associations are related to the acidophilous forests of the Balkan Peninsula based on the infrequent presence of sub-Mediterranean species. A detailed comparative study of these new associations with the earlier known ones permitted to develop a reshaped classification of the syntaxonomy of these units, creating four new suballiances: within the frame of Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1938 the suballiances Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey, suball. nova and the typical Quercenion farnetto Kevey, suball. nova, in the frame of Quercion petraeae Zolyomi et Jakucs 1957 the suballiances Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova and the Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova.
A cladistic analysis is presented of the hawkmoths of the tribe Acherontiini, Morgan´s Sphinx (Xanthopan morganii (Walker», and related genera. The study aims to test the monophyly of tribe Acherontiini; the hypothesis that all taxa with extremely long probosces (some Acherontiini, Meganoton rubescens, Neococytius, Xanthopan) form a monophyletic group, or at least fall within a single reasonably compact clade; and, within this group, to determine whether Xanthopan is more closely related to Acherontiini or to COCytillS and Neococytius. The data set comprises 109 characters derived from adult and immature stage morphology, biology and behaviour. These data were analysed using equal weighting, successive approximations character weighting (SACW) and implied weighting. All weighting schemes agreed on the monophyly of Acherontiini and of a group of genera comprising Amphimoea, Cocytius and Neococytius (the Cocytius group). Several other generic and suprageneric clades were also consistently recovered. However, those hawkmoths with extremely long probosces were never recovered as a monophyletic group. The relationships of Xanthopan were also ambiguous. Equal weighting and SACW placedXanthopan + Meganoton rztbescens (Butler) as sister to the COCytills group, while implied weighting placed Xanthopan as sister to Acherontiini. This latter relationship is based primarily on shared possession of a pilifer/palp hearing organ. Further analyses suggested the two components of this organ were not biologically independent. Downweighting this feature accordingly resulted in all weighting schemes converging on the topology found by equal weighting. Exclusion of the incomplete subset of immature stage data had no effect under implied weighting but equal weighting and SACW now recovered a Neotropical clade comprising Manduca. and the Cocytius group, while Xanthopan was placed with M. rubescens and Panogena. Downweighting the pilifer/palp hearing organ under implied weighting again caused convergence with the equal weighting/SACW results. Thus, the relationships of Xanthopan remain equivocal and further data, particularly from the immature stages, will be required to elucidate its phylogenetic position further.
Durch die Herren Dr. EDUARD und HANS-RUDOLF SCHMIDT, Tropicarium Frankfurt am Main, erhielt das Senckenberg-Museum eine Reihe von See- und Süßwasserfischen, die im folgenden kurz dargestellt werden. Eine Art der Gattung Chaerodon sowie eine Unterart von Parosphromenus deissneri werden neu beschrieben. Auffällige Abweichungen der untersuchten Fische von den bisherigen Darstellungen und Beschreibungen werden durch Zeichnungen veranschaulicht.
Schlüssel zur Bestiminung europäischer Boletales mit Röhren werden vorgestellt. Der Artenschlüssel ist großteils nir Bestimmung von Frischmaterial angelegt. Die Schlüssel zu den Familien und Gattungen sowie die Gattungsdiagnosen sind auf Europa bezogen und müßten in weltweiter Sicht noch erweitert werden. Im Schlüssel wurden einige in den letzten Jahren vorgcnoinmenen Neukombinationen und Synonymisierungen nicht übernommen. Für die nunmehr in Xerocomus integrierte Gattung Phylloporus wird die Schaffung einer Untergattung vorgeschlagen. Auch eine neue Sektion, eine neue Art und einige neue Kombinationen werden vorgeschlagen.
Aus den nordostmecklenburgischen Niederungen werden folgende Pflanzengesellschaften nicht intensiv genutzter Kalkmoore beschrieben: Schoenus ferrugineus-Primula farinosa Ges., Carex buxbaumii-Primula farinosa-Ges., Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges., drei Gesellschaften aus der Gruppe der Juncus subnodulosus-Gesellschaften, ferner die Betula pubescens-Lotus uliginosus-Ges. und die Betula pubescens-Rhamnus cathartica·Ges. Das Schoenetum Mecklenburgs steht in pflanzengeographischer Beziehung zwischen dem präalpischen und dem baltischen Schoenetum. Durch Austrocknung entsteht aus ihm die Carex buxbaumii-Ges. und durch schwache Eutrophierung die Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges. Die Juncus subnodulosus-Vegetation wird in drei Gesellschaften gegliedert. Die gehölzarmen Kalkmoore sind von Birkengesellschaften umgeben, die nicht Ersatzgesellschaften eutropher Bruchwälder darstellen. Auf tiefem, neutral reagierenden, aber nährstoffarmen Torf sind wahrscheinlich Birkengesellschaften und nicht Erlenbruchwälder Dauergesellschaften.
Recently, the first part of the morphological revision of the Southeast Asian water monitor lizards of the Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) species group provided a taxonomic overview over the members of this successful and widespread species complex (Koch et al. 2007). There, the Philippine taxa marmoratus, nuchalis and cumingi were reelevated to species status due to diagnostic morphological characteristics, e.g. significantly enlarged scales on the neck region. In this second part of the ongoing revision, these three species are re-investigated using additional voucher specimens and advanced statistical techniques including canonical variates analysis and principal component analysis. Our new investigations indicate that V. marmoratus represents a composite species, comprising at least three distinct taxa. Hence, the populations of the Sulu Archipelago (Tawi-Tawi Island) and those of the Palawan region are described as new species, viz. Varanus rasmusseni sp. nov. and V. palawanensis sp. nov., respectively. The allopatric island populations of V. cumingi inhabiting Samar, Leyte, and Bohol (the East Visayan subregion) show characteristic and geographically correlated colour patterns distinct from the type locality Mindanao (the second subregion of Greater Mindanao), warranting subspecific partition of this species. The new subspecies is named V. cumingi samarensis ssp. nov. In contrast, the taxonomic status of V. nuchalis remained unchanged, although this species shows some considerable variation in colour pattern. The systematic chapters are supplemented with notes about biology and conservation status. The hitherto underestimated diversity and zoogeography of Philippine water monitors is discussed in the light of Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Finally, we introduce a scenario for the evolution and spread of Southeast Asian water monitor lizards and provide an identification key for the Philippine members of the V. salvatoI' complex.
