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A cladistic analysis is presented of the hawkmoths of the tribe Acherontiini, Morgan´s Sphinx (Xanthopan morganii (Walker», and related genera. The study aims to test the monophyly of tribe Acherontiini; the hypothesis that all taxa with extremely long probosces (some Acherontiini, Meganoton rubescens, Neococytius, Xanthopan) form a monophyletic group, or at least fall within a single reasonably compact clade; and, within this group, to determine whether Xanthopan is more closely related to Acherontiini or to COCytillS and Neococytius. The data set comprises 109 characters derived from adult and immature stage morphology, biology and behaviour. These data were analysed using equal weighting, successive approximations character weighting (SACW) and implied weighting. All weighting schemes agreed on the monophyly of Acherontiini and of a group of genera comprising Amphimoea, Cocytius and Neococytius (the Cocytius group). Several other generic and suprageneric clades were also consistently recovered. However, those hawkmoths with extremely long probosces were never recovered as a monophyletic group. The relationships of Xanthopan were also ambiguous. Equal weighting and SACW placedXanthopan + Meganoton rztbescens (Butler) as sister to the COCytills group, while implied weighting placed Xanthopan as sister to Acherontiini. This latter relationship is based primarily on shared possession of a pilifer/palp hearing organ. Further analyses suggested the two components of this organ were not biologically independent. Downweighting this feature accordingly resulted in all weighting schemes converging on the topology found by equal weighting. Exclusion of the incomplete subset of immature stage data had no effect under implied weighting but equal weighting and SACW now recovered a Neotropical clade comprising Manduca. and the Cocytius group, while Xanthopan was placed with M. rubescens and Panogena. Downweighting the pilifer/palp hearing organ under implied weighting again caused convergence with the equal weighting/SACW results. Thus, the relationships of Xanthopan remain equivocal and further data, particularly from the immature stages, will be required to elucidate its phylogenetic position further.
Geschlechts- und Gattungsunterschiede an Metapodien und Phalangen mitteleuropäischer Wildwiederkäuer
(1968)
Zur Beurteilung der Geschechtsunterschiede und zur Bestimmung der Gattungsunterschiede wurden die Metapodien und Phalangen von im ganzen 258 Exemplaren von Cervus elaphus hippelaphus Erxleben, 1771, Dama dama dama (Linne, 1758), Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linne, 1758), Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra (Linne, 1758) und Capra ibex ibex Linne, 1758, ausgewertet. 93 Tiere entfielen auf Capreolus capreolus, von denen aber zur Geschlechtsunterscheidung nur 78 Tiere verwendbar waren; die restlichen 15 Tiere waren ohne Geschlechtsangabe und konnten auch nachträglich nicht bestimmt werden. Weiterhin kamen zur Untersuchung 56 Tiere von Cervus elaphus, 22 von Dama dama, 49 von Rupicapra rupicapra und 38 von Capra ibex (5. Tab. 1).
Was die Geschlechtsunterscheidung betrifft, so gilt mit Ausnahme von Capreolus capreolus die Regel, daß die Metapodien und Phalangen der Weibchen alles in allem länger und stärker sind als die der Männchen. Zur Bestimmung erwies sich die Länge des jeweiligen Knochens - an der Phalanx 3 die diagonale Sohlenlänge - als am besten geeignet. Dabei ließen sich Gesmlechtsunterschiede nicht nur in den Mittelwerten aufzeigen, sondern auch zum Teil in absolut größeren Maßen, wie das bei Dama in der Länge und bei Caprn ibex in der Breite der Fall war (s. Tab. 2-7).
Für die Unterscheidung zwischen den Gattungen waren in erster Linie Gestaltunterschiede von Bedeutung, in zweiter Linie die absoluten Maße und Indices, wovon letztere für sich allein oft schon Gattungsbestimmungen zulassen. Die Unterscheidung der hier behandelten Arten ist nahezu immer möglich, wenn man davon absieht, daß unter Siedlungsabfällen kleine, uncharakteristische Fragmente sein können. Schwierigkeiten können entstehen bei der Unterscheidung von Steinbock- sowie manchen Gemsenknochen von solchen der Gattungen Capra hircus und Ovis ades; auf sie wurde in dieser Arbeit nicht näher eingegangen.
Keys to the hairs of 44 species of southern African Cricetidae and Muridae have been devised for the identification of these species. The keys are based primarily on the cuticular scale patterns and groove characters. Distribution data and descriptions of the hairs are presented with micrographs to assist in identification.
In this paper eight tribes (Gyrophaenini, Placusini, Homalotini, Diestotini, Falagriini, Athetini, Lomechusini, and Oxypodini), 19 genera and 42 species are recognized. Four genera (Brachyglyptaglossa n. gen. [Homalotini], Trisporusa n. gen., Daccordiusa n. gen. [Lomechusini], and Antistydatusa n. gen. [Oxypodini]) and 37 species are described as new. Each new genus and species is illustrated. Placusa fauveli Pasnik, 2001, from Sydney, is placed in synonymy with Placusa tridens Fauvel, 1878, from Sydney. A new combination to Spallioda for Calodera carissima Oliff is proposed.
A taxonomic study of the Staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae of the Australian Region is presented, including a critical revision of 14 typical series, the lectotype of which is designated when necessary. 10 new genera are deseribed (3 in Athetini, 2 in Thamiaraeini, and 5 in Oxypodini) and 38 species (3 in Gyrophaenini, 2 in Bolitocharini, 4 in Diestotini, 21 in Athetini, 5 in Thamiaraeini, and 3 in Oxypodini). New combinations are proposed for 12 species (l in Homalotini, 1 in Diestotini, 3 in Athetini, 6 in Oxypodini, and 1 in Aleocharini). The genus Correa Fauvel is considered junior synonym of the genus Aleochara. Every new genus and species is described and illustrated.
