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Die Gattung Aspilota FOERSTER ist als solche verhältnismäßig leicht zu erkennen. Die Bestimmung der Arten hingegen stößt auf ungewöhnliche Schwierigkeiten. Es ist fast sicher, daß erst ein kleiner Teil der existierenden Arten entdeckt ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat jedoch nicht das Ziel, neue Arten zu beschreiben, sondern stellt einen ersten Versuch dar, wenigstens den Großteil der schon bekannten Spezies in ein zusammenfassendes taxonomisches System zu bringen.
Several generic schemes used in classifying species belonging to Prionospio Malmgren, 1867 sensu lato have been reviewed; three taxa have been retained at the generic level, and three additional taxa at the subgeneric level. The following genera and subgenera are recognized: Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, including the subgenera Minuspio Foster, 1971, Aquilaspio Foster, 1971 and Prionospio Malmgren (sensu striclo); Apoprionospio Foster, 1969, and Paraprionospio Caullery, 1914. Prionospio sensu lata includes species with various combinations of branchiae which are smooth (apinnate), wrinkled, or with digitiform pinnules, beginning on setiger 2. Apoprionospio includes species having branchiae from setiger 2, with at least one pair having plate-like pinnules. Paraprionospio includes species with branchiae from setiger 1, with all pairs having platelike pinnules. Fifteen species, including seven new species, belonging to the genus Prionospio are described. Prionospio (Prionospio) steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 is described from the syntype series, and is newly synonymized with P. fallax Söderström, 1920. The validity of P. bocki Söderström, 1920 as a separate species is discussed, as is the indeterminable nature of P. malmgreni Claparède, 1869. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day, 1961 originally described as a new variety of P. malmgreni from S Africa, is raised to full species status. Prionospio (P.) cristata Foster, 1971 and P. (P.) heterobranchia Moore, 1907 are redescribed. Prionospio (P.) tripinnata, a new species with three pairs of pinnate branchiae, is described from the Mediterranean Sea and compared with P. plumosa Sars, 1872. A new synonymy is proposed for P. lobulata Fauchald, 1972 with P. (P.) ehlersi Fauvel, 1928. Two new species, P. (Minuspio) fauchaldi and P. (M.) laciniosa, are described in which the apinnate branchiae are distinctly wrinkled or sculptured, rather than smooth. P. (M.) laciniosa is also distinguished by dorsal crests modified into semicircular flaps. Several species previously referred to Prionospio (Minuspio) cirrifera Wirén, 1883 are reviewed and described. The seven species recognized by Foster in the genus Minuspio are considered; several are retained, and new species and new synonymies are proposed. Because the types are apparently lost, a description of P. (M.) cirrifera is given based on specimens from near the type locality. Prionospio (M.) aluta new species is separated from P. (M.) cirrifera on the basis of the presence of lateral pouches in P. aluta and their absence in P. cirrifera. Prionospio (M.) delta Hartman, 1965 is retained as a valid species; P. (M.) longibranchiata Reish, 1968 and P. (M.) minor Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 are newly synonymized with P. delta. P. (M.) multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 is also retained as a valid species, and P. (M.) perkinsi, P. (M.) lighti and P. (M.) wireni are newly described from shallow water. Two species are recognized as belonging to Apoprionospio Foster: A. pygmaea (Hartman, 1961) and A. dayi Foster, 1969. New records and range extensions are given for both species. New records are also presented for Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901). The specimens examined as part of this study are based primarily on deep-sea materials collected in the Atlantic Ocean, but also include shallow-water specimens from the east, west, and gulf coasts of N America.
