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The morphology of the skeletal portions of the sting apparatus is described and compared in 63 genera of myrmicine ants in order to evaluate its taxonomic potential in this difficult subfamily. The survey covers about half of the myrmicine genera, and an but 3 small tribes (Ochetomyrmecini, Melissotarsini, Stegomyrmicini). Interspecific variation in the apparatus is described in a third of the genera examined. In addition, the sting apparatus of the primitive ponerine ant, Amblyopone pallipes is described for comparison with the primitive myrmicines; and the sting associated glands (poison gland, Dufour's gland) are illustrated for single species of Amblyopone, Basiceros, Monomorium, Aphaenogaster, Crematogasier, and Zacryptocerus.
Über ein cretaceisches Geschiebe mit Rhizocorallium Gläseli n. sp. aus dem Diluvium bei Leipzig
(1913)
The Indian Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa) was studied in the field in Assam in north-east India. The aims of the study were two-fold: (i) to understand better this bird's exceptional ability in captivity to imitate human speech; and (ii) to provide background understanding to studies of the importance of early auditory experience and of vocal imitation in the development of normal song patterns in birds. First is given a brief description of the distribution, general behaviour, and breeding biology of this arboreal, sexually isomorphic, semi-gregarious species. The remainder of the monograph deals with vocalizations; these were either tape-recorded in the field, or transcribed directly using a written notation developed for the purpose. Any wild adult Mynah of either sex possesses four categories of vocalizations: (i) 'Chip-call'; a loud piercing squeak made in contexts which include alarm. (ii) 'Um-sound'; a soft grunt, acting in close range social contexts, and (like chip-calls) common to all individuals. (iii) 'Whisper-whistles': several soft sounds of types unique to the individual. (iv) 'Calls': several loud noises, of extremely varied patterns. The bulk of the monograph deals with 'calls', as defined thus. Calls were compared quantitatively with one another by a method developed which measured the degree of overlap of one sonogram with a tracing of a second sonogram. Both by this method and by ear, calls were divided into discrete types, without intermediates. Birds of either sex have a repertoire of usually between five and twelve such call types, some of which are produced much more commonly than others. Repertoires tend to be larger in birds which call more frequently, or which have mates with large repertoires. The repertoire of a given bird stays largely constant from year to year in size. composition, and proportions. No bird shares any of its call types with its mate, but it shares several of them with near neighbours of the same sex. There is a progressive change of dialect with distance, such that birds nesting more than about 14 km apart have no call types in common. No general characteristics of call structure could be found which were indicative of the sex of the caller, but in a known locality the call type made immediately reveals the sex of the bird producing it. Call types are learnt by selective imitation of neighbouring individuals during a young bird's first several months. A call type common in the repertoire of one bird tends also to be common in the repertoire of a neighbour, except at the edge of the limited range of that call type. Which particular call type a calling bird selects from among those in its repertoire is discussed. Few call types could be related to non-auditory contexts. A bird is likely to repeat the call type last made, and also tends to standardize the order in which it produces its different call types; this standard order tends to be the same as that of its neighbours. A birdtends also to reply at once and to standardize the call type it makes in immediate reply to a particular call type of its mate; again, neighbouring pairs of birds tend to use the same standardized call and reply types. The length of the interval between a particular call and its reply tends to be constant in a given pair of birds, and approximately the same in neighbouring pairs. These are all further aspects of extensive but selective vocal imitation by Mynahs of adult birds; other species are not imitated. Information on calling when in contact with other pairs came mainly from playback experiments, when single calls were presented to nesting pairs of Mynahs. Response strength was measured by the incidence of flight, number of subsequent vocalizations, latency of response, and proportion of playbacks ignored. When presented with playbacks of calls of familiar types (of neighbours) and of unknown types (of strangers), birds responded more strongly to the familiar than to the unknown call types. They did, however, respond somewhat to the unknown call types, which were of patterns never previously heard by them, presumably recognizing these as being Mynah calls by their sound quality. Mynahs responded as strongly to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were not in their own repertoire as to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were. A bird tends to match at once the call last heard (either from a tape recorder or from a wild neighbour), itself producing the same call type at once, if it possesses it in its own repertoire. That call type, and others associated with it, also occurs more frequently thereafter. Thus calls heard affect calls made, and vice-versa since other individuals nearby behave similarly. A change of nearest neighbours in successive years was shown to affect one pair's repertoire proportions. Further playback experiments showed that Mynahs were able to distinguish between a single call made by their neighbours and a single call of the same call type made by their mates. Small but consistent differences were found in the sonograms of such calls of the same type made by different birds. The structure of a single call type may change gradually with distance. The development of vocalizations with age is briefly described. In the final discussion sections, the ways in which, and the extent to which, Mynahs are able to determine the species, home locality, sex and individual identity of other Mynahs are outlined. There follow consideration, and comparison with other species: (i) of various aspects of repertoires; (ii) of the distribution of call types among different individuals; (iii) of the dynamic aspects of calling, and a scheme is proposed which accounts for the selection for utterance of a particular call type from the repertoire; and (iv) of the organization and coordination of calling. The lack of imitation of other species in the wild is discussed, and contrasted with the several ways in which wild Mynahs imitate one another in various aspects of their calling.
In einem ausführlichen Verzeichnis sind alle bayerischen Fundorte mit näheren Angaben zusammengestellt. Darüber hinaus soll ein Überblick über die Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Art in Europa und auf der Erde vermittelt werden. Die bis heute bekannte Verbreitung tn Europa läßt den Schluß zu, daß Octodiceras fontanum mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit noch an vielen Stellen aufzufinden sein wird. Die bryosoziologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum werden durch soziologische Aufnahmen aus Ostbayern belegt. Der Vergleich mit Literaturangaben aus anderen europäischen Gebieten ergibt eine recht einheitliche Ausbildung dieser Wassermoosgesellschaft. Außerdem wird versucht, die ökologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum zu erfassen. Die entsprechenden Ausführungen müssen sich dabei v.a. auf die Untersuchungen in Ostbayern stützen, da aus anderen europäischen Gebieten nur wenige, vergleichbare Angaben vorliegen. Es wird daher in erster Linie angestrebt, vergleichbare Werte für zukünftige Untersuchungen in anderen Gebieten zu liefern. Die derzeitige Kenntnis des ökologischen Faktorenkomplexes für Octodiceras fontanum läßt noch manche Frage offen. Das Literaturverzeichnis enthält den Großteil der Veröffentlichungen über europäische Octodiceras-Standorte. Es wurden bewußt nur die Arbeiten aufgenommen, die auch eingesehen werden konnten.
Results from a comparative anatomical study of the mesosomal skeleton of Chalcidoidea are presented. External and internal features are described and illustrated for 39 chalcidoid taxa, representing 16 families and 29 subfamilies. This is the most comprehensive morphological study ever conducted for the superfamily. The mesosoma was dissected, macerated and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mesothorax and metathorax contributed most of the phylogenetically relevant information. The metafurca is highly variable within Chalcidoidea but seems to be relatively constant at the subfamily level. One hundred and fifty-four morphological characters were scored and analysed cladistically. Outgroup species were chosen from six apocritan superfamilies: Stephanoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Some previously suggested chalcidoid relationships were retrieved: (1) Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae + Miscogasterinae + Panstenoninae; (2) Perilampidae + Eucharitidae; (3) Chalcididae + Leucospidae + Eurytomidae; (4) Eulophidae: Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae + Entedoninae; and (5) Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae, Mymarommatoidea renders Chalcidoidea paraphyletic in our analyses; however, the taxon sample is too restricted to provide a robust hypothesis. Three previously unreported putative autapomorphies of Chalcidoidea were revealed: (1) presence of an exposed, triangular or diamond-shaped prosternum; (2) presence of a percurrent mesopleural sulcus anteriorly terminating in the acropleuron; and (3) presence of paired metapectal plates lateral to the metafurca.
Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics : the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity
(2007)
The currently recognized robust support for the monophyly of the Lepidoptera (and the superorder Amphiesmenoptera comprising Lepidoptera + Trichoptera) is outlined, and the phylogeny of the principal lineages within the order is reviewed succinctly. The state of the taxonomic inventory of Lepidoptera is discussed separately for ‘micro-moths’, ‘macro-moths’ and butterflies, three assemblages on which work has followed historically somewhat different paths. While currently there are about 160,000 described species of Lepidoptera, the total number of extant species is estimated to be around half a million. On average, just over one thousand new species of Lepidoptera have been described annually in recent years. Allowing for the new synonyms simultaneously established, the net increase in species numbers still exceeds 800/year. Most of the additions are foreseeable in the micro-moth grade, but even for butterflies ca 100 species are added annually. Examples of particularly interesting new high-rank taxa that have been described (or whose significance has become realized) since the middle of the 20th century include the non-glossatan lineages represented by Agathiphaga and Heterobathmia and the heteroneuran families Andesianidae, Palaephatidae, Hedylidae and Micronoctuidae. Some thoughts on how present and future systematic lepidopterology might be prioritised are presented.
On the occurence of bats (Chiroptera) in South Tyrol (2): Vespertilionidae Since 1988 the author has been collecting and recording bat observations in South Tyrol. From 1990 to 1991 and from 1995 to 1997, in two different studies, he carried on a survey on the presence, the frequency and the horizontal and vertical dispersal of the various species of bats. The first task was on one hand to search the attics and steeples of about 700 churches and chapels; and, on the other hand, to answer the numerous calls telling of the presence of bats in private houses, to capture bats for a check-up and to inform people about European bats beeing harmless for humans, animals and houses. There is good evidence of 23 species of bats in South Tyrol since 1988 and of the reproduction of 18 of them, as well as there are single discoveries of three further species, and finally summer colonies of two species. As there is no certified evidence of the presence of Pipistrellus pygmaeus and of Plecotus alpinus they have not been included in this record. The data-base already provides a good idea of the presence and frequency of bat-species. Species which are frequent in Central Europe have been found almost everywhere in South Tyrol (e.g. Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus sp.), some of them in several colonies with a considerable number of individuals. The Etsch/ Adige Valley as far up as Meran/Merano - due to its mild climate - makes home for a few Mediterrean species. The few possibilities we got from scientific pubblications to make a comparison with former times let suppose that the bat occurences have diminued only in a few species. The reasons are to search mainly in the diminued offer of food.
The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined. There is a brief review of stylet structure and movement and the possible sensory nature of these organs, followed by a detailed review of the characteristics of aphid stylet paths in plant tissues. The penetration of epidermis and vascular tissues is treated separately while that within the intermediate tissues is covered in relation to leaves and stems, roots, trees, galls and excised tissue as well as in separate sections on Aphis fabae Scopoli and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Stylet destinations and behaviour in the sieve tubes are discussed together with general features such as rate and depth of penetration, guidance to the feeding site, effects of tissue hardness and stylet withdrawal. The ingestion rate of plant sap is reviewed and its constitution and importance examined together with the significance of artificial diets. The salivary secretions including sheaths and tracks, their functions and their role in the transference of material between aphid and host are dealt with. The nature of the physical and internal damage resulting from aphid feeding is briefly covered, and also some plant-insect interrelations. The aphid species whose stylets have been examined in plant tissue are listed.
The objects of this work were to reinvestigate and extend the results announced in a brief note published in 1925 (Murray and Huxley, 1925a). In this paper it was concluded that isolated fragments of the limb buds of the fourday chick are able to self-differentiate when Iiving as grafts on the chorio-allantoic membrane of older chicks; that the bud of the four-day chick is a mosaic; it was hinted that each of the morphological regions of the limb (femur, tibia-fibula, etc.) is represented by a Single piece of the mosaic; that no regeneration or regulation occurs in fragments of the bud, except that it was concluded that if a grafted fragment contains only part of a piece of the mosaic, that part could so regulate its future development as to form the complete morphological region of which it was originally a part, so that a fragment of the bud which contains part only of the region Which would normally form femur will, when growing as a graft, form a complete femur. It will be seen that the results of the present work uphold and confirm the tentative conclusions previously advanced, except in regard to the last point (regulation). A considerable amonnt of further information has also been obtained bearing on tile factors concerned in the development of the form of bones and joints.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
A multi-part theorem is presented concerning the morphogenesis of high-symmetry structures made of three-dimensional morphological units (MU's) free to move on the surface of a sphere. All parts of each MU interact non-specifically with the remainder of the structure, via an isotropic function of distance. Summing all interactions gives a net figure of merit, X, that depends upon MU positions and orientations. The structure evolves via gradient dynamics, each MU moving down the local gradient of I. The analysis is reresented with generality in Fourier space, which eases the expression of symmetry. Structures near symmetry, but far from a local minimum of I, are analyzed. For each, a symmetrical configuration can be found, for which X is an extremum with respect to symmetry-breaking perturbations. Under gradient dynamics, a quadratic measure of such deviations from symmetry decreases monotonically, anywhere in the large basin of attraction of a local minimum. Thus: high symmetry is an attractor. Application is made to icosahedral virus capsids. The Symmetrization Theorem shows that a stable capsid, maintained by non-specific interactions among its capsomeres, could arise generically in a "bottom-up" process. For animated evolutions that selfassemble into high symmetry, visit http://www.albany.edu/~cmarzec/
Comparing the modern level in the biology of gastrointestinal stem cells with that achieved in the hemopoietic stem cell studies, we can say, using Till's expression (1982), that at present the "morphological phase" in the investigations of the former is continuing. Still urgent is the problem of morphological verification of presumable stem cells in colonic crypts and gastric glands. Also important is to clarify the ways of renewal of the well-differentiated but low proliferating activity endocrine cells, the chief cells of the fundic glands, and the cells of Brunner's glands. Further studies of interaction between epithelial and stromal cells are needed. The knowledge of relationships between stem cells and their differentiated "neighbors" in the niches, as well as of peculiarities of contacts between epithelial cells proper and of the cells with the basement membrane is of major importance. It is also necessary to clarify the mechanisms of the stem cells "anchoring" as well as of the disturbances of this important property during carcinogenesis. Briefly summarized below are the most essential, in our opinion, directions of the study of stem cells; some of these have already been started, whereas others can only be predicted. 1. The isolation from normal tissues of the fractions of intact cells enriched with the stem cells, with their subsequent culture. 2. The clarification of the factors governing the regulation of renewal of stem cells: specific stimulators and inhibitors of proliferation; and characterization of the receptor apparatus of stem cells, particularly for the enteropancreatic hormones. 3. The antigenic characteristic of stem cells. 4. The study of molecular peculiarities of DNA replication of clonogenic cells. 5. The molecular aspects of commitment and differentiation of stem cells. 6. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of stem cells in the process of carcinogenesis. 7. The qualitative evaluation of the dynamics of formation and disappearance of carcinogenic DNA adducts in stem cells. 8. The clarification of interspecies features of stem cells as well as of their morphogenetic potentialities in onto- and phylogenesis. 9. The characterization of metaplastic changes in stem cells.