1. Die Feldbeobachtungen der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind in der Zeit vom 10. VII. bis 9. VIII. 1964 in Westspitzbergen in den Gebieten von Isfjorden und Hornsund (Abb. 2) gemacht worden. Die Fjeldheidevegetation wurde auf 58 Probeflächen von je 25 m2 untersucht. 2. Bei der Besprechung der Fjeldheidevegetation wird zunächst der Begriff »Fjeldheide» definiert und mit dem Begriff »Tundra» verglichen. Zugleich wird die Zonität der (oro)arktischen Vegetation erörtert und mit den in Grönland, Fennoskandien und Nowaja Semlja vorgenommen Zoneneinteilungen verglichen. Im Rahmen der Dreizoneneinteilung der (oro)arktischen Vegetationszone werden in Spitzbergen die mittel- und die oberoroarktische Stufe angetroffen. 3. In der untersuchten Fjeldheidevegetation wurden 5 Artengruppen und entsprechend 5 Heidetypen herausgearbeitet: 1. Deflations-, 2. Flechten-, 3. trockene und 4. frische Moosheide sowie 5.Schneebodenstellen. Die Grenze zwischen den Typen und auch zwischen den innerhalb eines jeden Typs anzutreffenden Westküsten- und Binnengebietvarianten sind fliessend. Das Westküstengebiet umfasst die Untersuchungsstellen 1-6, das Binnengebiet (=Innenfjord- und Binnenlandgebiet) die Punkte 7-20. 4. Das Westküstengebiet gehört vorwiegend ins Bereich der metamorphierten, das Binnengebiet wiederum ins Gebiet der nicht metamorphierten Gesteine. Für die Entstehung der die obigen Gebiete charakterisierenden Varianten wird jedoch nach meiner Meinung dem Grossklima die ausschlaggebende Bedeutung beigemessen. Die Westküste ist hygrisch und thermisch ozeanischer als das Binnengebiet (Abb. 6). Dieser Umstand macht sich in der Vegetation auch in den Mangenverhältnissen der Typen geltend: an der Westküste viele Deflationsheiden und SchneebodensteIlen (siehe S. 43). Ferner ist die Höhengrenze der mittelarktischen Stufe an der Westküste tiefer (siehe S. 43). Die Phänologie der Pflanzen lässt an der Westküste Verspätung der Entwicklung erkennen (siehe Tab. 9 und 10). An der Westküste steht die Fjeldheidevegetation auf gröberem Untergrund (siehe Tab. 8), und das Eis reicht weiter herunter als im Binnengebiet. 5. Beim Vergleich der Fjeldheidetypen miteinander wurden Unterschiede in der Dicke des Auftaubodens und in der Phänologie der Pflanzen beobachtet, welche Umstände mit der Dicke der Schneedecke zusammenhängen dürften. Die Dicke des Auftaubodens wird zu den frischen Moosheiden hin geringer und nimmt dann an den SchneebodensteIlen wieder zu (Tab. 8). Die Entwicklung der Pflanzen setzt umso zeitiger ein, je trockener der Typ ist (Tab. 9 und 10). 6. Mit Hilfe der Literatur wird der Versuch gemacht, Vegetationen ausfindig zu machen, die sich mit den Fjeldheidetypen Spitzbergens identifizieren (= Horistisch gleichartig sind; vgL Abb. 11) oder vergleichen lassen (= floristisch andersartig, aber an mehr oder minder gleichartigen Standorten). Zusammenfassend wird hauptsächlich anhand der Literatur ein vorläufiger Vorschlag für die Vegetations gebiete Spitzbergens gemacht (Abb. 10).
Australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. Mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. Mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of Ross River virus during 1991-1997. Barmah Forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. Cases of Murray Valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern Australia. Dengue is a continuing problem for northern Queensland, with various serotypes being active. Japanese encephalitis has appeared in the Torres Strait Islands and threatens mainland Australia. Although malaria is eradicated, almost 1,000 cases are imported annually and occasional cases of local transmission occur. With ticks, paralysis in children occurs annually in eastern Australia. Tick typhus (Queensland Tick Typhus--Rickettsia australis) occurs down the east coast, and (Flinders Island Spotted Fever--Rickettsia honei) in Bass Strait and probably Tasmania. Lyme disease is reported but its presence is controversial. Fleas were responsible for a recent outbreak of murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) in Western Australia. Mites cause scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), and there was a recent fatality in the Northern Territory. Overall, resources for investigation and control of vector-borne disease have generally been meager. However, various avenues of basic and applied research have been pursued, and have included investigations into mosquito ecology, vector competence, disease epidemiology, and vector control. Disease surveillance programs vary between states, and mosquito control programs are organized and effective in only a few regions. There are concerns for import of vectors such as Aedes albopictus and export of pathogens such as Ross River virus; the former has occurred but the species has not become established, and the latter has occurred and has resulted in a major outbreak in the South Pacific. The predicted scenarios of increased temperature and rainfall with global warming are also causing concern for increases in vector-borne diseases, particularly the endemic arboviruses. Interest by health authorities is gravitating more towards epidemiological reporting and less towards public health action. In many respects, humans have much to do to get "on top" of vectors and their pathogens "down under" in Australia.