The theoretical concept of the biological species and the multidimensional species category, as currently applied by a majority of ornithologists and by many other biologists, replaced the typological-morphological species concept during the first half of this century and became a central tenet of the synthetic theory of evolution. The concept of biospecies is a 'horizontal' concept referring to contemporary reproductive communities at any particular period, e.g. the Recent period or any other time level of the geological past. Historical 'species' concepts as applied by cladists and palaeontologists refer to artificially delimited portions of 'vertical' phyletic lineages for which the application of the term 'species' causes severe problems. Discussions would be simplified if the concept and term 'species' was to be restricted to cross sections of phyletic lineages at any time level and a separate taxonomy outside the Linnaean system of genera and species was to be conceived to deal with phyletic lineages. Under each of the theoretical species concepts, species taxa are assigned broadly to intermediate or narrowly defined taxonomic species categories. Ornithologists of the 19th century applied morphological species concepts, emphasizing morphological character differences between species (rather than distinctness) and the fertility of con specific individuals (rather than the isolation from non-conspecific populations). Nearly all leading museum ornithologists in 19th-century Europe delineated monotypic Linnaean species, whereas the explorer-naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school (including Panas, Faber, Gloger, Nordmann, Middendorff, Schrenck, Radde, as well as Schlegel and Blasius) delimited widely circumscribed species taxa. Their researches in the vast territories of eastern Europe, Siberia and the Far East from the late 18th century to the 1880s and, in particular, their rich specimen material, demonstrated direct intergradation of many taxa (geographical varieties) of birds, thus revealing the conspecific nature of numerous narrowly conceived morphospecies previously described by museum workers. The ornithologists of the Gloger-Middendorff school also studied several conspicuous phenomena of geographical character variation in birds (and mammals) across Eurasia, especially plumage colouration (and pelage) and body size, but none of them was an evolutionist. They an adhered to a typological-creationist theoretical species concept. During the late 19th century, the museum specialists' taxonomic notion of narrow morphospecies dominated systematic ornithology in Europe, overtaking the work of the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school, which fell into oblivion. The ornithologists of the Bairdian school in North America (Baird, Coues, Allen, Ridgway) further developed the concept of subspecies after the 1850s and especially from the 1870s onward. Their views were fully in accord with Darwin's theories of evolution' thus they defined the subspecies in a somewhat simplified manner as 'nascent species': These ornithologists were able to base their studies on collections of extensive specimen material which they had obtained during a series of exploring expeditions across the North American continent. Their studies led to the discovery of many aspects of both individual and geographic variation in birds. There are interesting historical similarities between the coinciding taxonomic interpretations and the comparable application of fairly broad limits of morphospecies by the North American ornithologists and the earlier exploring ornithologists in Europe, arrived at Independently by these, research groups, The study of specimens in 'series' (,suites'), beginninng with the naturalists of the Gloger-Middendorff school and, in particular, with the naturalists of the Bairdian school in North America, eventually led to the overcoming of the prevating typological view of variation and the development of 'population thinking'. Influenced by the work of Henry Seebohm in Britain and that of the North American ornithologists, Hartert in England and Kleinschmidt in Germany jointly succeeded in overcoming the strong opposition of the leadi.ng ornithologists in Europe during the 1890s and early 19008 and introduced a concept which soon developed into the biological species concept through the work of Stresemann, Rensch, and in particular, Ernst Mayr. Hopefully, ornithologists will continue the study of taxa at low, intermediate and high levels of microtaxonomic differentiation and will identify the subspecies groups, biological species and the biogeographical species in the world's avifaunas. Cladistic analyses will provide historical {'vertical'} overviews of phyletic lineages at different taxonomic levels.
The 20 species of Neogene Scleractinia in the suborders Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina known from the Dominican Republic are revised and illustrated. This research was based on 1590 specimens obtained primarily from the collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A.; and Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. Eight new records are reported for the Neogene of the Dominican Republic, including four new species: Antillocyathus alatus, Trochocyathus chevalieri, T. duncani, and Paracyathus sinuosus. Special attention is given to the genus Asterosmilia, since half (five) of the known species in this genus occur in the Dominican Republic. Most species described herein are assumed to constitute a deep-water fauna by analogy to depth ranges of the same or similar species known from the Recent. Certain localities and parts of formations are inferred to represent deep-water (> 200 m) facies. These inferences may aid in the paleoecological interpretation of other fossils collected from these areas.