This synonymic list of the flat bugs (Aradidae) ofthe world enumerates 1,798 species in 211 genera. Names of eight fossil species are given in their original combination in modern genera. The list is introduced by brief discussions of habits, food, ecology and distribution. Many taxonomic innovations are included, as follows: Subfamily Chinamyersiinae is divided into two new tribes, Chinamyersiini and Tretocorini; the subfamily Prosympiestinae is divided into two new tribes, Llaimacorini and Prosympiestini. All currently recognized subgenera are raised to generic rank: Aneurillus, Breviscutaneurus, lralunelus, and Paraneurus from Aneurus; Miraradus and Quilnus from Aradus; Lissaptera and Nesiaptera from Acaraptera; Neoproxius and Nesoproxius from Proxius (see list below for new combinations resulting). Three genus-group names are raised from synonymy: Aneurosoma; Burgeonia and Brachyrhynchus. One genus-group name is reduced to synonymy; Zimera as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus. The following new species-genus combinations are made, these mostly resulting from elevation of subgenera to generic status or species transfers. In Aneurillus - borneensis, cetratus, cheesmanae, consimilis, doesbergi, foliaceus, glaberrimus, gracilis, jacobsoni, longicollis, papuasicus, pumilus, superbus; in Aneurosoma - dissimile; in Aneurus - septentrionalis; in Aradus - dignatus; in Arbanatus - asiaticus, loriae; in Brachyrhynchus - affinis, amplicollis, andamanensis, angolensis, armigerus, australis, bergrothi, bergrothianus, bhoutanensis, breuiceps, burmensis, confectus, confusus, consimilis, crenatus, dentipes, discrepans, dispar, duboisi, elegans, exarmatus, funebrus, furcatulus, furcatus, germari, gracilicornis, granos us, hospidus, hoberlandti, horridus, hsiaoi, incisus, incognitus, insignis, intermedius, javanensis, kachenensis, kerzhneri, lindemannae, longicornis, longirostris, luberoensis, luzonicus, machadoi, madagascariensis, mauricii, membranaceus, micronesicus, monedulus, mario, ouerlaeti, parallelus, pauper, philippinensis, piliferus, poriaicolus, projectus, quadridentatus, quadrispinosus, rossi, rugosus, scrupulosus, serratus, similis, solomonensis, spinipes, stolidus, subinermis, subtriangulus, sulcatus, sulcicornis, sumatrensis, taiwanicus, teter, thailandicus, triangulus, tristis, urijdaghi; in Breviscutaneurus - breviscutatus, helenae, madagascariensis, medioscutatus; in Burgeonia - burgeon, dilatatus, froidebisei, intermedius, kormileui, madagascariensis, maynei, paruus, schoutedeni, usingeri; in Chiastoplonia - pusio; in lralunellus - aibonitensis, bergi, bispinosus, boliuianus, carioca, costariquensis, flavomaculatus, ftitzi, gallicus, leptocerus, longicornis, marginalis, monrosi, plaumanni, politus, sahlbergi, simulans, subdipterous, tenuis, westwoodi, wygodzinsky; in Miraradus - foliaceus, himalayensis, mirabilis, oeruendetes; in Neoproxius - amazonicus, carioca, costariquensis, gypsatus, incaicus, lindemannae, magdalenae, nicaraguensis, palliatus, panamensis, personatus, peruuianus, schwarzii; in Nesiaptera - denticulata, gibbosa, ouata, rotundata, tuberculata, zimmermani; in Nesoproxius - angulatus, constrictus, gracilis, hexagonalis, malayensis, minutus, punctulatus, vietnamensis, yoshimotoi; in Neuroctenus - ghesqueri; in Oreossa - insignis; in Quilnus - amurensis, breuirostris, discedens, heidemanni, niger, nigrinus, oregonicus, paruicollis, subsimilis, usingeri. Three new species names are proposed: Brachyrhynchus pauper for the preoccupied Mezira modesta Kormilev, 1972; Mezira uicina for the preoccupied Mezira proxima Kormilev, 1982; and Mezira doesburgi for the preoccupied Mezira surinamensis Kormilev, 1974. Five new species-synonymys are made: Aradus centriguttatus as a junior synonym of Aradus similis; Mezira jacobsoni as a junior synonym of Daulocoris cornigerus; Mezira modesta as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus membranaceus; Neuroctenus breuicornis as a junior synonym of Neuroctenus ater; Notoplocaptera malaisei as a junior synonym of Zoroaptera malaisei. Four new emendations of gender endings are proposed for the species name "halaszfyi": Artabanus halaszfyae, Chelysosoma halaszfyae, Ctenoneurus halaszfyae, Mezira halaszfyae.
Phytosociological syntaxa of North and Central Anatolia were reviewed almost at all categories and discussed from some methodological viewpoints. Totally 178 diumallepidopteran associations, inhabited on various vegetational units from planar to alpin zone were studied for the first time. The possibility of the application of some phytosociologica1 methods for the Lepidoptera associations were investigated. The selection of the character-species of the higher lepidopteran syntaxa, and the aspect concept, as well as importance of the distribution pattern in biogeography for the character-species to be selected were discussed. Faunistically, 334 diurnal species in 25 lepidopteran families were recorded. Among them, four species and one genus are new to the fauna of Turkey. Each species recorded were also investigated autoecologically. Their habitats were described using the phytosociological syntaxa, as well as the plant formations. Habitat preferences of the species were evaluated. Vertical and horizontal distributions, abundances, phenology, and food-plants of the adult stages were listed. Species recorded in various plant formations and vegetational units were given in separate lists.
I) Durch die vielen Extrem-Faktoren, die im Seewinkel zusammentreffen, erscheint dieses Steppengebiet, das östlich des Neusiedlersees gelegen ist, als besonders geeignetes Untersuchungsobjekt, sowohl für faunistische als auch für ökologische Forschungen. II) Die geologischen Verhältnisse und III) die Entstehungstheorien der Lacken werden in großen Zügen skizziert. IV) Das Klima ist als kontinental zu bezeichnen, es unterscheidet sich aber vom typischen Steppenklima der Ungarischen Tiefebene. V) Die Salzlacken sind durch eine hohe Alkalinitkit, bedeutende Salzgehalte, die zum Großteil auf Soda zurückzuführen sind, ihre große Härte, vor allem aber die Schwankungen im Ionenverhältnis und in der Gesamtkonzentration gekennzeichnet. Die Brunnen sind ebenso wie die Schottergruben als Süßwasser anzusprechen. VI) Es wurden insgesamt 32 Locken, 3 Brunnen, 3 Schottergruben und 7 Kanäle auf ihre Turbellarienfauna untersucht. VII) Die in den Gewässern gefundenen Turbellarien (30 an der Zahl) werden systematisch geordnet. Auch ihre Verteilung auf die einzelnen Lacken in den verschiedenen Monaten wird erläutert. Castrada gigantea ist eine neue Castrada-Art, die in zwei chemisch sehr verschiedenen Lacken gefunden wurde. Die allgemeine Organisation weicht von der der anderen Castraden nicht ab, auffallend ist hier lediglich der sehr große Kopulatiol1sapparat und die eigenartige "pflastersteinartige" Bestachelung der Bursa. Es sind vor allem die Karbonat-, in geringem Maße die Chlorid- und Sulfatkonzentrationen, die für das Artengefüge ausschlaggebend und als auslesender Faktor wirksam sind. Die meisten Turbellarien vertragen nur mittlere und niedere Konzentrationen, die Art der Ionen scheint dann eine untergeordnetere Rolle zu spielen. VIII) Zur Autökologie der Arten in den einzelnen Gewässertypen wird Stellung genommen und mit ihrem von anderen Autoren beschriebenen Vorkommen verglichen. Auf Grund der großen jahreszeitlichen Temperaturschwankungen ist es verständlich, daß wir im Gebiet einen starken Faunenwechsel vermerken können. In den Lacken haben die Temperaturänderungen aber gleichzeitig eine solche der Konzentration zur Folge, diese beiden Faktoren ließen sich nur im Experiment trennen. Man findet in den Lacken hauptsächlich Frühjahrsformen, einige davon erscheinen neben neu hinzutretenden auch im Herbst. Stenostomum leucops ist die einzige Art, die das ganze Jahr hindurch zu finden ist. Übersichtlich sind die Verhältnisse in den Brunnen, da hier die Schwankungen im Chemismus nicht so groß sind. Da das Brunnenwasser viel kühler ist und auch im Sommer nicht versiegt, können sich hier mehrere Arten über das ganze Jahr behaupten. IX) Abschließend wird auf den Entwicklungszyldus von Monocystella Arndti, einer parasitischen Gregarine, die in den Planarien des Brunnens am Sandeck vorkommt, eingegangen.
Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics : the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity
(2007)
The currently recognized robust support for the monophyly of the Lepidoptera (and the superorder Amphiesmenoptera comprising Lepidoptera + Trichoptera) is outlined, and the phylogeny of the principal lineages within the order is reviewed succinctly. The state of the taxonomic inventory of Lepidoptera is discussed separately for ‘micro-moths’, ‘macro-moths’ and butterflies, three assemblages on which work has followed historically somewhat different paths. While currently there are about 160,000 described species of Lepidoptera, the total number of extant species is estimated to be around half a million. On average, just over one thousand new species of Lepidoptera have been described annually in recent years. Allowing for the new synonyms simultaneously established, the net increase in species numbers still exceeds 800/year. Most of the additions are foreseeable in the micro-moth grade, but even for butterflies ca 100 species are added annually. Examples of particularly interesting new high-rank taxa that have been described (or whose significance has become realized) since the middle of the 20th century include the non-glossatan lineages represented by Agathiphaga and Heterobathmia and the heteroneuran families Andesianidae, Palaephatidae, Hedylidae and Micronoctuidae. Some thoughts on how present and future systematic lepidopterology might be prioritised are presented.
Results from a comparative anatomical study of the mesosomal skeleton of Chalcidoidea are presented. External and internal features are described and illustrated for 39 chalcidoid taxa, representing 16 families and 29 subfamilies. This is the most comprehensive morphological study ever conducted for the superfamily. The mesosoma was dissected, macerated and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mesothorax and metathorax contributed most of the phylogenetically relevant information. The metafurca is highly variable within Chalcidoidea but seems to be relatively constant at the subfamily level. One hundred and fifty-four morphological characters were scored and analysed cladistically. Outgroup species were chosen from six apocritan superfamilies: Stephanoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Some previously suggested chalcidoid relationships were retrieved: (1) Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae + Miscogasterinae + Panstenoninae; (2) Perilampidae + Eucharitidae; (3) Chalcididae + Leucospidae + Eurytomidae; (4) Eulophidae: Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae + Entedoninae; and (5) Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae, Mymarommatoidea renders Chalcidoidea paraphyletic in our analyses; however, the taxon sample is too restricted to provide a robust hypothesis. Three previously unreported putative autapomorphies of Chalcidoidea were revealed: (1) presence of an exposed, triangular or diamond-shaped prosternum; (2) presence of a percurrent mesopleural sulcus anteriorly terminating in the acropleuron; and (3) presence of paired metapectal plates lateral to the metafurca.
The morphology of the skeletal portions of the sting apparatus is described and compared in 63 genera of myrmicine ants in order to evaluate its taxonomic potential in this difficult subfamily. The survey covers about half of the myrmicine genera, and an but 3 small tribes (Ochetomyrmecini, Melissotarsini, Stegomyrmicini). Interspecific variation in the apparatus is described in a third of the genera examined. In addition, the sting apparatus of the primitive ponerine ant, Amblyopone pallipes is described for comparison with the primitive myrmicines; and the sting associated glands (poison gland, Dufour's gland) are illustrated for single species of Amblyopone, Basiceros, Monomorium, Aphaenogaster, Crematogasier, and Zacryptocerus.
Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coastal zones of the Antarctic and Subantarctic waters
(1968)
This work presents results of the processing of the material collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1963), chiefly on the "Ob" and to a lesser extent by the geographer E. S. Korotkevich and the ichthyologist V. M. Makushek., during their wintering at the Mirnyi station, as well as by the hydrobiologist G. A. Solyanik on board the whalers "Slava" and "Ivan Nosenko."
Nach einigen fehlgeschiagenen Versuchen, in der Frankfurter Nidda-Aue eine große Parkanlage einzurichten, entwickelten Planer und Politiker in den 80er Jahren ein Konzept, um unter dem Motto „Natur in der Stadt" und mit der Hilfe einer Gartenschau ein bisher vorwlegend agrarisch und gartenbaulich genutztes Areal in eine naturnahe Grünanlage zu verwandeln. Der vorliegende Beitrag rekonstruiert in kritischer Weise den Planungs- und Realisierungsprozess vom Ausgangszustand über die BUGA'89 bis hin zur Anlage des Volksparks Niddatal. Etwa zehn Jahre nach Ende der Parkeinrichtung werden die unterschiedlichen Aspekte der Fläche hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzbarkeit und ihrer Potentiale für die Stadtnatur betrachtet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die unmittelbar auf den Menschen bezogenen Planungszieie durchweg erreicht wurden, bei den auf die Natur abzielenden Vorstellungen aber Defizite festzustellen sind. Drastisch formuliert besteht der ökologische Wert der Maßnahmen derzeit vorrangig in der Bewahrung des Areals vor Bebauung. Die Lebensraumqualität für Pflanzen und Tiere sowie Naturnahe der neuangelegten Bereiche ist bisher noch relativ gering, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der massiven Eingriffe im Rahmen der Bauarbeiten. Auf längere Sicht werden dem Volkspark Niddatal aber sehr gute Chancen einer für urbane Verhältnisse naturnahen Entwicklung zuerkannt.
This paper is a general review of the problem of clutch-size in birds. It grew out of a search through the literature to see to what extent clutch-size trends found in the Robin, Erithaau8 rebecula, might apply generally. Part I. describes those types of clutch-size variation found within any species, Part II. provides a general discussion of the factors involved. In Part IlI, which follows separately later, some of the differences between different species of birds will be considered. Examples are taken mainly from European birds, hence this review is in some ways supplementary to that on African birds by Moreau (1944), to which the present study owes a considerable debt.
This review lists Agama smithii Boulenger 1896 as a synonym of Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758), Agama trachypleura Peters 1982 as a synonym of Acanthocercus phillipsii (Boulenger 1895) and describes for the first time Acanthocercus guentherpetersi n. sp. Without more convincing evidence, Chamaeleon ruspolii Boettger 1893 cannot be accepted as specifically distinct from Chamaeleo dilepis Leach 1819, nor Chamaeleo calcaricarens Böhme 1985 from C. africanus Laurenti 1768. Consequently, 101 species of lizard are currently recognised in Ethiopia, of which some 40% appear to be denizens of the Somali-arid zone. This significant proportion is attributable in part to the importance of the Horn of Africa as a centre for reptilian diversification and endemicity, in part to the fact that this lowland fauna was rather extensively sampled during the 1930s, but also to the conspicuous neglect of lizards in other regions of the country. Mountain and forested habitats are widespread in Ethiopia, so it seems extraordinary to record only five saurian species which are believed to be endemic in such environments. The inference that there are many more still to be discovered has important implications for conservation, because montane forest is known to be among the most threatened of Ethiopian biomes and there is clearly an urgent need for its herpetofauna to be more thoroughly researched and documented.