The present paper is a continuation of "The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations all the Birds of Clipperton and Cocos Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes)". The collection of land bird skins brought back by the Expedition numbers 5,916, exclusive of the Galapagos Dove. The writer lacks the time to study this large number of specimens and therefore deems it advisable to publish his field notes without further delay. In addition to the skins, considerable collections of eggs, nests, and birds and stomachs in alcohol were macle. These also await investigation. The land birds of Cocos Island, Costa Rica, and of the Galapagos Islands are treated in the present connection, with the exception of the Galapagos Dove already considered in the earlier paper. The sequence and nomenclature of species in both papers is that of Sharpe's "Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds." As the species of the genera Geospiza and Camarhynchus demand a thorough revision with all available material at hand, the writer uses provisionally, with a few changes, the specific names as defined by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert and Messrs. Snodgrass and Heller. Wherever the writer fails to recognize a species admitted by these authors, the rejected name is placed in a. selected synonymy. The localities listed for each species also include those mentioned by Messrs. Salvin, Ridgway, Rothschild and Hartert, and Snodgrass and Heller. For a full, description of the botanical regions or zones (dry or arid, moist or humid, and grassy, in order from seashore to mountain top) mentioned in this paper, the reader should refer to Mr. Alban Stewart's paper "A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands."
This paper is a general review of the problem of clutch-size in birds. It grew out of a search through the literature to see to what extent clutch-size trends found in the Robin, Erithaau8 rebecula, might apply generally. Part I. describes those types of clutch-size variation found within any species, Part II. provides a general discussion of the factors involved. In Part IlI, which follows separately later, some of the differences between different species of birds will be considered. Examples are taken mainly from European birds, hence this review is in some ways supplementary to that on African birds by Moreau (1944), to which the present study owes a considerable debt.
On Urnatella gracilis
(1893)
Evidence from archaeological fish bone assemblages from the southern North Sea region of Europe is used to illuminate fishing, fish consumption and fish trade from the 1st to the 16th century AD. The fish species represented in the material indicate a very strong influence from the local fish fauna at almost all sites. The species and size of the fish indicate that several fishing methods have been employed throughout the period studied, including nets, hooks and weirs. A chronological development in fishing, for example, a tendency towards more sea-going fishing, is reflected in the fish bone assemblages in some countlres. Evidence from fishing in the Baltic region from the 5th century BC to the 16th century AD is included in the discussion. Indications of fish trade include bones of exotic species (for instance, matinc species at inland sites) and an unbalanced representation of skeletal clements (trade with decapitated stockfish or gillless hering). Of particular interest are assemblages which indicate a fish industry, for instance, large-scale processing (removal of gills) of herring in 13th century Denmark.
Observations on fish scales
(1913)
El yacimiento de Lezetxiki (Gipuzkoa, País Vasco, España) encierra en sus 10m. de sedimentos una serie interesante de niveles musterienses culminados por otros del Paleolítico Superior. Son los niveles musterienses el objeto de este estudio. La excavación, dirigida por J.M. DE BARANDIARAN entre 1956 y 1968 permitió establecer ocho niveles (I-VIII). Estudios multidisciplinares -sedimentológicos, paleontológicos, palinológicos, antropológicos e industriales-, nos permiten acercarnos a la historia de una de las más antiguas presencias humanas constatadas en el País Vasco. Este estudio pretende situar Lezetxiki en los códigos metodológicos al uso integrándose en las referencias de las provincias culturales cántabra y aquitana. La secuencia muste dense de Lezetxiki se inicia en una fase templada del Riss con la aparición de un húmero humano neanderthalense. El nivel VII acoge las primeras industrias humanas; presencias esporádicas en una época fría en la que dominan los restos de oso y otros carnívoros sobre los ungulados, caza habitual del hombre. El nivel VI refleja un momento templado y húmedo, con desarrollo de amplios bosques de frondosas. Un bagage de utensilios lítico y óseo muy variado relaciona este nivel con el Musteriense Tlpico, que debió desarrollarse en el interglaciar de Eém (Riss-Würm). Durante las oscilaciones del Würm antiguo se dan en Lezetxiki las ocupaciones del nivel V, Iría en la base que contiene el material arqueológico, con industrias parecidas al nivel anterior aunque ahora se cazan especies menores, y el nivel IV que por primera vez refleja una frecuentación repetida de la cueva. La industria lítica es' ahora distinta, mostrando piezas de bordes muy reaprovechados y dominio de raederas que adscriben este nivel al Charentiense. A destacar la presencia de reno, la permanencia de Pliomys lenki y el predominio de ciervo. Todavía son frecuentes los osos y los carnívoros lobo, zorro y pantera. El nivel III conoce oscilaciones climáticas que reflejan la sedimentología y los pólenes, presencia de fauna fría -rinoceronte lanudo, reno, marmota- y más templada -castor, ciervo, bisonte-o Hay restos de hogares y restos humanos atribuidos al hombre de Neanderthal. La industria no presenta ningún paralelismo con las facies clásicas y todos los datos apuntan a que bien los procesos tafonómicos o la complejidad en la identilicación del depósito debido a los buzamientos cruzados del relleno (N-S y W-E) impiden más precisiones. En este nivel se da un claro predominio del equipamiento musteriense -a nivel técnico y tipológico- con importante presencia de materiales netamente auriñacienses. Cierran la secuencia un nivel Gravetiense (el 11) y otro Magdaleniense Final (el 1).
The first key is completed for the Palaearctic Pristiphora Latereille, 1810 species. Pristiphora araratensis sp. n. is descdbed. Pristiphora kamtchatica Malaise, 1931, Pristiphora mesatlantica Lacourt, 1976 and Pristiphora amelanchieris (Takeuchi, 1922) are new synonyms of Pristiphora insularis Rohwer, 1910.
A survey of the freshwater fishes of the Sepik River system of northern Papua New Guinea was undertaken by the authors between 1978 and 1985 with the use of gill nets and rotenone, and also by monitoring catches at local villages and markets. We also include records of past expeditions, namely that of the Dutch naturalist Gjellerup in 1910 and the yacht Illyria in 1929. The total known freshwater fauna as reported herein consists of 57 species in 35 genera and 23 families. The fauna is typical of other sections of New Guinea and northern Australia in that it is dominated by catfishes (Ariidae and Plotosidae), rainbow fishes (Melanotaeniidae), gudgeons (Eleotrididae) and gobies (Gobiidae) which collectively comprise 57 percent of the total species. With the exception of 22 widely distributed species that are frequently estuarine dwellers and are confined to the lower Sepik, the fishes are strongly endemic, either to the Sepik-Ramu drainages (which interconnect during Doods), or the "intermontane trough" composed of the combined Markham, Ramu, Sepik, and Mamberamo systems. Individual accounts, including brief descriptions and information pertaining to habitat, distribution and biology are included for each species. In addition illustrations are provided for many of the endemic species.
Das Untersuchungsgebiet und seine Gewässer werden beschrieben und die Ergebnisse ungefähr zehnjähriger Sammeltätigkeit für vier Ordnungen aquatischer Insekten zusammengefaßt. Die Nachweise von 68 Steinfliegen, 157 Wasserkäfern und 173 Köcherfliegen werden in Artenlisten aufgeführt. Für eine Reihe ausgewählter Arten werden neben den faunistischen Angaben einige taxonomische, zoogeographische und ökologische Hinweise gegeben. Von den Eintagsffiegen werden 39 Taxa besprochen. Eine Steinfliegen- und sieben Köcherfliegenarten sind neu für die bayerische Fauna; Crunoecia kempnyi MORTON und Prolonemura austriaca THEISCHINGER wurden erstmals für Deutschland nachgewiesen.