The Siwalik formations of northern Pakistan consist of deposits of ancient rivers that existed throughout the early Miocene through the late Pliocene. The formations are highly fossiliferous with a diverse array of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates, which in combination with exceptional lateral exposure and good chronostratigraphic control allows a more detailed and temporally resolved study of the sediments and faunas than is typical in terrestrial deposits. Consequently the Siwaliks provide an opportunity to document temporal differences in species richness, turnover, and ecological structure in a terrestrial setting, and to investigate how such differences are related to changes in the fluvial system, vegetation, and climate. Here we focus on the interval between 10.7 and 5.7 Ma, a time of significant local tectonic and global climatic change. It is also the interval with the best temporal calibration of Siwalik faunas and most comprehensive data on species occurrences. A methodological focus of this paper is on controlling sampling biases that confound biological and ecological signals. Such biases include uneven sampling through time, differential preservation of larger animals and more durable skeletal elements, errors in age-dating imposed by uncertainties in correlation and paleomagnetic timescale calibrations, and uneven taxonomic treatment across groups. We attempt to control for them primarily by using a relative-abundance model to estimate limits for the first and last appearances from the occurrence data. This model also incorporates uncertainties in age estimates. Because of sampling limitations inherent in the terrestrial fossil record, our 100-Kyr temporal resolution may approach the finest possible level of resolution for studies of vertebrate faunal changes over periods of millions of years. Approximately 40,000 specimens from surface and screenwash collections made at 555 localities form the basis of our study. Sixty percent of the localities have maximum and minimum age estimates differing by 100 Kyr or less, 82% by 200 Kyr or less. The fossils represent 115 mammalian species or lineages of ten orders: Insectivora, Scandentia, Primates, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Pholidota, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Rodentia. Important taxa omitted from this study include Carnivora, Elephantoidea, and Rhinocerotidae. Because different collecting methods were used for large and small species, they are treated separately in analyses. Small species include insectivores, tree shrews, rodents, lagomorphs, and small primates. They generally weigh less than 5 kg. The sediments of the study interval were deposited by coexisting fluvial systems, with the larger emergent Nagri system being displaced between 10.1 and 9.0 Ma by an interfan Dhok Pathan system. In comparison to Nagri floodplains, Dhok Pathan floodplains were less well drained, with smaller rivers having more seasonally variable flow and more frequent avulsions. Paleosol sequences indicate reorganization of topography and drainage accompanying a transition to a more seasonal climate. A few paleosols may have formed under waterlogged, grassy woodlands, but most formed under drier conditions and more closed vegetation. The oxygen isotopic record also indicates significant change in the patterns of precipitation beginning at 9.2 Ma, in what may have been a shift to a drier and more seasonal climate. The carbon isotope record demonstrates that after 8.1 Ma significant amounts of C4 grasses began to appear and that by 6.8 Ma floodplain habitats included extensive C4 grasslands. Plant communities with predominantly C3 plants were greatly diminished after 7.0 Ma, and those with predominantly C4 plants, which would have been open woodlands or grassy woodlands, appeared as early as 7.4 Ma. Inferred first and last appearances show a constant, low level of faunal turnover throughout the interval 10.7–5.7-Ma, with three short periods of elevated turnover at 10.3, 7.8, and 7.3–7.0 Ma. The three pulses account for nearly 44% of all turnover. Throughout the late Miocene, species richness declined steadily, and diversity and richness indices together with data on body size imply that community ecological structure changed abruptly just after 10 Ma, and then again at 7.8 Ma. Between 10 and 7.8 Ma the large-mammal assemblages were strongly dominated by equids, with more balanced faunas before and after. The pattern of appearance and disappearance is selective with respect to inferred habits of the animals. Species appearing after 9.0 Ma are grazers or typical of more open habitats, whereas many species that disappear can be linked to more closed vegetation. We presume exceptions to this pattern were animals of the mixed C3/C4 communities or the wetter parts of the floodplain that did not persist into the latest Miocene. The pace of extinction accelerates once there is C4 vegetation on the floodplain. The 10.3 Ma event primarily comprises disappearance of taxa that were both common and of long duration. The event does not correlate to any obvious local environmental or climatic event, and the pattern of species disappearance and appearance suggests that biotic interactions may have been more important than environmental change. The 7.8 Ma event is characterized solely by appearances, and that at 7.3 Ma by a combination of appearances and disappearances. These two latest Miocene events include more taxa that were shorter ranging and less common, a difference of mode that developed between approximately 9.0 and 8.5 Ma when many short-ranging and rare species began to make appearances. Both events also show a close temporal correlation to changes in floodplain deposition and vegetation. The 7.8 Ma event follows the widespread appearance of C4 vegetation and is coincident with the shift from equid-dominated to more evenly balanced large-mammal assemblages. The 7.3 to 7.0 Ma event starts with the first occurrence of C4-dominated floras and ends with the last occurrence of C3-dominated vegetation. Absence of a consistent relationship between depositional facies and the composition of faunal assemblages leads us to reject fluvial system dynamics as a major cause of faunal change. The close correlation of latest Miocene species turnover and ecological change to expansion of C4 plants on the floodplain, in association with oxygen isotopic and sedimentological evidence for increasingly drier and more seasonal climates, causes us to favor explanations based on climatic change for both latest Miocene pulses. The Siwalik record supports neither “coordinated stasis” nor “turnover pulse” evolutionary models. The brief, irregularly spaced pulses of high turnover are characteristic of both the stasis and pulse models, but the high level of background turnover that eliminates 65–70% of the initial species shows there is no stasis in the Siwalik record. In addition, the steadily declining species richness and abrupt, uncoordinated changes in diversity do not fit either model.