A review of biological control efforts against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance includes pertinent literature of major dipterous taxonomic groups where some success has been achieved or where work is currently being conducted on species breeding in aquatic (e.g., mosquitoes, blackflies, tabanids) and terrestrial habitats (muscids, tsetse, etc.). Most effort has been directed against aquatic Diptera because of the human and animal disease agents they transmit. Research has established that the natural enemy component frequently is responsible for significant population reduction and indispensable to integrated control which seeks to maintain populations below annoyance or disease transmission levels. The manipulation of natural enemies through introduction and/or augmentation has in some cases provided satisfactory control, and sustained releases of natural enemies over several years may overcome the relative high cost of massive release rates. Ultimately, to guarantee the existence and maximum expression of resident natural enemies has become almost universally accepted, and challenging, to sound control practices. Indeed, chemical industry recognizing this, has sought to manufacture products such as Bacillus toxins, juvenile hormones, and baits that are minimally disruptive to existing natural controls. Although such easily applied products have been widely adopted, their cost continues to become prohibitive with developing resistance, as was observed earlier with many organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Further advancements in the control ofthese Diptera should continue to embrace a sound appreciation for the natural control component and nurture ways to allow its maximum expression. Keyword Index: Biological Control, Diptera, Medical, Veterinary.
Naturschutz in Germany
(1936)
Glyptostrobus Endlicher is well represented in early Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene deposits in the middle to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia. Although the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus is complicated, the fossil record indicates Glyptostrobus was represented by a small number of species. The genus first appears in Aptian age deposits from western Canada and Greenland, and achieved a wide distribution early in its evolutionary history. Exchange of Glyptostrobus between Asia and North America occurred across the Spitsbergen and Beringian corridors, which were functional about 110 and 100 million years ago, respectively The Late Cretaceous fossil record of Glyptostrobus shows that the genus had spread into Russia, China and the shores of the Turgai Strait. By the early Tertiary, Glyptostrobus was a prominent constituent of the polar broad-leaved deciduous forests. Paleocene age deposits across western Canada and the United States indicate the genus was present in great abundance in the lowland warm temperate and subtropical forests east of the Rocky Mountains. The broad distribution in North America and Russia during the Paleocene and Eocene indicates that Glyptostrobus grew and reproduced under a diverse range of climatic and environmental conditions, including the cold and unique lighting conditions of the polar latitudes. The presence of Glyptostrobus in Europe indicates the North Atlantic land bridges that extended between North America and Eurasia (Fennoscandia) and Europe during the early Tertiary were used. In Europe, extensive Glyptostrobus dominated swan1ps occupied the Central European Depression during the late Tertiary. Increasing global aridity and cooling, as well as landscape stabilization together with increasing competition for resources and habitat by representatives of the Pinaceae, seem to have forced the genus out of North America, Europe and most of Asia during the Miocene and Pliocene. In Japan, Glyptostrobus persisted until the early Pleistocene. After the early Pleistocene extinction in Japan, Glyptostrobus reappeared in southeastern China. Details of the taxonomic and biogeographic history of Glyptostrobus are examined.
Six clearly separable evolutionary levels in the floral evolution of the Ranunculaceae were found to coincide with the six corresponding stages of sensory development of their pollinators as follows: amorphic -> haplomorphic -> actinomorphic -> pleomorphic -> stereomorphic-zygomorphic. This is a basic trend of floral evolution, fully recapitulated in a single family. Except for the first (amorphic), all upper levels are represented in the present-day floras as clearly separable type-classes. They are therefore accessible to direct observations and experimental study. Extensive statistical data on flower visitors of the Ranunculaceae confirm the proposed theory of the mutual interrelationship between the evolutionary levels of flower types and sensory stages of pollinating insects. The new picture, obtained by this study, gives us a better understanding of the evolutionary relationship between insects and plants and explains the extreme diversity in the floral structure of the Ranunculaceae.
In this study the rich variety of fossil microorganisms and other ultrastruchlres in the Messel oil shale is documented. The taphonomy of the micro- and the macro organisms is discussed and a basic model for microbial life in the Eocene Lake Messel is proposed. Documentation of the Messel microbiota was made using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, and a transmission electron microscope. The most common objects discovered were fossil bacteria in the form of cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, curved rods and filaments, preserved as moulds, crusts, casts, encrusted casts and clay-coated casts. The main lithifying mineral is apatite, followed by siderite. The bacteria occur on fossil remains of macroorganisms. Sideritic bacteria are usually found on keratinous substrates, whereas apatitic bacteria occur preferentially on fish remains. Lithification of the bacteria was selective. It is suggested that the preserved bacteria were heterotrophic, Gram-positive anaerobes, which may have belonged to the group of clostridians.
Plastid behavior in reciprocally different crosses between two races of Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
(1962)
During my mork on the inheritance of symmetry characters in Medicago (1956), chance played into my hands a case of fairIy pronounced reciprocal differentes in the behavior of plastids in a cross between two local races of Medicago truncatula GAERTN. which so far I know are not given even varietal rank. The facility in producing the hybrids encouraged me to investigate the material, and the results are reported in this paper.
Nach einer Betrachtung über die Geschichte und den. Stand der Erforschung der 2. Stufe des Mittleren Keupers, des "Schilfsandsteins", wurde der hisher bekannte Fossilinhalt der Stufe überprüft. Die in einer Tonstein-Grube von Eberstadt (Württ.) entdeckte neue, reiche Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna mit 47 sp. ssp. in 17 Gattungen wurde untersucht und beschriehen. Die Fauna ist marin und hat keine Beziehungen mehr zur Fauna der Germanischen Trias, im besonderen zu der verarmten Muschelkalk-Fauna des Lettenkeupers und Unteren Gipskeupers. Die Eberstadter Muschelfauna ist (vielleicht mit einer Ausnahme) nicht von S, aus dem alpinen Karn, eingewandert. Sie muß, als eigenständige Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna des Karn, von N, aus Richtung der heutigen Nordsee, gekommen sein; von dort floß Meerwasser in den Sedimentationsraum der Schilfsandstein-Stufe ein und nach S wieder aus. Einzelne Arten der Muschelfauna nehmen schon rhaetische und liassische Formen vorweg. Die Schilfsandstein-Stufe des süddeutschen Mittelkeupers ist mit ihren Peliten und ihrer autochthonen marinen Fauna als Ablagerung eines weiten, extrem flachen Binnen-Schelfmeeres zu verstehen, in das zusätzlich aus dem kontinentalen Raum im NO Sand eingeschüttet wurde.