Presented herein is the first morphological analysis of turtle relationships to examine the monophyly of many turtle groups by using only single species as terminals and by integrating a large number of primitive fossil taxa. The data matrix consists of 136 osteological parsimony informative characters with 169 derived character states for 45 fossil and 22 living species of the clade TESTUDINATA. The results corroborate the monophyly of a large number of previously hypothesized clades, but refute the accepted hypothesis regarding the basal split of living turtles. In particular, the primitive turdes Proterochersis robusta, Kayentachelys aprix, Mongolochelys efremovi, Meiolania platyceps, and Kallokibotion bajazidi are removed from their current position as crown turtles and placed along the phylogenetic stem of this clade. The age of the turtle crown is thereby adjusted from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic, which is relevant to testing molecular clock hypotheses. This revised topology has important implications for the evolution of several character complexes, because it implies that the common ancestor of all living turtles must have had a partially braced brain case and a primitive trochlear mechanism. Other noteworthy conclusions include the tentative exclusion of protostegids from CHELONIOIDEA, the placement of Platysternon megacephalum outside of CHELYDRIDAE, and the tentative interpretation of Sandownia harrisi as a basal eucryptodire.
1. Die beiden Spargelkäfer sind über die Spargelkulturen fast der ganzen Erde verbreitet. 2. Morphologische Unterschiede zwischen den zwei Arten: Körperform, Färbung, Zeichnung. Insbesondere Cr. asparagi zeigt eine außerordentlich starke Variation des Flügeldeckenmusters. Das Material aus unserem hessischen Beobachtungsgebiet wurde daraufhin an anderer Stelle von mir vergleichend untersucht. Beide Käfer besitzen ein Stridulationsorgan (daher "Zirpkäfer"), dessen Bau und Wirkungsweise beschrieben werden. Vasa Malpighi bei Cr. 12punctata schwarzbraun, bei Cr. asparagi weiß. Weibliche Genitalorgane: Ovarien mit durchschnittlich je 12 telotrophen Ovariolen, Receptaculum seminis, keine Anhangsdrüsen; Unterschiede bei beiden Arten in der Form des Receptaculums und vor allem im Bau des Ohitingerüstes. Ein Weibchen bringt etwa 70-100 Eier hervor. Männliche Genitalorgane : Lebhaft dunkelgelb gefärbte, annähernd kugelige Hoden, Vasa deferentia mit je zwei verschieden geformten Drüsen, unpaarer Ductus innerhalb des Penisgerüstes zur Ampulle erweitert. 3. Biologische Unterschiede der beiden Arten: "Hähnchen" mehr eurytherm, größere Neigung zum "Totstellen", Antennen in der Ruhe parallel nach vorne gerichtet, geringere Thigmotaxis, früherer Beginn der Eiablage; die bräunlich schwarzen Eier werden mit dem einen Pol an die Pflanze geklebt. Larve im allgemeinen dunkel grünlichgrau, Kopf schwarz. "Zwölfpunkt" lebhafter, neigt mehr zum Abfliegen, Antennen in der Ruhe in spitzem Winkel nach vorne gerichtet; die helleren, bräunlich grünen Eier werden der Länge nach an die Zweige geklebt. Larve (ob durchwegs?) schmutziggelb mit gelber Kopfkapsel. Wenigstens in der zweiten Generation in den Spargelbeeren lebend. Beide Arten haben höchstwahrscheinlich doppelte Generation. Überwinterung als Käfer am Boden, unter Pflanzenresten, in Spargelstrünken usw. 4. Die Käfer und besonders ihre Larven skelettieren durch ihren Fraß die grünen Spargeltriebe, indem sie sie ihres Chlorophylls berauben. Die dadurch am meisten gefährdete Altersstufe ist die einjährige Pflanze.
Die Wege, die zur Erreichung homozygoter Bestände führen, sind die Inzucht und die Selektion. In der bisher über das Inzuchtgeschehen vorliegenden Literatur ist der stets gleichzeitig wirksame Einfluß der Selektion mit einer Ausnahme (Robbins 21) unberücksichtigt gelassen. Um zu einem möglichst exakten Vergleichsmaßstab zwischen Erwartung und Beobachtung bei Inzuchtversuchen zu kommen, muß die Selektion mit einbezogen werden. Es wurde sowohl für 1 als auch 2 Anlagenpaare unter jeweiliger Aufstellung eines Systems von Differenzengleichungen die prozentuale Zunahme der reinerbigen Individuen bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion nach dem Dominantphänotyp ermittelt. Zum Vergleich der anteiligen Häufigkeit der reinerbigen Individuen in den einzelnen Generationen wurde bei 1 Anlagenpaar die Selektion und die Geschwisterpaarung, bei 2 Anlagenpaaren nur die Selektion herangezogen. Der Prozentsatz der homozygoten Individuen liegt bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion jeweils über dem bei ausschließlicher Selektion oder Geschwisterpaarung. Um einen zu 99 % homozygoten Bestand zu erhalten, sind im Falle der Monohybridspaltung bei Selektion 198 Generationen, bei Geschwisterpaarung 20 Generationen und bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion 12 Generationen notwendig; im Falle der Dihybridspaltung benötigt die Selektion 396 Generationen, die Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion 14 Generationen. Bei Selektion nach dem Dominantphänotyp ist die zur Erreichung eines bestimmten Homozygotenprozentsatzes notwendige Generationenzahl eine lineare Funktion der Zahl der Anlagenpaare. Zum Beispiel gilt y = 19S x; dabei bedeutet x die Zahl der Anlagenpaare und y die Anzahl der Generationen, die notwendig ist, damit der Bestand zu 99% aus Homozygoten besteht. Die Schaffung erbreiner Bestände würde wesentlich b!=günstigt sein, wenn man einige erbreine Tiere kennen würde. Zur Prüfung eines Tieres auf seine Erbveranlagung werden in der Literatur 1. Paarung an die rezessive Form, 2. Paarung an sichere Heterozygote und 3, Paarung an eigene Nachkommen angegeben. Für diese 3 Verfahren ist die notwendige Mindestzahl von Nachkommen von nur dominante Phänotyp bei Monohybridspaltung bereits berechnet. Es wurden die entsprechenden Werte für Dihybridspaltung errechnet und gleichzeitig die Geschwisterpaarung mit einbezogen. Die sich für 2 Anlagenpaareergebendcn Werte liegen nur um ein Geringes höher als die entsprechenden bei einem Anlagenpaar. Bei Geschwisterpaarung werden weniger Anpaarungen benötigt als bei Eltern-Nachkommenpaarung; die erstere Form der Prüfung ist bei uniparen Tieren nicht durchführbar. Abschließend kann man sagen, daß es durchaus möglich ist auch bei den Haustieren erbreine Stämme in zum mindesten 2 Anlagenpaaren planmäßig herauszüchten. Gelingt es nicht, nach einem der entwickelten Genotypprüfungsverfahren einzelne in den gewünschten Erbanlagen erbreine Individnen festzustellen, so ist immer durch Inzucht und planmäßige Selektion - allerdings erst in durchschnittlich längerer Zeit - die Möglichkeit gegeben, solche in größerer Zahl zu erhalten. Für polyhybrid geartete ZüchtuDgsaufgaben kann man eine Aufgabe nach der anderen lösen. Hat man z. B. einen Bestand von der genetischen Konstitution AaBbCcDdEe, dann faßt man zunächst nur 2 Anlagenpaare ins Auge - etwa AaBb - und schafft sich die Tiere, welche in diesen beiden Faktorenpaaren homozygot sind - alle anderon merzt man. Nun geht man zu den nächsten 2 Faktorenpaarcn - CcDd - über und züchtet auf die gleiche Weise AABBOCDD-Tiere. Der Zufall könnte es wollen, daß man gleichzeitig in dem Faktorenpaar EE .homozygote Tiere erhält. Ist dies aber nicht der Fall, so kann man nun in höchstens 2 Schritten auch in dem Anlagenpaar EE homozygote Individuen herauszüchten. Also auch in dem Fall des Polyhybridismus kann man nach und nach erbreine Stämme erhalten. Wünschenswert wäre es allerdings, wenn man auch für den Fall der Mehranlagigkeit möglichst exakte Vergleichsmaßstäbe für die Beurteilung der Inzucht- und Auslesevorgänge haben würde. Es wird eine spätere Aufgabe sein die prozentuale Zunahme der Homozygotie bei Geschwisterpaarung für 2 Anlagenpaare zu ermitteln und dieselben Untersuchungen auf 3 Anlagenpaare auszudehnen. Dann läßt sich vielleicht schon eine Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der Anlagenpaare erkennen und der Prozentsatz der Homozygoten in einem Bestand bei Inzucht- und Selektionsversuchen als Funktion der Anzahl der Anlagenpaare und der Generationenzahl darstellen. Ferner wird es notwendig sein, die gleichen Untersuchungen unter verschiedenen Selektionsvoraussetzungen und auch für verschiedene Arten der Verwandtschaftspaarung durchzuführen. Schließlich ist bei all diesen Untersuchungen noch ein Moment unerwähnt geblieben: Es kann der Fall eintreten, daß mehrere Genpaare miteinander gekoppelt sind; folglich bleibt auch noch die Abhängigkeit vom Koppelungsgrad zu ermitteln. Aus diesen kurzen Hinweisen geht schon hervor, daß die Mathematik noch viel Arbeit zu leisten hat, damit der Biologie das Rüstzeug erhält, welches er für eine exakte Beurteilung der überall wirksamen Inzucht- und Auslesevorgänge benötigt.