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has proved extremely versatile over the past 25 yr for the isolation and punfication of peptides varying widely in their sources, quantity and complexity. This article covers the major modes of HPLC utilized for peptides (size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase), as well as demonstrating the potential of a novel mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/cation-exchange approach developed in this laboratory. In addition to the value of these HPLC modes for peptide separations, the value of various HPLC techniques for structural characterization of peptides and proteins will be addressed, e.g., assessment of oligomerization state of peptideslproteins by sizeexclusion chromatography and monitoring the hydrophilicitykydrophobicity of amphipathic cr-helical peptides, a vital precursor Tor the development of novel antimicrobial peptides. The value of capillary electrophoresis for peptide separations is also demonstrated. Preparative reversed-phase chromatography purification protocols for sample loads of up to 200 mg on analytical columns and instrumentation are introduced for both peptides and recombinant proteins. Key Words: Peptides; proteins; size-exclusion chromatography (SEC); anion-exchange chromatography (AEX); cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HIL1C)/cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC); preparative RP-HPLC of peptides and proteins; amino acid side-chain hydrophilicitylhydrophobicity coefficients; amino acid U-helical propensity values; amino acid side-chain stability coefficients
This is the most comprehensive analysis of higher-level relationships in Odonata conducted thus far. The analysis was based on a detailed study of the skeletal morphology and wing venation of adults, complemented with a few larval characters, resulting in 122 phylogenetically informative characters. Eighty-five genera from forty-five currently recognized families and subfamilies were examined. In most cases, several species were chosen to serve as exemplars for a given genus. The seven fossil outgroup taxa included were exemplar genera from five successively more distant odonatoid orders and suborders: Tarsophlebiidae (the closest sister group of Odonata, previously placed as a family within "Anisozygoptera"), Archizygoptera, Protanisoptera, Protodonata and Geroptera. Parsimony analysis of the data, in which characters were treated both under equal weights and implied weighting, produced cladograms that were highly congruent, and in spite of considerable homoplasy in the odonate data, many groupings in the most parsimonious cladograms were well supported in all analyses, as indicated by Bremer support. The analyses supported the monophyly of both Anisoptera and Zygoptera, contrary to the well known hypothesis of zygopteran paraphyly. Within Zygoptera, two large sister clades were indicated, one comprised of the classical (Selysian) Calopterygoidea, except that Amphipterygidae, which have traditionally been placed as a calopterygoid family, nested within the other large zygopteran clade comprised of Fraser´s "Lestinoidea" plus "Coenagrionoidea" (both of which were shown to be paraphyletic as currently defined). Philoganga alone appeared as the sister group to the rest of the Zygoptera in unweighted cladograms, whereas Philoganga + Diphlebia comprised the sister group to the remaining Zygoptera in all weighted cladograms. "Anisozygoptera" was confirmed as a paraphyletic assemblage that forms a "grade" towards the true Anisoptera, with Epiophlebia as the most basal taxon. Within Anisoptera, Petaluridae appeared as the sister group to other dragonflies.
The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region : keys and diagnoses
(1983)
Durch die Herren Dr. EDUARD und HANS-RUDOLF SCHMIDT, Tropicarium Frankfurt am Main, erhielt das Senckenberg-Museum eine Reihe von See- und Süßwasserfischen, die im folgenden kurz dargestellt werden. Eine Art der Gattung Chaerodon sowie eine Unterart von Parosphromenus deissneri werden neu beschrieben. Auffällige Abweichungen der untersuchten Fische von den bisherigen Darstellungen und Beschreibungen werden durch Zeichnungen veranschaulicht.
Schlüssel zur Bestiminung europäischer Boletales mit Röhren werden vorgestellt. Der Artenschlüssel ist großteils nir Bestimmung von Frischmaterial angelegt. Die Schlüssel zu den Familien und Gattungen sowie die Gattungsdiagnosen sind auf Europa bezogen und müßten in weltweiter Sicht noch erweitert werden. Im Schlüssel wurden einige in den letzten Jahren vorgcnoinmenen Neukombinationen und Synonymisierungen nicht übernommen. Für die nunmehr in Xerocomus integrierte Gattung Phylloporus wird die Schaffung einer Untergattung vorgeschlagen. Auch eine neue Sektion, eine neue Art und einige neue Kombinationen werden vorgeschlagen.
Analyse morphologique du splanchnocrane chez les primates et ses rapports avec le prognathisme
(1956)
Chez les Mammifères inférieurs, les mâchoire et les cavités orbtitaires sont situées en avant du neurocrâne; chez les Primates, le massif facial se déplace et est en partie situé sous la cavité cranienne; chez l'Homme, non seulement le massif facial est réduit de volume, mais il est logé entièrement sous le neurocrâne. ...
The paper deals with the biology, morphology and anatomy of seven species of syrphid larvae viz. Syrphus luniger Meig., S. balteatus De Greer, S. ribesii Linne, Catabomba pyrastri Linne, Sphaerophoriae flavicauda Zett., Sph. scripta Linne, and Platychirus scutatus Meig. The habitat, mode of progression, aphidophagous habits and characteristic coloration are described for each species. It is shown that the larvae of aIl the above species, like larvae of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera, definitely pass through three stages separated by two moults. The mode of dehiscence of the puparium is described briefly. Each of the species, except Catabomba pyrustri, has three generations in the breeding season which lasts from May to October. Platychirus scutatus hibernates only in the larval stage, but the other species may be found in both the larval and pupal stages during the winter. The larvae of all the above species, except syrplzus balteatus, are commonly parasitized by ichneumonid larvae. The morphology of the egg, the three larval stages and the puparium of S. luniger is described in detail. The characters common to the third stage larvae of all the species deaIt with are summarized and short descriptions of the third stagelarvae andpuparia of the individual species are given. The general appearance of the living larvae and details of the buccopharyngeal armature, spiracles and puparia of each of the species is represented in figures. In connexion with the pupae a number of new structures are described arid it is suggested that some of them are concerned with the formation of the characteristic shape of the puparium and with the dehiscence of the puparium. Internal pupal spiracles are present in all the species dealt; with, but external pupal spiracles are present only in Platychirus scutatus. The anatomy of P. scutatus is described and figured, an account being given of all the structures except the musculature of the body wall. Study of the anatomy affords evidence as to the carnivorons mode of Iife of the larvae and also indicates that tho larvae have evolved from aquatic forms. The comparative morphology of the Syrphinae is discussed with respect to the relationship of the Syrphinae to other Aschiza aiid to the cyclorrhaphous Diptera.