Several mosquito-borne arboviruses belonging to the genera Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus have been reported to occur in mosquitoes and to infect humans and other vertebrates in western Europe. These zoonotic viruses circulate in nature either in an Aedes-mammal, Anopheles-mammal, or Culex-bird transmission cycle. Infected humans normally do not contribute to the virus circulation. West Nile virus (Flavivirus) caused an outbreak of fever, malaise, pain in eyes and muscles, and headache and encephalitis in southern France during 1962-1965, and an outbreak of encephalitis with a high case-fatality rate in Romania during 1996. West Nile virus has been isolated from birds, horses, and mosquitoes in Portugal, France, the former Czechoslovakia, and Romania. These data, together with reports of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds, domestic mammals, and humans in several other countries, show virus activity in southern and central Europe. Sindbis virus (Alphavirus) caused outbreaks of fever, rash, and arthralgia in northern Europe during 1981-1982, 1988, and 1995. Two California group viruses (Bunyavirus), Tahyna virus and Inkoo virus, have been identified in western Europe. Tahyna virus causes fever and respiratory symptoms and sometimes also central nervous system involvement. It occurs in most countries of central and southern Europe, and is most common in central Europe. Inkoo virus has not been associated with disease in humans in western Europe although Russian studies indicated that it can cause encephalitis. Inkoo virus occurs in northern Europe, especially in the far north. Batai virus of the Bunyamwera-group (Bunyavirus) occurs in southern, central, and northern Europe, most frequently in central Europe. The antibody prevalence in humans generally is very low, indicating that the potential of this virus as a human pathogen is probably low in Europe. The Lednice virus (Bunyavirus) has been reported only from the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, and apparently is not transmitted to humans. In addition to the six mosquito-borne viruses documented in western Europe, there is serological evidence of infection with a Semliki Forest complex virus (Alphavirus) in central and southern Europe. Although mosquito-borne viruses presently are not considered to be the cause of major health problems in western Europe, the morbidity caused by Sindbis virus, and the morbidity and mortality caused by West Nile virus, merit further studies on the ecology, epidemiology, and medical importance of these viruses. The California group of viruses and a virus of the Semliki Forest complex may be the cause of unrecognized health problems in western Europe. Specific sampling of potential vectors for virus isolation, detailed characterization of virus strains, and the use of fully characterized strains for serological diagnosis will help to elucidate the present and future potential of mosquito-borne viruses as human pathogens in Europe.
The last decade of research in the field of animal nutrition has Ied to the discovery of a new class of substances in the food stuffs constituting the animal dietary. These compounds have been designated "Vitamines, Accessory Factors of the Diet, Exogenous Hormones of the Diet". They are present in infinitesimal quantities in certain articles of the diet, but their role in the metabolic cycle is one of the greatest importance. Subsequent investigation has shown that they are essential for the wellbeing and even the life of the organism itself. Without these indispensable elements the animal cell is unable to maintain its activities unimpaired, or the adolescent subject to attain normal growth. Continued deprivation leads to disease and ultimately to cessation of life. The discovery of these cornpounds was the result of a generation's work on the etiology of two diseases - Beri-beri and Scurvy. These are now known as "Deficiency Diseases". Each of these pathological conditions is due to the dietary deficiency of a specific substance, which in the case of beri-beri is known as the "Anti-neuritic Vitamin" (Funk); "Water Soluble B substance" (McCollum). In the case of scurvy this element is called the "Antiscorbutic Substance". A third factor associated with fats of animal origin has been subsequently discovered, but its deficiency results in a general malnutrition of a chronic type complicated with Xerophthalmia.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has proved extremely versatile over the past 25 yr for the isolation and punfication of peptides varying widely in their sources, quantity and complexity. This article covers the major modes of HPLC utilized for peptides (size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase), as well as demonstrating the potential of a novel mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange approach developed in this laboratory. In addition to the value of these HPLC modes for peptide separations, the value of various HPLC techniques for structural characterization of peptides and proteins will be addressed, e.g., assessment of oligomerization state of peptideslproteins by sizeexclusion chromatography and monitoring the hydrophilicitykydrophobicity of amphipathic cr-helical peptides, a vital precursor Tor the development of novel antimicrobial peptides. The value of capillary electrophoresis for peptide separations is also demonstrated. Preparative reversed-phase chromatography purification protocols for sample loads of up to 200 mg on analytical columns and instrumentation are introduced for both peptides and recombinant proteins. Key Words: Peptides; proteins; size-exclusion chromatography (SEC); anion-exchange chromatography (AEX); cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HIL1C)/cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC); preparative RP-HPLC of peptides and proteins; amino acid side-chain hydrophilicitylhydrophobicity coefficients; amino acid U-helical propensity values; amino acid side-chain stability coefficients
Sobre Bryozoa do Brasil
(1941)
Ignaz Venetz (* 21. März 1788; † 1859) war ein Ingenieur, Botaniker und Glaziologe aus Visperterminen, Schweiz. Er gilt als einer der Väter der Eiszeit-Theorie. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „Venetz“.
A multi-part theorem is presented concerning the morphogenesis of high-symmetry structures made of three-dimensional morphological units (MU's) free to move on the surface of a sphere. All parts of each MU interact non-specifically with the remainder of the structure, via an isotropic function of distance. Summing all interactions gives a net figure of merit, X, that depends upon MU positions and orientations. The structure evolves via gradient dynamics, each MU moving down the local gradient of I. The analysis is reresented with generality in Fourier space, which eases the expression of symmetry. Structures near symmetry, but far from a local minimum of I, are analyzed. For each, a symmetrical configuration can be found, for which X is an extremum with respect to symmetry-breaking perturbations. Under gradient dynamics, a quadratic measure of such deviations from symmetry decreases monotonically, anywhere in the large basin of attraction of a local minimum. Thus: high symmetry is an attractor. Application is made to icosahedral virus capsids. The Symmetrization Theorem shows that a stable capsid, maintained by non-specific interactions among its capsomeres, could arise generically in a "bottom-up" process. For animated evolutions that selfassemble into high symmetry, visit http://www.albany.edu/~cmarzec/
Arthropods inhabiting the sporophores of Fomes fomentarius (Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
(1971)
The fauna of the sporophores of the perennial bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx were examined in a 3-year study. One species of molluscs and more than 152 species of arthropods excluding mites, representing 13 orders, 70 families, and 5400 individuals, emerged from or were found on or in, 1448 sporophores detached from dead birch trees; the sporophores were collected each year in Gatineau Park, Que., kept individually in screen-topped glass jars in a laboratory, and examined for several months. Mites, which were recorded quantitatively only in the final year, added 4 orders, 19 families, and 30 species to the preceding totals. Mites were the most frequently occurring and probably the most numerous arthropods, followed by Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. The key organisms of the fauna were five species of beetles that were primarily responsible for tunnelling and destruction of the sporophores and would therefore exert great influence on the composition of the community. Their tunnels provided shelter and food for many smaller arthropods or facilitated their feeding. Some beetle species tunnelled the sporophores for one season and others, for several, but many living sporophores and most dead ones tunnelled by beetles were tunnelled in the same season by more than one species of beetles. There was considerable latitude in types of sporophores inhabited by various arthropods but some species were particularly attracted to living or dead, to younger or older, and to smaller or larger, sporophores. Some species were also attracted to certain regions of the sporophore more than were other species. Possible economic implications of observations made in the study are discussed.