This checklist of the lichens and Iichenicolous fungi of Chile (including the Antarctic ten-itory, Juan Fernandez and Easter island) includes 1415 taxa in 304 genera of which 1383 are lichens (in 281 genera), and 32 are lichenicolaus fungi (in 23 genera). Full bibliographic citations are given for both accepted taxa and for synonyms and references to relevant literature are included for most genera. The following new combinations are proposed: Caloplaca austroshetlandica (Zahlbr.) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Dendriscocaulon calithamnion (Taylor) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Neuropogon durietzii (Motyka) D.J. Galloway & Qllilhot, Neuropogon patagonicus (F.J. Walker) DJ. Galloway & Quilhot, and Neuropogon subamarcticus (F. J. Walker) D.,T. Galloway & Quilhot.
Les Microgasterinae d'A.O.F.
(1951)
Aus den nordostmecklenburgischen Niederungen werden folgende Pflanzengesellschaften nicht intensiv genutzter Kalkmoore beschrieben: Schoenus ferrugineus-Primula farinosa Ges., Carex buxbaumii-Primula farinosa-Ges., Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges., drei Gesellschaften aus der Gruppe der Juncus subnodulosus-Gesellschaften, ferner die Betula pubescens-Lotus uliginosus-Ges. und die Betula pubescens-Rhamnus cathartica·Ges. Das Schoenetum Mecklenburgs steht in pflanzengeographischer Beziehung zwischen dem präalpischen und dem baltischen Schoenetum. Durch Austrocknung entsteht aus ihm die Carex buxbaumii-Ges. und durch schwache Eutrophierung die Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges. Die Juncus subnodulosus-Vegetation wird in drei Gesellschaften gegliedert. Die gehölzarmen Kalkmoore sind von Birkengesellschaften umgeben, die nicht Ersatzgesellschaften eutropher Bruchwälder darstellen. Auf tiefem, neutral reagierenden, aber nährstoffarmen Torf sind wahrscheinlich Birkengesellschaften und nicht Erlenbruchwälder Dauergesellschaften.
Los Lumbrineridae están comprendidos en la superfamilia Eunicoidea dentro de la cual se relacionan por un lado con los Eunicidae, Onuphidae e Iphiltimidae y por otro con los Arabellidae. Con los primeros tienen algunas afinidades en la estnlctura del complejo maxilo-mandiblllar, y con los segundos coinciden en la morfologÍa externa (extremo anterior, parapodios). En el área considerada han sido halladas 15 especies, todas las cuales están representadas en las colecciones estudiadas. Dos de ellas son nuevas para la ciencia y once son citadas por primera vez para la provincia biogeográfica Argentina. De los 5 géneros comprendidos. dos han sido creados en este trabajo, e incluyen varias especies antes asignadas al género axial Lumbrineris. Ello fue posible por haberse dispuesto de ejemplaTes muy bien conservados que pel'luitieron un detenido estudio comparativo de las mandíbulas, maxilas, parapodios, etc.
Taxonomic diversity of European Cottus : with description of eight new species (Teleostei: Cottidae)
(2005)
The taxonomy of European species of Coitus (Cottidae) is revised. Results of molecular studies are summarised and the variability of morphological characters is reviewed. Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of 15 diagnosable species in Europe. A neotype is designated for C. gobio; the type locality is in the lower Elbe drainage. Coitus gobio, C. hispaniolensis, C. koshewnikowi, C. microstomus, C. petiti, and C. poecilopus are re-diagnosed. Eight new species are described. Three of them are restricted to France: C. aturi to the Adam drainage, C. duranii to the upper Dordogne, upper Lot and upper Loire drainages, and C. rondeleti to the Herault drainage. Two new species are described from the Atlantic and North Sea basins: C. perifretum from Great Britain, and the ScheIdt, Rhine, Seine, lower Loire and lower Garonne drainages, and C. rhenanus from the Meuse and lower and middle Rhine drainages. Coitus scatul'igo is described from a single spring in northeastern Italy. In the Danube drainage, C. mctae front the upper Save and C. transsilvaniae from the upper Arges are distinguished from the widespread C. gobio. Lectotypes are designated for C. ferrugineus and C. pellegrini. Coitus kosllewnikowi Gratzianow, 1907 is declared nomel1 protectum and C. gobio microcephalus Kessler, 1868 is declared nomen oblitum. The original spelling of C. milvensis is discussed.
Paleogeographical, morphological, ecological, physiological, linguistic, archaeological and historical evidence is used to explain the origin and history of the domestication of the wild common carp. The closest wild ancestor of the common carp originated in the drainages of the Black, Caspian andAral seas and dispersed west as far as the Danube River and east into Siberia. The common carp today is represented by the uncertain east Asian subspecies Cyprinus carpio haematopterus and by the European Cyprinus carpio carpio. There is some reason to think that Romans were the first to culture carp collected from the Danube, and that the tradition of the "piscinae dulces" was continued in monasteries throughout the Middle Ages. We have much better documentation of carp culture in ponds of lay and clerical landowners in western Europe after the 11 th century. Distribution of the common carp west of the Danube's piedmont zone was clearly brought about by humans, as was its introduction throughout the continents. Some domestication in China may have occurred independently of similar activities in Europe, but most of the modern-day activities with the common carp in far east Asia are restricted to the domesticated common carp imported from Europe, or at best to hybrids of local and imported strains. The xanthic (red) common carp seem to have first appeared in early cultures of Europe, China and Japan but reached their fame through recent artificial selection of multicolored aberrants in Niigata Prefecture of Japan. In monetary value, production of the colored carp - the Japanese "nishikigoi" - now exceeds the production of carp as human food. As "swimming flowers" nishikigoi delight modem people as much as the taste of carp may have delighted the Romans and medieval folks at the beginning of carp domestication. The common carp is not only the most important domesticated fish but contributes over I million metric tons to world aquaculture. The surviving wild forms of the common carp are threatened or close to the fate of the aurochs, the ancestor of cattle, which became extinct in 1627.