This paper is a monographic revision of tlie Holarctic genus Hilarimorpha Schiner. Twenty-seven species are recognized, twenty-two of which are new: Hilarimorpha abuta, bumulla, californica, clavata, cunata, desta, kena, lamara, Iantha, loisae, mandana, mentata, modesta, parva, pitans, punata, reparta, robertsoni, sidora, stena, tampa, and varda. Two described species from Asia, Hilarimorpha maculata and orientalis, are removed from the genus. In addition to a taxonomic revision of the genus, this study treats geographical distribution of the species, and the relationship of the genus to othe families of brachycerous Diptera.
1. The root tip of Cucurbita maxima possesses a single histogen from which all the primary root tissues arise. 2. The primary root is exarch, tetrarch. Differentiation of the large central metaxylem vessels is retarded; pith is not present. 3. The primordium of a secondary root is formed from the cortex, including the endodermis, as well as the pericycle of the primary root. 4. The transition extends from approximately 1 cm. below the peg to just above it. At the lowest level pith differentiates in the center and the metaxylem takes a peripheral position just within the phloem. Each primary xylem strand diverges into two arms extending laterally and joining the metaxylem. These arms separate, resulting in a siphonostele of four tangential transition bundles. These divide into two parts each, forming a total of eight bundles which become endarch. 5. Of these eight bundles usually two pairs anastomose, then divide into three, producing a total of ten bundles which continue through the hypocotyl. Additional bundles may arise. 6. The bundle is considered bicollateral on the basis of ontogeny; it shows a differentiation of internal phloem from the procambial tissue at the same time that the external metaphloem differentiates. (The study of a single species allows no interpretation on the basis of phylogeny.) 7. A suggestion is made concerning the differentiation of two types of phloem, the one called fascicular phloem and the other called connective phloem. Differences in origin, structure, and distribution of the two types are described. 8. In the cotyledonary node tangential anastomoses produce a cotyledonary plate of four parts. Continuations from these form two traces to each cotyledon. Before the cotyledon diverges completely, each trace branches laterally to form a basal vein from which arise four or more bundles which are the principal veins in the blade of the cotyledon. 9. The bundles of the epicotyl differentiate against the parts of the cotyledonary plate. The epicotyl is retarded in its development except for the median trace to the first foliage leaf. The early differentiation of this trace may account for the characteristic short first internode.
Un heureux hasard nous a fait acheter, en janvier dernier, pour une experience, une chevre adulte, qui mourut peu de temps apres de dysenterie coccidienne. Le parasite appartenait à l'espece decrite en 1930 par W. L. Yakimoff et Rastegaieva sous le nom de Eimeria Nina-Kohl-Yakimovi. La description originale des auteurs ne comprenait que celle de l'ookyste. Nous avons pu la completer par celle de son cycle evolutif et des Iesions que cette espece determine. Au cours des investigations bibliographiques que nous avons du entreprendre, nous avons ete gene par une certaine confusion dans les travaux concernant les coccidioses du mouton et de la chevre, confusion qui avait ete remarquee par d'autres. Nous avons cru utile, a l'occasion de l'etude particuliere qui se presentait à nous, d'entreprendre un travail plus general et d'essayer de retrouver et de fixer les bases preeises de la zoologie des parasites qui nous occupent. C'est a dessein, pour eliminer des I'abord une cause de confusion, que nous reunissons les coccidies du mouton et de la chevre.
Die Wachstumsperiode des Frühjahres 1933 mit den schnellen, großen Schwankungen von Temperatur und Wetter, oft innerhalb weniger Stunden, zeigte bei vielen Pflanzen der Olmützer Flora die verschiedensten Verkrümmungen, Schrurnpfungen, Verfärbungen an Blatt und Blüte. Die Ursache davon war eine Art Verkühlung (Unterkühlung), hervorgerufen durch den genannten Witterungscharakter. Als Folgen dieser Erkältungen, die beim Erfrieren der Pflanze den Höchstgrad erreichen, stellen sich vielfach Änderungen des normalen chemisch-physiologischen Wachstumsprozesses, aber auch Änderungen des normalen physikalischen Gleichgewichtszustandes im Gewebe ein: so erfolgt eine Reduktion des Atmungsprozesses, die Einstellung oder Verminderung synthetischer Aufbauprozesse (Chlorophyll!), Zerfall der Proteine in N-haltige Spaltungsprodukte, weiters Kälte-Kontraktion des Lellprotoplasmas, Plasmolyse, Änderung des colloidalen Zellinhaltes u. v. m. Besonders die schnell einsetzende, längere, große Unterkühlung nach warmen Tagen bewirkt unter Anderem bei der wachsenden Pflanze ein starkes Zusammenziehen des Primordialschlauches der Zelle und damit ein unregelmäßiges, mehr oder minder großes Durchtreten des Zellwassers in die Interzellularräume des Pflanzengewebes. Die dadurch notwendig entstehenden abnormen, oft einseitigen Druck- und Spannungsänderungen im Gewebsparenchym sind es nun hauptsächlich, die sich - in Verbildung der normalen Organform der Pflanze - als zeitweilige Verkrümmungen, Wellungen, Schrumpfungen , Verfärbungen u. ä. verraten, später aber wieder ausgleichen, wenn normale Wachstumsbedingungen eintreten. Die typischen Formen solcher „ Wettersiörungen" des Wachstums der Pflanzen - die "Verkühlung der Pflanze" und der "Kälte-Ikterus" - seien unter Nr. 655 u. 656 dieser Abhandlung - (VI. Teil) näher erwähnt. Über weitere publizierte Krankheiten und Mißbildungen an Pflanzen der Olmützer Flora siehe: Nr. 1-271, (1. T.), Jg. 36, 1925, cas. Vlast. spol. Mus. v Olumouci, Nr. 272-331, T.), Jg. 38, 1927, s.o. Nr. 332-440, T.), Jg. 62, 1931, Verh. des Naturf. Ver. in Brünn. Nr. 441-550, (4. T.), Jg. 63, 1932, s.o. Nr. 55 1-650, (5. T.), Jg. 64, 1933, s.o. Nr. 651-750, (6. T.), Jg. 65, 1934, s.o.