Die Arbeit stellt einen Beitrag zur Fauna von Rovigno dar. Sie enthält eine kritische Übersicht der in der Adria gefundenen Holothurienarten und einen Bestimmungsschlüssel, der sich hauptsachlich auf äußere Merkmale stützt. Der Bestimmungsschlüssel, die Beschreibung der Arten, sowie die Fundkarten und Abbildungen sollen das Auffinden und genaue Bestimmen der Holothurien ermöglichen. Daran schließen sich einige Bemerkungen über ihr Vorkommen in Abhängigkeit von der Meerestiefe und Bodenbeschaffenheit an. An verschiedenen Stellen sind biologische Notizen eingefügt, die sich auf die Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung (jedoch nicht auf Larvenformen, über die verhältnismäßig wenig bekannt ist) beziehen. Die Angaben über die Fortpflanzungszeit besitzen großes praktisches Interesse, weil neuerdings auch in der Adria einige Holothurienarten (H. tubulosa und polii) zur Herstellung von "Trepang" gefischt werden sollen. Da im Gegensatz zu anderen Meeren die Adria bei großem Artenreichtum sehr individuenarm ist, dürfte durch ungehemmtes Ausfischen in kurzer Zeit die Individuenzahl so stark herabgesetzt sein, daß sich ein Fischen gar nicht mehr lohnt. Es scheint daher notwendig, während der Hauptfortpflanzungszeiten dieser Arten streng durchzuführende Schonzeiten festzulegen. Die Arbeit stützt sich vor allem auf eigene Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen. Die meisten Tiere wurden längere Zeit hindurch in Aquarien gehalten und lebend beobachtet. Die voneinander stark abweichenden Beschreibungen der älteren Untersucher verlangten aber auch ein eingehendes Studium der Holothurien-Literatur der Adria. Die verwendete Literatur ist in dem Literaturverzeichnis aufgeführt.
Distribution and variation in deer (Genus Odocoileus) of the Pacific Coastal Region of North America
(1936)
Among the 13 genera and over 100 species of halfbeaks, three genera - Dermogenys, Nomorhamizphus and Hemirlzainplzodon - are internally fertilized and viviparous. These genera belong to a more inclusive clade, the Zenarchopterinae, that also includes Zenarchopterus, inferred to be internally fertilized and to lay fertilized eggs, and the monotypic Tondaiziclzthys, also inferred to be internally fertilized. Whereas the Hemiramphidae are distributed worldwide, internally fertilized halfbeaks are restricted to Southeast Asia. Recent data from histological surveys of the gonads of both males ancl females as well as cmbryonic modifications associated with viviparity have been combined here with osteological characters in a phylogenetic analysis. Results indicate overwhelming support for a sister-group relationship between Henzirhamnphodon and (Derinogeizys + Nomorhamnphus). Monophyly of the Dermogenys + Nomorhamphus clade is also well supported. These results confirm earlier suggestions that Dermnogenys, as previously defined, is paraphyletic. Within tlle Dermogenys+Noinorhamnphus clade, two monophyletic clades are supported: one comprises ten species including four new species (Dermogenys bruneiensis, Dermogenys robertsi, Dermogenys palawanensis and Dermogenys collettei) and the other comprises 13 species including three undescribed species (Nomorhamphus rossi, Nomorhamphus pinnimaculata and Nomorhainphus manifesta). Diagnoses for the species of Dermnogenys and Nomorhamnphus, as well as a natural classification for the included species, are presented.
The Great Spotted Woodpecker is the most common and best-known woodpecker species in the W Palearctic. The sections Habitat, Distribution, Population, Movements, Food, Social pattern and behaviour, Voice, Breeding, Plumages, Bare parts, Moults, Measurements, Weights, and Geographical variation have been updated or completely rewritten, and a new section has been added on Conservation. High flexibility enables the Great Spotted Woodpecker to utilize a great variety of habitats, from Arctic taiga through boreal and temperate to Mediterranean (N Africa and Canary Islands) and Alpine forest zones, wherever there are mature trees of any sort with sufficient growth to accommodate nest-holes and with a supply of available food. The Distribution and Population sections include new data of population tendencies, with stable or positive trends in most European countries and fluctuating populations in N Europe. Recent negative range trends with small decreases only in S Europe, apparently due to loss of wooded habitats. The Conservation section presents literature on the Great Spotted Woodpecker as the key or umbrella species for secondary cavity-nesting species. This section also demonstrates the importance of woodpeckers as indicators for naturally dynamic forests with tree species diversity, forest management, and sustainable forestry. Woodpeckers can be part of a monitoring system of e.g. sustainable forestry, but species from other organism groups are also required. The section on Movements has been updated with new data on dispersal and summer/autumn and spring migration. The Great Spotted Woodpecker uses a very wide and varied diet and is characterized as a 'universalist' in food-gathering; pecking and hammering are most important in autumn and winter, gleaning and probing are important at times of high food availability at the tree surface in spring and summer. It takes arthropods and insect larvae, coniferous seeds and various nuts mainly in autumn and winter, and drills holes for sap-sucking in spring, takes surface dwelling arthropods and caterpillars, bird eggs and nestlings, and fruits and berries in spring and summer. The Social pattern and behaviour section presents new data on the mating system, parental effort, pair-bond, divorce rate, survival rate, and mortality. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are socially and genetically monogamous with a potential to polyandry, which was recorded in Japan. Changes of partner between seasons common. Males usually invest more in nesthole construction and guarding than the females and contribute the same amount or more to brood care. Males usually incubate and brood at night, as with all studied woodpeckers, and defend territories, which seem to be important for female choice. Females compete intensely for access to males and perform male-like courtship behaviours such as drumming. Great Spotted Woodpeckers are intelligent and currently doing damage to house facades. The Voice section presents mainly new data on calls and instrumental signals of the young. The Breeding section has been updated with new information about nest-sites, breeding behaviour, and breeding success. New data on age determination are shown in the Bare parts and Moults sections. Additional data are provided on size and weight.
In this study we attempt to develop a synthesis of previously published work concerning the feeding habits of fourteen European freshwater fish: Anguilla anguilla L., Salmo trutta L., Rutilus rutilus L., Leuciscus leuciscus L ., Leuciscus cephalus L., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Gobio gobio L., Abramis brama L., Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca L., Barbatula barbutula L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Perca fluviatilis L. and Cottus gobio L. Data presented in this paper were obtained frorn 98 studies in 16 European countries. Great Britain with 40 studies was the most documented country. In order to synthetize the maximurn information for each species, all methods used for analysing feeding habits and found in the different studies have been taken into account. Results are presented on tables with a commentary for each species analysed. The fourteen species were then classified into major trophic guilds.
In this paper all the Japanese species of the family Lejeuneaceae were critically reviewed. As the result four subfamilies, twenty-one genera, and seventy-eight species were recognized under the family. Discussions were made on the relationship of the genera within the family and with other families (Tables 1-4). The new subfamily Jubuloideae was established (the type is Jubula), and the genera, Hattoria and Nipponolejeunea, were included in it. More than thirty species were reduced to synonymy under others, and eighteen new combinations were made. The seven types of distribution were recognized, according to the distribution patterns of species in Japan (Map 1, Table 5).
Quinze espèces dont deux nouvelles pour la Science ont été récoltées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. La plupart d'entre elles sont aussi connues de l'Australie et de l'Indonésie. Une seule espèce est considérée comme faisant partie d'une faune tempérée australe. Toutes les autres sont d'affinités tropicales.