This list of microscopic features for hardwood identification is the successor to the "Standard List of Characters Suitable For Computerized Hardwood Identification" published in 1981 (IAWA Bulletin n.s. 2: 99-145) with an explanation of the coding procedure by R.B. Miller. The 1981 publication greatly stimulated international exchange of information and experience on characters suitable for hardwood identification, and inspired considerable debate on the most desirable coding procedures and identification programs. Therefore, at the IA W A meeting during the XIV International Botanical Congress in Berlin, July 1987, it was decided to revise the 1981 standard list. Because of the continuing developments in computer technology and programming, it was agreed to limit the scope of the new list to definitions, explanatory commentary, and illustrations of wood anatomical descriptors, rather than concentrate on coding procedures. A new Committee was appointed by the IA W A Council to work towards the new list, and thanks to a substantial grant from the USDA Competitive Research Grants - Wood Utilization Program (Grant No. 88-33541-4081), a workshop was held by the Committee from October 2-7, 1988, in the Department of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, under the joint auspices of IA WA and IUFRO Division S. A preliminary list was prepared during the workshop. IA W A members were invited to comment on this list, and these comments helped with the final preparation of the new list. The list presented here was agreed to after review of subsequent drafts and extensive internal consultation between committee members. Although this list has 163 anatomical and 58 miscellaneous features, it is not a complete list encompassing all the structural patterns that one can encounter in hardwoods. Instead it is intended to be a concise list of features useful for identification purposes. Also, the numbers assigned to each feature in the present list are not meant to be codes for a computer program, but are intended to serve for easy reference, and to help translate data from one program/database to another. Wood and wood cells are biological elements, formed in trees, shrubs, and climbers to fulfill a physiological or mechanical function. Although there is more discrete diversity in wood structure than in many other plant parts, there is also much continuous variation, and any attempt to classify this diversity into well-defined features has an artificial element. Yet we are confident that in the feature list presented here ambiguity of descriptors has been limited to a minimum, and we hope that all present and future colleagues engaged in wood identification and descriptive wood anatomy will find this list a valuable guide and reference.
Professor HANDRCHIN hat ein reiches Material gesammelt, das zum Teil aus Java, Buitenzorg, zum grösseren Teil jedoch aus den kleinen Sundainseln Bali, Soembawa, Flores und Timor, sowie vom australischen Festlande und zwar aus dessen Northern Territory, hauptsächlich dem Flussgebiet des Adelaideriver stammt. Während Java und die westlichen der genannten kleinen Inseln eine orientalische Fauna zeigen, beherbergen Flores und Timor sowie natürlich das australische Festland ausgesprochen australische Formen. Die bis jetzt kaum erforschte Fauna dieser Gebiete bot allerlei Neues.
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die verschiedenen Celltypen (ungefähr dreizig), die in die Larve von Alcyonidium ployoum (Hassall) sind, und zeigt ihre Verschiedenheit und ihren specifischen Merkmale, hesonders wegen der elektronischcn Mikroskopie. Die ektodermischen Zellstoffe sind viel mehr verschieden, als die Arbeiten den alten Autoren es zu glauben lasscn. Aborale und pericoronale Zellstoffe, deren einige von Warzen und mancherlei Wimper bedeckt sind, sind beschreibt. Ein besonderer Zellstoff, der die Einmündung des Saugnapfs beschränkt, ist im Kleine gelernt. Ein Ring von infracoronalen und sehr besonderen Wimperzellen, die nachher den grössten Teil der Anfang des ersten Polypid geben werden, hat sehr genau geanalisiert. Speziale palleale und des Saugnapfs Zellstoffekörnchen werden nachher die Kutukula der Ancestrula zu geben. Der verwickelte Bau der Musultnlareinpflanzungzellen ihre ektodermale Natur, der desmosomiale Anblick der Einfüngungen der Muskularfasern sind entdecken. Die mesodermalen Zellstoffe sind sehr verändert, und kann man die Verwandlung einer Typus von mesenchymalen Zell in einen anderen Typus folgen, in Beziehung auf dem Alter der Larve, Die Verteilung und der Bau der verschieden Muskeln sind geanalisiert, und mit den der anderen bekannten Ectoproctlarven vergleichen. Eine kritische Studium der mancherleien Kategorien von mesenchymalen Zellen ist bezüglich auf die histologischen Beschreibungen früherer Autoren gemacht. Die morulären Zellen, die bis nun allein bei die tätigen Alcyonidium´s Zoecien kurz beschreibt waren, sind hier einzeln gelernt, Ein Haupteingebrachte unserer Erforschung bewilligt den Bau des neuroempfindlichkeiten Ganze dieser Larve. Empfindungszellen stellen in der Mitte der Kappe, und sind in Verbindung, wegen synaptischen Vereinigungen, mit einem Dorsalganglion wo ein von einem mesodermalen zusammenhängenden Muff beschtzer Nerv anfangt. Axonen gehen unter dem Nerv fort, folgen den ganzen larva´s peripherie in der untercoronalen Gegend, und bezüglich mehreren Synapsen verbinden sie mit den allen regsamen Wimperstoffe der Larve. Es gibt kein nervöse Zellkörper neben deIn birniformingen Organ (der nun uns «complexe ectodernlique ventro-anterieur» vorziehen nennen); da bermerckt man nur ein Axonenhalftern. Mit den Gesamtheit der vereinigten Urkunden kannt man ein genau Kenntnis der Larva von Alcyonidium haben. Diese Kenntnis war die nötige Vorbedingung für das Studiaum der Vorfälle von der Verwandlung und Polypids´ Ancestrularbildung unternehmen. Dieses Studium wird logisch für uns diese Arbeit folgen.
Se presenta una base de datos taxonómica y distribucional de los moluscos marinos, telTestres y dulceacuícolas de Chile continental e insular. Se ha descrito para Chile un total de 1.288 especies, incluidas en 236 familias. Estas especies representan alrededor del 1,8% de la fauna mundial conocida de moluscos recientes (en total unas 70.000 especies). Los gmpos más diversificados son Gastropoda (882 especies) y Bivalvia (233 especies). Del total, 1.070 son marinas, 132 terrestres y 83 de ambientes dulceacuiolas. Del total de especies, 13 son introducidas (terrestres: Milax gagates, Demceras laeve, D. reticulatum, Limax (Lehmannia) valentianus, L. (Limax)flavus, L. (L.) maximus, Oxychilus (Oxychilus) cellarius, O. (Ortizius) alliarius and Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa: marinas: Crassostrea gigas, Pecten mllximus, Haliotis rufescens y H. mimus) y 49 poseen importancia económica. Aun cuando las primeras referencias sobre moluscos chilenos datan de comienzos del siglo XVIII, se los conoce principalmente a través de los resultados de las expediciones oceanográficas de fines del siglo XIX y principios de éste.
The former and current distribution of the quokka, Setortix brachyurus, was mapped from published and all available unpublished records. At the time of European settlement the quokka was widespread and abundant and its distribution encompassed an area of approximatelyThe former and current distribution of the quokka, Setortix brachyurus, was mapped from published and all available unpublished records. At the time of European settlement the quokka was widespread and abundant and its distribution encompassed an area of approximately 41 200 km2 of south-west Western Australia inclusive of two offshore islands, Bald Island and Rottnest Island. Historical reports indicated an extensive population decline occurred in the 1930s. The decline continued, with a previously undocumented decline apparent in the period from 1980 to 1992. However, this decline may be an artefact of the time scales used for mapping and may well equate with a previously reported decline lor a suite of south -west mammals in the 1970s. By 1992 the quokka´s distribution had been reduced to an area of approximately 17800 km2. An increased awareness of the presence of the quokka on the mainland has resulted in numerous reportings of quokka presence since 1992, has confimled the existence of several populations at the northern extent of the quokka´´s known geographic range and indicated the cmrent, 2005, distribution to be similar to that in 1992. However, survey and population estimates at six of these mainland locations from the northem jarrah forest indicated low abundance. There have been no population estimates elsewhere on the mainland. Two populations have been reported tiom the Swan Coastal Plain, but neither has been confirmed extant. Predation by the introduced fox, Vulpes vulpes, is implicated as a major cause of the quokka´s initial decline, while ongoing predation, habitat destruction and modification through altered tire regimes have contributed to the continued decline. Specific conservation management actions are recommended, namely: (i) Implementing an active adaptive management program in the northern jarrah forest to determine quokka population response to habitat manipulation through the use of fIre, fox baiting and pig control; (ii) Surveying the Stirling fumge and Green Range populations with emphasis placed on determining population size and population genetic structure; (iii) Surveying the reported occurrences from the Swan Coastal Plain, with emphasis on unambiguously determining presence. If confirmed, priority should he directed to assessing population size and determining the management requirements to ensure persistence of the population; (iv) Surveying southem forest and south coast populations to assess quokka population size, the extent of movement between sllbpopulations and assessment of the range of habitat types used by quokkas. The latter should be combined with spatial analyses of known extant populations and suitable and potentially suitable habitat; (v) Determining the role of tire in establishing and maintaining preferred habitat of southern forest and south coast populations; and (vi) Establishing a program to assess the potential effects from management operations.