Beiträge zur Malakozoologie der Kanarischen Inseln : Lamellibranchien, Cephalopoden, Gastropoden
(1932)
Plastid behavior in reciprocally different crosses between two races of Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
(1962)
During my mork on the inheritance of symmetry characters in Medicago (1956), chance played into my hands a case of fairIy pronounced reciprocal differentes in the behavior of plastids in a cross between two local races of Medicago truncatula GAERTN. which so far I know are not given even varietal rank. The facility in producing the hybrids encouraged me to investigate the material, and the results are reported in this paper.
Introductory chapters on the geography, vegetation and history of botanical ex loration are followed by a catalogue of 331 species of wild vascular plants, 90% of which represent first records for the island. Synonymy, references, localities and ecological data are given for each species in a condensed form. The taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of some taxa are discussed; in one case (Silene cythnia) a drawing and a distribution map are supplied. Nomenclatural novelties are validated in the genera Centaurea, Matricana, Melica (by W. Hempel) and Trifolium. A phytogeographical and ecological analysis of the flora demonstrates its striking banality and the unexpectedly high proportion of anthropophytes. No pliytogeographical link with tlie other E. Aegean Isiands and Anatolia exists, but there are some affinities with the Cyclades. The observations are consistent with the hypotliesis of a long insular isolation leading to a strong depletion or even destruction of the original flora, which has been replaced by long-distance dispersed and anthropophytic elements.
A world revision of the four entedonine (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) genera of larval parasitoids of thrips (Thysanoptera) is presented: Ceranisus Walker, 1841, Entedonomphale Girault, 1915 stat. rev. (reinstated as a valid taxon from previous synonymy under Ceranisus, with type species E. margiscutum Girault, 1915 stat. rev.), Goetheana Girault, 1920, and Thripobius Ferrière, 1938. The following new generic synonymies are proposed: Cryptomphale Girault, 1917, Entedonastichus Girault, 1920, Pirenoidea Girault, 1922, and Thripoctenoides Erdös, 1954 under Entedonomphale. The proposed new combinations are as follows: Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933), E. nubilipennis (Williams, 1916), and Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917) from Ceranisus; Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), E. dei (Girault, 1922), E. kaulbarsi (Yoshimoto, 1981), and E. mira (Girault, 1920) from Entedonastichus. New synonymies are proposed for the following species: Ceranisus vinctus (Gahan, 1932) under Ceranisus menes (Walker, 1839), Diglyphus aculeo Walker, 1848 under Ceranisus pacuvius (Walker, 1838); Ceranisus maculatus (Waterston, 1930) and Thripobius semiluteus Boucek, 1976 under Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917); Entedonastichus albicoxis (Szelényi, 1982) under Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), and Entedonastichus gaussi (Ferrière, 1958) under Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933). Eleven new species are described: Ceranisus barsoomensis and C. votetoda (Australia), C. udnamtak (Nepal); Entedonomphale boccaccioi (USA), E. esenini (Madagascar), E. lermontovi (South Africa), E. quasimodo and E. zakavyka (Australia); Goetheana pushkini (Japan and Republic of Korea) and G. rabelaisi (Australia); and Thripobius melikai (China). Three species are excluded from Ceranisus: C. ancylae (Girault, 1917) (mistakenly listed in Ceranisus) as well as C. nigricornis Motschulsky, 1863 and C. semitestaceus Motschulsky, 1863, both taxa incertae sedis. New data are provided on the distribution and host associations of many of the species included in this review.
In dieser Arbeit werden vorwiegend taxonomische und nomenklatorische Angaben zu Cryptini und in einem Fall auch zu Phygadeuontini gemacht. Aus der Westpaläarktis sind derzeit etwa 35 Gattungen von Cryptini bekannt. Einige davon wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten bereits revidiert (z.B. HORSTMANN 1984, 1987, 1990a, VAN ROSSEM 1966, 1969a, 1969b, 1971, SCHWARZ 1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1997). Inzwischen konnte weiteres Material untersucht werden, wodurch in einigen Fällen neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden konnten. In dieser Arbeit werden vor allem Ergänzungen von Revisionen westpaläarktischer Cryptini gemacht. In einigen Fällen erstrecken sich die Angaben auch auf andere Gebiete (Ostpaläarktis, Orientalis, Äthiopis), Zusätzlich werden Ergebnisse von Typenuntersuchungen angeführt. Bei den untersuchten Typen werden wahlweise die genauen Angaben auf den Etiketten wiedergegeben oder, wenn diese in anderen neueren Publikationen erwähnt sind, weggelassen. Nach den Angaben zum Typus bzw. zu den Funddaten bei zusätzlichem Material wird jeweils der Aufbewahrungsort angegeben. Die Reihung der hier behandelten Gattungen und Arten erfolgt alphabetisch. Bei der Auflistung des untersuchten Materials werden entweder die genauen Funddaten, besonders bei Material außerhalb von Europa, oder nur die Länder aufgelistet. Inseln werden, da tiergeografisch besonders interessant, gesondert angeführt.