Quinze espèces d'ascidies Phlébobranches ont été récoltées dans le lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elles appartiennent à quatre familles: Corellidae, Ascidiidae, Perophoridae et Cionidae. Cette dernière n'avait pas encore été signalée de cette région. Quatre espèces sont nduvelles pour la science: Diazona textura (Cionidae), Ascidia dorsalis (Ascidiidae), Ecteinascidia aequale et E. koumaci (Perophoridae). Seules cinq espèces (une Corellidae et quatre Ascidiidae) étaient déjà connues de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Dix-neuf espèces de Styelidae, pour la plupart coloniales, sont décrites ou signalées du lagon. Huit sont nouvelles. Sur les onze espèces connues, neuf sont présentes en Australie. Quatre espèces ont une repartitlon tres vaste couvrant dans certains cas toutes les mers chaudes. Les espèces nouvelles appartiennent toutes à des genres dont la diversité maximale est en zone tropicale.
La famille des Pyuridae n'est représentée en Nouvelle-Calédonie que par onze espèces, la plupart vivant dans les zones portuaires. Une seule espèce est nouvelle, Bolteniopsis pacificus, qui vit dans des sables grossiers et représente la première espèce de ce genre trouvée dans le littoral tropical. Les Molgulidae ne sont représentées que par une espèce nouvelle.
En este catálogo provisional se recogen las malaeofaunas arqueológicas asociadas a ocupaciones humanas de la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen un total de 142 análisis malacológicos, y un anexo de 68 yacimientos donde los conjuntos son estrictamente ornament.tles o se encuentran en fase de estudio. Se encuentran reseñadas casi 200 especies de moluscos marinas, de agua dulce y terrestres. Además se ofrecen datos inéditos de 6 yacimientos (Abrigo de la Peila del Perro, Tennas romanas de Gijón, Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño, Pico Ramos, Almontc y La Viña). Consideramos que un trabajo de estas características resulta imprescindible en el actual estado de conocimiento arqueozoológico en la Península Ibérica y confiamos en que el catálogo se convierta en una referencia básica en estudios futuros.
1. In investigating a spontaneous epidemic disease of rabbits, a micro-organism was isolated in pure cultures which reproduced the characteristic lesions of the natural disease.
2. The bacteriological characters of this bacillus are described and the impossibility of identifying it with previously recorded organisms justifies its being considered a new species. The name Bacterium monocytogenes is proposed.
3. Animal passage raised "virulence" when the doses were well chosen, and increased virulence accentuated the production of necrotic lesions. Overwhelming doses of culture resulted in lowering of "virulence" by animal passage.
4. Bacterium monocytogenes, in doses less than the M.L.D., produced in the circulating blood of rabbits an extreme monocytosis. The responses of the other white cells. were either transient or inconstant.
5. Repeated doses of the organism became progressively less effective as stimuli to large mononuclear production.
6. The cell content of the thoracic duct did not reflect the high degree of monocytosis in the circulating blood.
7. On intrapleural injection of peptone broth and B. coli, the cells of the resultant exudate were primarily polymorphonuclears, even though the circulating blood showed a high monocytosis. With intrapleural injection of B. monocytogenes, when the blood stream was rich in large mononuclears, a pleural exudate containing 30 per cent of these cells was obtained.
8. Phagocytosis experiments in vitro showed that the large mononuclears, while they phagocyted B. coli indifferently, took up B. monocytogenes with an avidity in all respects equal to that of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles.
The objects of this work were to reinvestigate and extend the results announced in a brief note published in 1925 (Murray and Huxley, 1925a). In this paper it was concluded that isolated fragments of the limb buds of the fourday chick are able to self-differentiate when Iiving as grafts on the chorio-allantoic membrane of older chicks; that the bud of the four-day chick is a mosaic; it was hinted that each of the morphological regions of the limb (femur, tibia-fibula, etc.) is represented by a Single piece of the mosaic; that no regeneration or regulation occurs in fragments of the bud, except that it was concluded that if a grafted fragment contains only part of a piece of the mosaic, that part could so regulate its future development as to form the complete morphological region of which it was originally a part, so that a fragment of the bud which contains part only of the region Which would normally form femur will, when growing as a graft, form a complete femur. It will be seen that the results of the present work uphold and confirm the tentative conclusions previously advanced, except in regard to the last point (regulation). A considerable amonnt of further information has also been obtained bearing on tile factors concerned in the development of the form of bones and joints.
1. Ein junger männlicher Steinmarder lernte in kurzer Zeit das Öffnen einer Schiebetür. Vor die Aufgabe gestellt, einen diese Tür verschließenden Riegel zu drehen, versagte er. Auch eine sekundäre Lösung, die auf dem Wege über eine Passivdressur angestrebt wurde, erfolgte nicht, ebensowenig wurde eine optische Orientierung auf Grund der Riegelstellung beobachtet. 2. Kleine Umwege in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung wurden gut, in primärer Bewältigung der Aufgabe, genommen. 3. Eine einfache Ortsdressur (auf einen der Ecktöpfe einer dargebotenen Reihe von vier gleichen Töpfen) wurde unter Benutzung olfaktorischer Hilfen in kurzer Zeit zu dem gewünschten Erfolg gebracht. Eine kompliziertere Ortsdressur (Wahl des zweiten Topfes von links aus einer Reihe von fünf gleichen Töpfen) führte, bei strenger Vermeidung olfaktorischer Orientierungsmöglichkeiten, erst nach einer größeren Anzahl (etwa 220) Versuchen zum Ziele. Die Erlernung erfolgte auf Grund kinästhetischer, vor allem aber optischer Reize. Der Vorgang der optischen Gliederung der Reihe konnte genau festgestellt werden. 4. Ein mehrjähriger Iltisrüde wurde hinsichtlich der sich aus allgemeinen anatomischen und biologischen Unterschieden ergebenden Eigenheiten im psychischen Verhalten beobachtet und untersucht. Es ergaben sich bei einem Vergleich mit dem Steinmarder eine Reihe wichtiger artspezifischer Differenzen, die sich zumeist auf den Unterschied Bodentier-Klettertier zurückführen ließen. 5. Auch der Iltis lernte das Öffnen einer Schiebetür. Im horizontalen Umwegversuch wurden recht gute primäre, vor allem aber auch sekundäre Lösungen festgestellt. Auf Grund der sekundären Lösungen wird eine starke Entwicklung des kinästhetischen Sinnes angenommen. 6. Eine Helligkeitsdressur bei alternativer Wahl scheiterte an der Unmöglichkeit, die hauptsächlich auf der Intensität der kinästhetischen Empfindungen beruhenden Tendenzen einer ortsbedingten Wahl auszuschalten. 7. Eine multiple Ortsdressur, der des Steinmarders entsprechend, gelang, obwohl durch Hinzunahme von insgesamt vier neuen Aufstellungsarten die Aufgabe für den Iltis nicht unbedeutend erschwert wurde. Die große Bedeutung des Ortskriteriums für das Tier wurde im Verlaufe dieser Versuche besonders deutlich und konnte exakt nachgewiesen werden. 8. Eine Helligkeitsdressur bei multipler Wahl gelang. Ebenso konnte bei einer Rot-Blaudressur Blauwahl erreicht werden. 9. Im Anschluß an die vorhergehende Dressur kam Blauwahl nunmehr auch bei Anwendung der Alternativmethode zustande. 10. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die in 8 und 9 dargestellten Resultate auf Grund einer helligkeits-, nicht farb-bedingten Orientierung zustande kamen. Färb- und Graupapiere, die dem zur Dressur verwandten Heringschen Blau Nr. 12 helligkeitsverwandt waren, wurden mit diesem verwechselt. Dieser Befund läßt den Schluß auf das Vorhandensein einer Farbenschwäche oder Farbenblindheit zu. 11. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Iltis sowohl in orts- als auch in helligkeitsbedingter Wahl sich nach relativen Kriterien richtete.