Total body water increases in pregnancy and while the uterus, placenta, fetus, and amniotic fluid constitute part of this increase, the largest component is in the extracellular water. Fat stores also increase and thus the distribution volumes of all drugs expand, but the major effect is seen in polar drugs which are confined to the extracellular space. Cardiac output and renal function also increase and elimination of polar drugs is acelerated. In contrast, the elimination of lipophilic drugs may be retarded, and the effect on intermediate drugs is variable. Polar drugs cross the placenta slowly and accumulate in amniotic fluid and therefore in the fetal gut lumen. Lipophilic drugs cross the placenta rapidly and their transplacental distribution is dependent on relative maternal and fetal affinity: this is determined largely by protein binding on either side of the placenta. The. fetus and neonate dispose of all drugs less rapidly than adults, the most efficient elimination processes being sulphate conjugation and renal excretion.
A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are desctibed as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species arc given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.
Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Biologie der Honigbiene darstellen. Sie ist zunächst eine biologisch-deskriptive Arbeit. Ich habe die Biene bei ihrer mannigfachen Tätigkeit in freier Natur wie auch in ihrem Stocke beobachtet und habe festzustellen versucht, wie sie sich verhält, wenn ihr Körper mit irgendeinem Schmutzstoff in Berührung kommt. ...
Through the kind assistance of O. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati, Ohio, most of the Australian polypores in our possession have been accurately identified. In the present paper we record our various collections. In doing so, we make use of the excellent keys employed by Lloyd in the following works: "Synopsis of the Genus Hexagona" (Ohio, 1910), "Synopsis of the Stipitate PoIyporoids" (Ohio, 1912), "Synopsis of the Section Apus of the Genus Polyporus" (Ohio, 1915) and "Synopsis of the Genus Fomes" (Ohio, 1915). In addition to recording the plants we have handled, we have included as well all the Australian species embraced in these works. Australian mycologists should thus have available a workable scheme for the identification of most of our firmer polypores. Those who have attempted to work out the species from Cooke´s "Handbook of Australian Fungi", will appreciate the value of Lloyd´s work. We deal first with the Stipitate Polypores, then with Fomes, Polyporus (Apus) and Hexagona.
This synonymic list of the flat bugs (Aradidae) ofthe world enumerates 1,798 species in 211 genera. Names of eight fossil species are given in their original combination in modern genera. The list is introduced by brief discussions of habits, food, ecology and distribution. Many taxonomic innovations are included, as follows: Subfamily Chinamyersiinae is divided into two new tribes, Chinamyersiini and Tretocorini; the subfamily Prosympiestinae is divided into two new tribes, Llaimacorini and Prosympiestini. All currently recognized subgenera are raised to generic rank: Aneurillus, Breviscutaneurus, lralunelus, and Paraneurus from Aneurus; Miraradus and Quilnus from Aradus; Lissaptera and Nesiaptera from Acaraptera; Neoproxius and Nesoproxius from Proxius (see list below for new combinations resulting). Three genus-group names are raised from synonymy: Aneurosoma; Burgeonia and Brachyrhynchus. One genus-group name is reduced to synonymy; Zimera as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus. The following new species-genus combinations are made, these mostly resulting from elevation of subgenera to generic status or species transfers. In Aneurillus - borneensis, cetratus, cheesmanae, consimilis, doesbergi, foliaceus, glaberrimus, gracilis, jacobsoni, longicollis, papuasicus, pumilus, superbus; in Aneurosoma - dissimile; in Aneurus - septentrionalis; in Aradus - dignatus; in Arbanatus - asiaticus, loriae; in Brachyrhynchus - affinis, amplicollis, andamanensis, angolensis, armigerus, australis, bergrothi, bergrothianus, bhoutanensis, breuiceps, burmensis, confectus, confusus, consimilis, crenatus, dentipes, discrepans, dispar, duboisi, elegans, exarmatus, funebrus, furcatulus, furcatus, germari, gracilicornis, granos us, hospidus, hoberlandti, horridus, hsiaoi, incisus, incognitus, insignis, intermedius, javanensis, kachenensis, kerzhneri, lindemannae, longicornis, longirostris, luberoensis, luzonicus, machadoi, madagascariensis, mauricii, membranaceus, micronesicus, monedulus, mario, ouerlaeti, parallelus, pauper, philippinensis, piliferus, poriaicolus, projectus, quadridentatus, quadrispinosus, rossi, rugosus, scrupulosus, serratus, similis, solomonensis, spinipes, stolidus, subinermis, subtriangulus, sulcatus, sulcicornis, sumatrensis, taiwanicus, teter, thailandicus, triangulus, tristis, urijdaghi; in Breviscutaneurus - breviscutatus, helenae, madagascariensis, medioscutatus; in Burgeonia - burgeon, dilatatus, froidebisei, intermedius, kormileui, madagascariensis, maynei, paruus, schoutedeni, usingeri; in Chiastoplonia - pusio; in lralunellus - aibonitensis, bergi, bispinosus, boliuianus, carioca, costariquensis, flavomaculatus, ftitzi, gallicus, leptocerus, longicornis, marginalis, monrosi, plaumanni, politus, sahlbergi, simulans, subdipterous, tenuis, westwoodi, wygodzinsky; in Miraradus - foliaceus, himalayensis, mirabilis, oeruendetes; in Neoproxius - amazonicus, carioca, costariquensis, gypsatus, incaicus, lindemannae, magdalenae, nicaraguensis, palliatus, panamensis, personatus, peruuianus, schwarzii; in Nesiaptera - denticulata, gibbosa, ouata, rotundata, tuberculata, zimmermani; in Nesoproxius - angulatus, constrictus, gracilis, hexagonalis, malayensis, minutus, punctulatus, vietnamensis, yoshimotoi; in Neuroctenus - ghesqueri; in Oreossa - insignis; in Quilnus - amurensis, breuirostris, discedens, heidemanni, niger, nigrinus, oregonicus, paruicollis, subsimilis, usingeri. Three new species names are proposed: Brachyrhynchus pauper for the preoccupied Mezira modesta Kormilev, 1972; Mezira uicina for the preoccupied Mezira proxima Kormilev, 1982; and Mezira doesburgi for the preoccupied Mezira surinamensis Kormilev, 1974. Five new species-synonymys are made: Aradus centriguttatus as a junior synonym of Aradus similis; Mezira jacobsoni as a junior synonym of Daulocoris cornigerus; Mezira modesta as a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus membranaceus; Neuroctenus breuicornis as a junior synonym of Neuroctenus ater; Notoplocaptera malaisei as a junior synonym of Zoroaptera malaisei. Four new emendations of gender endings are proposed for the species name "halaszfyi": Artabanus halaszfyae, Chelysosoma halaszfyae, Ctenoneurus halaszfyae, Mezira halaszfyae.