Gli Autori segnalano per il territorio delle Alpi Liguri 144 specie di Molluschi terrestri e 25 specie di Molluschi acquidulcicoli. L'elenco sistematico riporta, per ciascuna specie, eventuali sinonimie, segnalazioni di letteratura e di collezione e i risultati di ricerche di campagna effettuate dagli Autori negli anni 1977-84; inoltre, vengono fornite la geonemia e brevi considerazioni sulla distribuzionc geografica, le caratteristiche ecologichc ed eventuali problemi tassonomici. Segue un esame critico dei taxa di pteseilza dubbia o di incerta collocazione sistematica, ed un breve elenco delle specie presenti nelle aree circostanti l'area in esame, ma assenti in Alpi Liguri. La malacofauna terrestre delle Alpi Liguri (considerate in toto o nei tre Settori del Cuneese, Imperiese e Savonese) viene confrontata con quella di tre settori piu interni delle Alpi Occidentali (Alpi Marittime settentrionali, Alpi Cozie, Alpi Graie), di un settorc alpino meridionale (Alpi Marittime francesi) e di due settori appenninici (Appennino Ligure ed Aipi Apuane), mediante indici di similarit i di tipo binario (presenza-assenza di specie). Vengono inoltre confrontati tra loro gli spettri corologici delle aree sopracitate. L'area studiata non appare uniforme da1 punto di vista faunistico, ma diversamente caratterizzata nei diversi settori. Per la particolare posizione geografica e le peculiari caratteristiche paleoclimatiche, geomorfologiche ed ambientali, il popolamento malacologico delle Alpi Liguri si presenta qualitativamente vario ed ariicchito da correnti rnigratorie di diversa provenienza (alpina, W-mediterranes, appenninicii). Nella caratterizzazione della fauna e degli endemismi, sembra importante il ruolo di area di rifugio assunto dalle Alpi Liguri in epoca glaciale.
The cirripeds sampled by the N. O. Jean Charcot from the Azores region include thirty-four species: twenty lepadomorphs, eight verrucomorphs and six balanomorphs. Among these are two new species: Arcoscalpellum eponkos n.sp. and Tesseropora arnoldi n.sp. and several little known species. The family Verrucidae is revised, and a key to the genera is included. Verruca and Metaverruca are rediagnosed, two new genera are proposed: Newmaniuerruca n.g. and Costatoverruca n.g. A list of recent species of Verrucidae is provided, reported with keys to all of the species. Forty-five species of cirripeds are reported from the Azores region, of which one third are endemic.
Linnaeus as an evolutionist
(1909)
Material of the domestic fowl of appropriate ages, ranging from twelve hours' incubation to the adult bird, was prepared for the purpose of studying the production and development of the germ cells. The primordial germ cells arise in the extra-embryonic region anterior to the head fold in the region of the zone of junction during the primitive-streak stage. These germ cells migrate, through the blood stream, to the region of the future gonad, where they develop into the definitive germ plasm. There is no widespread degeneration of the primordial germ cells after their arrival in the gonadal region, nor is there any widespread transformation of somatic cells into definitive germ cells.
Sensilla styloconica are elongated microscopically conspicuous chemo-mechano receptors found exclusively at the tongue tip of many adult Lepidoptera. These unique proboscis sensilla were comparatively studied using the scanning electron microscope in 107 species of North American and tropical butterflies. Focus was on 76 species of North American Nymphalidae representing 45 genera and 11 subfamily groups, and 15 species of tropical Nymphalidae representing additional genera and subfamilies. Observations of adult nymphalid feeding behaviour and food preference for correlation with morphological characteristics were made largely in North America and substantially in the Neotropics, where bait traps were used in conjunction with aerial netting. The tongue tips of 16 additional species representing 5 more butterfly families were also examined for the presence and morphological characteristics of sensilla styloconica.
An annotated list of Ecuadorian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae)
(2001)
Among the 13 genera and over 100 species of halfbeaks, three genera - Dermogenys, Nomorhamizphus and Hemirlzainplzodon - are internally fertilized and viviparous. These genera belong to a more inclusive clade, the Zenarchopterinae, that also includes Zenarchopterus, inferred to be internally fertilized and to lay fertilized eggs, and the monotypic Tondaiziclzthys, also inferred to be internally fertilized. Whereas the Hemiramphidae are distributed worldwide, internally fertilized halfbeaks are restricted to Southeast Asia. Recent data from histological surveys of the gonads of both males ancl females as well as cmbryonic modifications associated with viviparity have been combined here with osteological characters in a phylogenetic analysis. Results indicate overwhelming support for a sister-group relationship between Henzirhamnphodon and (Derinogeizys + Nomorhamnphus). Monophyly of the Dermogenys + Nomorhamphus clade is also well supported. These results confirm earlier suggestions that Dermnogenys, as previously defined, is paraphyletic. Within tlle Dermogenys+Noinorhamnphus clade, two monophyletic clades are supported: one comprises ten species including four new species (Dermogenys bruneiensis, Dermogenys robertsi, Dermogenys palawanensis and Dermogenys collettei) and the other comprises 13 species including three undescribed species (Nomorhamphus rossi, Nomorhamphus pinnimaculata and Nomorhainphus manifesta). Diagnoses for the species of Dermnogenys and Nomorhamnphus, as well as a natural classification for the included species, are presented.