In einem ausführlichen Verzeichnis sind alle bayerischen Fundorte mit näheren Angaben zusammengestellt. Darüber hinaus soll ein Überblick über die Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Art in Europa und auf der Erde vermittelt werden. Die bis heute bekannte Verbreitung tn Europa läßt den Schluß zu, daß Octodiceras fontanum mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit noch an vielen Stellen aufzufinden sein wird. Die bryosoziologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum werden durch soziologische Aufnahmen aus Ostbayern belegt. Der Vergleich mit Literaturangaben aus anderen europäischen Gebieten ergibt eine recht einheitliche Ausbildung dieser Wassermoosgesellschaft. Außerdem wird versucht, die ökologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum zu erfassen. Die entsprechenden Ausführungen müssen sich dabei v.a. auf die Untersuchungen in Ostbayern stützen, da aus anderen europäischen Gebieten nur wenige, vergleichbare Angaben vorliegen. Es wird daher in erster Linie angestrebt, vergleichbare Werte für zukünftige Untersuchungen in anderen Gebieten zu liefern. Die derzeitige Kenntnis des ökologischen Faktorenkomplexes für Octodiceras fontanum läßt noch manche Frage offen. Das Literaturverzeichnis enthält den Großteil der Veröffentlichungen über europäische Octodiceras-Standorte. Es wurden bewußt nur die Arbeiten aufgenommen, die auch eingesehen werden konnten.
Basierend auf eigenen Daten und einer Literaturauswertung wird eine Übersicht über die Habitate der mitteleuropäischen Zikadenfauna gegeben. Besiedelt werden nahezu alle semiaquatischen und terrestrischen Lebenräume von Schwimmblattgürteln und Röhrichten bis hin zum Trockenrasen und vom Mineralboden bis in die Baumkronen hinauf. 61% der Arten leben permanent in der Krautschicht, rund 27% in der Baum- und Strauchschicht. Rund 11% bewohnen mehrere Straten, der Großteil davon macht einen obligaten Wechsel durch, meist vom Boden oder von der Krautschicht in die Baumschicht. Als Nährpflanzen spielen krautige Monokotyle und Gehölze mit Abstand die wichtigste Rolle. Von weitaus geringerer Bedeutung sind krautige Dikotyle und Zwergsträucher. Von jeweils nur einzelnen Zikaden-Arten werden Farnpflanzen, Gymnospermen und Pilze genutzt. Generell sind die höchsten Artenzahlen auf biomassereichen, also hochwuchsigen oder weit verbreiteten und häufigen Pflanzenarten anzutreffen. Wichtige Habitatfaktoren für einen Großteil der Arten sind Feuchte, Störung und die oftmals spezifischen Nährpflanzen. Weiterhin können Temperatur, Sonnenexposition, pH-Wert und Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens, Meereshöhe, Bodeneigenscliaften und Salinität eine Rolle spielen, sind aber z.T. miteinander korreliert. Dementsprechend gibt es besonders spezialisierte Zikadenarten in Lebensräumen, in denen extreme Verhältnisse hinsichtlich dieser Faktoren herrschen, also Ufer, Moore, Trockenrasen, Dünen, Salzwiesen und alpine Matten. In stark gestörten Lehensräumen kommen nur noch wenige eurytope, polyphage und gut flugfähige Arten mit hohem Fortpflanzungspotential vor. Eine Ausnahme hiervon bilden allerdings die regelmäßig überfüllten Kiesbänke der Alpenflüsse, die trotz intensiver Störung eine Anzahl stenotoper, monophager und monovoltiner Arten, oft mit nur eingeschränkter Flugfähigkeit, aufweisen.
On the occurence of bats (Chiroptera) in South Tyrol (2): Vespertilionidae Since 1988 the author has been collecting and recording bat observations in South Tyrol. From 1990 to 1991 and from 1995 to 1997, in two different studies, he carried on a survey on the presence, the frequency and the horizontal and vertical dispersal of the various species of bats. The first task was on one hand to search the attics and steeples of about 700 churches and chapels; and, on the other hand, to answer the numerous calls telling of the presence of bats in private houses, to capture bats for a check-up and to inform people about European bats beeing harmless for humans, animals and houses. There is good evidence of 23 species of bats in South Tyrol since 1988 and of the reproduction of 18 of them, as well as there are single discoveries of three further species, and finally summer colonies of two species. As there is no certified evidence of the presence of Pipistrellus pygmaeus and of Plecotus alpinus they have not been included in this record. The data-base already provides a good idea of the presence and frequency of bat-species. Species which are frequent in Central Europe have been found almost everywhere in South Tyrol (e.g. Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus sp.), some of them in several colonies with a considerable number of individuals. The Etsch/ Adige Valley as far up as Meran/Merano - due to its mild climate - makes home for a few Mediterrean species. The few possibilities we got from scientific pubblications to make a comparison with former times let suppose that the bat occurences have diminued only in a few species. The reasons are to search mainly in the diminued offer of food.
This paper aims to compile an exhaustive list of the behavioral patterns exhibited by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The compilation is based on the glossary compiled by Goodall (1989), but a substantial numbers of new terms have been added. Thus, we list 316 simple anatomical terms, 81 complex anatomical terms, 37 simple functional terms, and 81 complex functional terms, in addition to 116 synonyms. The behavioral patterns are divided into eight categories on the basis of degree of universality: (1) commonly seen in both Homo and two species of Pan, (1?) commonly seen in Homo and only one species of Pan, (2) patterns common to the genus Pan but not to Homo, (3) patterns common to the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes but not the bonobo Pan paniscus, (4) patterns common to eastern (P.t. schweinfurthii) and central (P.t. troglodytes) but not western (P.t. vents) chimpanzees, (5) patterns unique to the eastern chimpanzees, P.t. schweinfurthii, (6) patterns unique to the population of Mahale, (7) patterns unique to many individuals (at least most members of an age/sex class) of M group chimpanzees, (8) patterns limited to a single (idiosyncrasy) or a few individuals of M group. It is most likely that the behavior patterns of the last common ancestor of Homo and Pan are found in Categories 1 and I? and less likely in Categories 2 and 3. It is possible that behavior patterns belonging to Categories 5, 6 or 7 are cultures.
Iter Turcico-Persicum : pars 1. Plantarum collectarum enumeratio (Ranunculaceae - Dipsacaceae)
(1923)