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(1) a. The mating behavior (including copulation) is described for the first time in the following species: Pardosa modica, P. emertoni, P. saxatilis, P. lapidicina, Lycosa helluo, .L. gulosa, Dolomedes scriptus, Phidippus clarus, P. audax, Philodromus pernix, and Coriarachne versicolor. b. The courtship only is described for the first time in Phidippus purpuratus. c. In Lycosa rabida and Pardosa milvina new data concerning the copulation, and in Schizocosa crassipes new data concerning courtship, are added to what is already available from Montgomery's work. d. In Tibellns oblongus and Xysticus triguttatus new data are added to the accounts of Gerhardt, and of Emerton, respectively. (2) a. On the basis of a large number of observations and experiments with the males of 19 species from 4 families of vagabond spiders, it is pointed out that the senses involved in courtship may vary with the species. b. There is no evidence that a sense of smell is used in sex recognition by any spiders. At least this sense plays no part in initiating courtship activity in the male. c. There is no evidence that Attid males can "recognize" the females by any sense other than sight. At any rate, it appears that the visual stimulus is the only one that suffices to incite courtship in this family. d. In one Lycosid observed, Pardosa emertoni, the courtship behavior is elicited only when the male can both see and touch the female. e. In the Pisaurid, Dolomedes scriptus, the sole stimulus for courtship is the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female. f. In the Lycosid, Pardosa milvina, the chemoperception by contact of an ether-soluble substance normally covering the cuticle of the female, together with the simultaneous perception of tactile stimuli will elicit courtship. This probably holds for P. saxatilis, Lycosa rabida, Schizocosa crassipes, and perhaps for Pardosa modica. Moreover, the sight of a moving Lycosid of about their own size may, in some cases, be sufficient for these males to start courting. g. In the Lycosids, Pardosa banksi, and probably Lycosn gulosa and L. helluo, only the simultaneous perception of both tactile and tacto-chemical stimuli suffices. Visual stimuli play no part in eliciting courtship. h. The condition in the Thomisids is in all probability similar to that in the preceding group of Lycosids. (3) a. In the case of those species in which contact chemoperception occurs it is shown that perception is not limited to the tarsi. Such stimuli can be perceived on all the segments of the legs as well as on the abdomen. From the known distribution of the slit sense organs it is probable that they are the chemoreceptors involved in courtship.
Naturschutz in Germany
(1936)
Distribution and variation in deer (Genus Odocoileus) of the Pacific Coastal Region of North America
(1936)
1. In investigating a spontaneous epidemic disease of rabbits, a micro-organism was isolated in pure cultures which reproduced the characteristic lesions of the natural disease.
2. The bacteriological characters of this bacillus are described and the impossibility of identifying it with previously recorded organisms justifies its being considered a new species. The name Bacterium monocytogenes is proposed.
3. Animal passage raised "virulence" when the doses were well chosen, and increased virulence accentuated the production of necrotic lesions. Overwhelming doses of culture resulted in lowering of "virulence" by animal passage.
4. Bacterium monocytogenes, in doses less than the M.L.D., produced in the circulating blood of rabbits an extreme monocytosis. The responses of the other white cells. were either transient or inconstant.
5. Repeated doses of the organism became progressively less effective as stimuli to large mononuclear production.
6. The cell content of the thoracic duct did not reflect the high degree of monocytosis in the circulating blood.
7. On intrapleural injection of peptone broth and B. coli, the cells of the resultant exudate were primarily polymorphonuclears, even though the circulating blood showed a high monocytosis. With intrapleural injection of B. monocytogenes, when the blood stream was rich in large mononuclears, a pleural exudate containing 30 per cent of these cells was obtained.
8. Phagocytosis experiments in vitro showed that the large mononuclears, while they phagocyted B. coli indifferently, took up B. monocytogenes with an avidity in all respects equal to that of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles.
Aside from material collected and annotated during my trip to Ecuador in April and May 1973, mentioned in the frrst part of the present paper (1975), the author has been able to study Aphyllophorales and agarics collected by Dumont and others, deposited at The Botanical Garden in New York. The results are presented in the following pages. A few species from limitrophous regions are added. The first article in this series was published in Beiheft 51 zur Nova Hedwigia, pp. 239-246, 1975.
The study of rich material of Pterophoridae from Siberia and the Russian Far East revealed 96 species to inhabit these regions. 24 of them are reported for the first time from Asian Russia and 11 species and 2 genera (Sibiretta gen. nov. and Septuaginta gen. nov.) are described as new. Furthermore the genus Snellenia gen. nov. is described and isolated from the genus Stenoptilia, and previously unknown females are described for three species.