Die Untersuchungen wurden während der Jahre 1930-32 in der Newabucht bei Peterhof unternommen. Es wurden 29 Arten der Fische untersucht, wobei als Standartzahl der Sektionen für jede Art 15 Fische genommen. wurden. Für manche seltene Arten konnte man aber nur eine kleinere Anzahl von Exemplaren erbeuten. Im ganzen wurden 368 Fische seziert. Dabei wurde nicht nur die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens (d. h. der Prozentsatz der infizierten Fische) eines jeden Parasiten, sondern auch die absolute Zahl verschiedener Schmarotzer (d. h. die Intensität der Infektion) bei jedem Fisch festgestellt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die parasitäre Fauna einzelner Fischarten behandelt. Im zweiten Teil werden in systematischer Ordnung Angaben über verschiedene von uns gefundene Parasitengruppen geliefert. Die ganze von uns erforschte parasitäre Fauna enthält 108 Arten, von welcher Zahl 1 auf Mastigophora, 5 auf Infusoria, 24 auf Myxosporidia, 2 auf Microsporidia, 17 auf monogenetische Trematoden, 15 auf digenetische Trematoden, 16 auf Cestodes, 8 auf Aeanthocephali, 9 auf Nematodes, 1 auf Hirudinei, 1 auf Mollusca, 9 auf Crustacea (Copepoda und Branchiura) fallen. Dabei ist ein ziemlich grosser Reichtum an Myxosporidien (24 Arten) und an Cestodes (16) zu notieren, wobei von den letzteren eine wichtige Rolle die Plerocerkoide von DiphylloBothrium batum spielen. Von Trematoden bietet der Fund von Janickia in der Bauchaorte des Hechtes und deren Eier in der Bauchaorte des Hechtes und deren Eier in den Kiemen dieses Fisches, wogegen bis jetzt Janickia nur für manche Cypriniden der Wolga vermerkt war. Die Fauna der Nematoden ist in der Newabucht verhältnismässig arm. Während der Untersuchung wurden nur wenige neue Arten entdeckt, und zwar Ergasilus briani, welcher in einem besonderen Aufsatz (Seite 217) von A. Markewitsch beschrieben wird, und zwei Myxosporidien, deren kurze Diagnose wir hier anführen. Myxobolus luciopercae Petruschewsky wurde zum ersten Mal von Müller in Deutschland entdeckt und von Gurleey in Russland (Don-Fluss) konstatiert, wobei er aber ohne spezifischen Namen beschrieben wurde. Kleine, kugelige, milchweisse Zysten dieser Art sind von 1-2 mm im Diameter und befinden sich hauptsächlich auf dem Kopf des Zanders. Bei starker Infektion sind die Zysten in der ganzen Haut, besonders am Operculum, Kiefern, Auger, und Flossen, verbreitet. Eine derartige Infektion wird von dem Absterben besonders der jungen Zander gefolgt. Die Sporen von M. luciupercae sind etwa 10 mikrometer (9,5-11) lang, 8 mikrometer (7-8,5) breit; die Länge der Polkapseln beträgt 5,2 mikrometer (5-6). Henneguya cutanea Petruschewsky. Diese neue Art wurde von uns zwei Mal in der Haut und an den Flossen von Abramis brama gefunden. Die Zysten dieser Art waren kugelig und erreichten bis 1 mm im Durchmesser. Die Sporen sind in manchen Hinsichteil von den bis jetzt in der Haut und in der Muskulatur der Süsswasserfische gefundenen Henneguya-Arten verschieden ...
Research about the nutrition of 363 specimens of Halte, 79 of Bogue, 282 of Striped mullets and 259 species of Pandora, has been carried on the bisis of the trawler catches which were realised during 1963/64 year in the bay of Kastela. Examinations were performed in relation to the qualitative and quantitative composition of the food, seasonal changes of food, as well as the influence of the temperature to the change of food quantity in the stomach. By the qualitative analysis of the food structure it was oftenly possiblr to determine the organisms up to the genus or species. In order to find out the quantity of food in the stomach we used the degree of stomach fullness according to which: A empty stomach, B = very little amount of food, C = half of the stomach filled with food, D = completely stomachfull with food, E = the wall of stomach thin owing to the abundance of food. The material for the xamination was immcdiately preserved in 10% formalin on thc vessel and few days later the qualitative-quantitative analysis was performed in the laboratory. ....
A taxonomic review of the species belonging to Bembidion Latreille, 1802 of Australia includes a key and descriptions of the species. Noinenclatorial acts proposed in this paper include: 1, taxa of new Status - Bembidion subgenus Sloanephila Netolitzky, 1931, valid subgenus, not consubgeneric with subgenus Philochtus Stephens, 1828; B. (Notaphocampa) riverinae Sloane, 1894 valid species, not subspecies of B. opulentum Nietner, 1858; 2, new synonyms B. (Notaphominis Netolitzky, 1931) = B. (Notaphocampa Netolitzky, 1914): 3, New subgenera - Australoemphanes, and Gondwanabembidion, 4, New species - B. (Ananotaphus) daccordii (South Australia, Mound Springs); 5, new subspecies - B. (Zeactedium) orbiferum giachinoi (New ZeaIand, North Island); 6, species transferred to Australoemphanes - B . (Ananotaphus) blackburni Csiki, 1928; 7, Species transferred to Gondwanabembidion - B . (Ananotaphus) proprium Blackburn, 1888. Conclusions of an informal phylogeographic study are: 1, the Auslralian continent was probably populated by the Bembidiina with relatively recent (Late Tertiary-Quaternary) invasions from the north by tropical lineages, while other lineages showing systematic relationships with African and South American taxa probably have an older, Gondwanian origin; and 2, some lineagas of predominantly Nearctic and Palaearctic taxa were also Gondwanian in origin.
In this study we attempt to develop a synthesis of previously published work concerning the feeding habits of fourteen European freshwater fish: Anguilla anguilla L., Salmo trutta L., Rutilus rutilus L., Leuciscus leuciscus L ., Leuciscus cephalus L., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Gobio gobio L., Abramis brama L., Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca L., Barbatula barbutula L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Perca fluviatilis L. and Cottus gobio L. Data presented in this paper were obtained frorn 98 studies in 16 European countries. Great Britain with 40 studies was the most documented country. In order to synthetize the maximurn information for each species, all methods used for analysing feeding habits and found in the different studies have been taken into account. Results are presented on tables with a commentary for each species analysed. The fourteen species were then classified into major trophic guilds.