Multivariate statistical procedures are used to distinguish species in the reef-coral genus Stephanocoenia through a continuous Neogene sequence (five-million year time interval) in the Cibao Valley of the northern Dominican Republic. This genus is the only member of the family Astrocoeniidae that occurs in the sequence. The material consists of 56 colonies (17 of which are measured) from 24 localities in four river sections, the most important being Rio Gurabo and Rio Cana. Ten characters are measured on each of 10 corallites per colony. The data are analyzed using cluster and canonical discriminant analysis to group colonies into clusters representing species. Identical measurements on modem colonies collected near Discovery Bay, Jamaica are included for comparison. Two fossil species are defined in the analysis, one of which is new (Stephanocoenia duncani, n. sp.). Both species are significantly distinct from the single modem species (S. intersepla) that is the sole living representative of the genus. Study of collections from other reef localities shows that both fossil species occur only during Neogene time and only at a limited number of localities. Patterns within each species are traced up a composite stratigraphic section using nonparametric statistical analyses. One of the two fossil species (S. spongiformis) is found to remain stable through time, whereas the other (S. duncam) changes its morphology in a direction approaching the cluster for the modem species. Further study of patterns of variation within the one modern and two fossil clusters shows that intraspecific variation is unusually complicated in this genus. The clusters overlap, and colonies within each cluster differ widely. Variation between populations within the modem species occurs in the same characters as those which distinguish the modem species from the fossil species converging with it (S. duncam). However, these two species form a morphologic continuum that cannot be explained by environment alone. Therefore, they may represent two gradually intergrading chronospecies within one lineage. Of the two fossil species of Stephanocoenia defined, one species (s. spongiformis) exhibits an evolutionary pattem similar to that observed in the family Poritidae. In this pattern, species were found to have short durations and stable morphologies and to have become extinct during the mid- to late Pliocene through early Pleistocene mass extinction. In contrast, the second species of Slephanocaenia (S. duncam) may have evolved over a long time period, possibly forming chronospecies that survived the mass extinction. Unlike genera in the Poritidae, however, no radiation of taxa occurred in the genus after the extinction event. Since no consistent relationship has been discovered between morphology and environment in these corals with the data at hand, their paleoecologic value can only be determined after data on more taxa are collected, and their associations with other corals are studied. This study represents part of a multidisciplinary project on the stratigraphy and paleontology of the northern Dominican Republic, coordinated by P. Jung and J. B. Saunders of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland.
Nach einer Betrachtung über die Geschichte und den. Stand der Erforschung der 2. Stufe des Mittleren Keupers, des "Schilfsandsteins", wurde der hisher bekannte Fossilinhalt der Stufe überprüft. Die in einer Tonstein-Grube von Eberstadt (Württ.) entdeckte neue, reiche Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna mit 47 sp. ssp. in 17 Gattungen wurde untersucht und beschriehen. Die Fauna ist marin und hat keine Beziehungen mehr zur Fauna der Germanischen Trias, im besonderen zu der verarmten Muschelkalk-Fauna des Lettenkeupers und Unteren Gipskeupers. Die Eberstadter Muschelfauna ist (vielleicht mit einer Ausnahme) nicht von S, aus dem alpinen Karn, eingewandert. Sie muß, als eigenständige Lamellibranchiaten-Fauna des Karn, von N, aus Richtung der heutigen Nordsee, gekommen sein; von dort floß Meerwasser in den Sedimentationsraum der Schilfsandstein-Stufe ein und nach S wieder aus. Einzelne Arten der Muschelfauna nehmen schon rhaetische und liassische Formen vorweg. Die Schilfsandstein-Stufe des süddeutschen Mittelkeupers ist mit ihren Peliten und ihrer autochthonen marinen Fauna als Ablagerung eines weiten, extrem flachen Binnen-Schelfmeeres zu verstehen, in das zusätzlich aus dem kontinentalen Raum im NO Sand eingeschüttet wurde.