Da die gesamte Arbeit nur einen vorläufigen Überblick über das bearbeitete Gebiet gibt, können nur wenige Punkte hier herausgegriffen werden. Die Artendichte ist in der Kieler Bucht in der Vegetationszone (= Phytal) am größten, es folgt die Sandregion, am geringsten ist sie in der Schlammzone. Die Tiere des Phytals, der Sandregion und der Schlammregion zeigen in ihrer Organisation wesentliche Unterschiede. Im Sand ist die Mikrofauna stark, die Makrofauna gering entwickelt, in der Schlammregion umgekehrt. Die Verteilung der sessilen, der hemisessilen und der haptischen Tiere mit ihren Haftorganen auf die drei Hauptbiotope wird untersucht. Die Sandregion ist durch Fehlen der sessilen Tiere, Armut an hemisessilen, aber großer Reichtum an haptischen Tieren ausgezeichnet. Die haptischen Tiere des Sandes besitzen besonders Haftröhrchen, Haftpapillen und Haftringe als Haftorgane und diese in großer Zahl und weit über den Körper verteilt. Im Phytal erreichen die sessilen Tiere ihre maximale Arten- und Individuenzahl, in der Schlammregion dominieren die hemisessilen Arten. Die Lokomotion durch Wimperbewegung ist in der Sandregion am reichsten entwickelt (Kriechen auf Wimpern), wird im Phytal geringer und tritt in der Schlammregion ganz zurück. Eine Übersicht über die Ernährungstypen ergibt, daß im groben Sand die Diatomeenflora der Sandoberfläche als wichtigste Nahrungsquelle der Mikrofauna zu betrachten ist. Im Phytal existieren drei Nahrungswege: 1. Ein Weg von den Partikeln des freien Wassers über Mikrophagen zu einer Mikrofauna und Makrofauna ohne Einschaltung der Nährstoffe der Pflanzen des Phytals. Diesem Weg gehören im gesamten Phytal über ein Drittel der Arten an, im Extremfalle (tiefe Fucusregion) weitaus die Mehrzahl. 2. Ein Weg von der epiphytischen Mikroflora zu einer Mikro- und Makrofauna. 3. Ein Weg von den Teilen der Großpflanzen (Laminaria, Fucus, Zostera, Delesseria) zu einer Mikrofauna und Makrofauna. Diesem letzten Nahrungsweg gehören auffallend wenige Tierarten an, relativ am größten ist der Anteil in der Seegras- und der Ulvaregion. Eine Gliederung in Biozoenosen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mikrofauna ergibt für das Benthal, 6 Unterbiozoenosen, 4 davon (die Halammohydra-Biozoenose, die Turbanella-hyalina-B., die Arenicola-B. und die Otoplanen-B.) gehören der Sandregion, 2 (Corbula-B. und Laophonte-horrida-B.) gehören der Schlammregion an. Das Phytal zeigt trotz der starken Biotopunterschiede nur geringe qualitative Unterschiede seiner Fauna, jedoch starke Verschiedenheiten in der Artenzahl, die wohl in erster Linie auf den verschiedenen durchschnittlichen Salzgehalt der Biotope zurückzuführen sind. Die maximale Besiedelungsdichte zeigt die tiefe Fucusregion.
The A. A. present in this paper their studies about the Aspergillus spp. found by them as contaminants of Lab. cultures, chiefly. The species studied are the following: A. allocotus n. sp., A. amstelodami, A. awamori varo hominis n. var., A. candidus, A. fischeri, A. flavus, A. heteromorphus n. sp., A. japonicus, A. niger (two strains), A. ochraceus, A. ochraceo-petaliformis n. sp., A. quadrilineatus, A. repens var. ramos a n. var. A. sclerotiorutn, A. sydowii, A. terreus, A. unguis and A. variecolor var. major n. var.
Sobre Bryozoa do Brasil
(1941)
The specimens which form the basis of the following notes and descriptions were received by the writer from Mr. Ch'i Ho, Asistant Entomologist of Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, who collected thern either in Peiping or Eastern Tomb (40.2 N, 117.0 E), Hopei Province. They belong to nineteen species and are included in fifteen genera. Two of the species are believed to be new to science.
A cladistic analysis is presented of the hawkmoths of the tribe Acherontiini, Morgan´s Sphinx (Xanthopan morganii (Walker», and related genera. The study aims to test the monophyly of tribe Acherontiini; the hypothesis that all taxa with extremely long probosces (some Acherontiini, Meganoton rubescens, Neococytius, Xanthopan) form a monophyletic group, or at least fall within a single reasonably compact clade; and, within this group, to determine whether Xanthopan is more closely related to Acherontiini or to COCytillS and Neococytius. The data set comprises 109 characters derived from adult and immature stage morphology, biology and behaviour. These data were analysed using equal weighting, successive approximations character weighting (SACW) and implied weighting. All weighting schemes agreed on the monophyly of Acherontiini and of a group of genera comprising Amphimoea, Cocytius and Neococytius (the Cocytius group). Several other generic and suprageneric clades were also consistently recovered. However, those hawkmoths with extremely long probosces were never recovered as a monophyletic group. The relationships of Xanthopan were also ambiguous. Equal weighting and SACW placedXanthopan + Meganoton rztbescens (Butler) as sister to the COCytills group, while implied weighting placed Xanthopan as sister to Acherontiini. This latter relationship is based primarily on shared possession of a pilifer/palp hearing organ. Further analyses suggested the two components of this organ were not biologically independent. Downweighting this feature accordingly resulted in all weighting schemes converging on the topology found by equal weighting. Exclusion of the incomplete subset of immature stage data had no effect under implied weighting but equal weighting and SACW now recovered a Neotropical clade comprising Manduca. and the Cocytius group, while Xanthopan was placed with M. rubescens and Panogena. Downweighting the pilifer/palp hearing organ under implied weighting again caused convergence with the equal weighting/SACW results. Thus, the relationships of Xanthopan remain equivocal and further data, particularly from the immature stages, will be required to elucidate its phylogenetic position further.
Geschlechts- und Gattungsunterschiede an Metapodien und Phalangen mitteleuropäischer Wildwiederkäuer
(1968)
Zur Beurteilung der Geschechtsunterschiede und zur Bestimmung der Gattungsunterschiede wurden die Metapodien und Phalangen von im ganzen 258 Exemplaren von Cervus elaphus hippelaphus Erxleben, 1771, Dama dama dama (Linne, 1758), Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linne, 1758), Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra (Linne, 1758) und Capra ibex ibex Linne, 1758, ausgewertet. 93 Tiere entfielen auf Capreolus capreolus, von denen aber zur Geschlechtsunterscheidung nur 78 Tiere verwendbar waren; die restlichen 15 Tiere waren ohne Geschlechtsangabe und konnten auch nachträglich nicht bestimmt werden. Weiterhin kamen zur Untersuchung 56 Tiere von Cervus elaphus, 22 von Dama dama, 49 von Rupicapra rupicapra und 38 von Capra ibex (5. Tab. 1).
Was die Geschlechtsunterscheidung betrifft, so gilt mit Ausnahme von Capreolus capreolus die Regel, daß die Metapodien und Phalangen der Weibchen alles in allem länger und stärker sind als die der Männchen. Zur Bestimmung erwies sich die Länge des jeweiligen Knochens - an der Phalanx 3 die diagonale Sohlenlänge - als am besten geeignet. Dabei ließen sich Gesmlechtsunterschiede nicht nur in den Mittelwerten aufzeigen, sondern auch zum Teil in absolut größeren Maßen, wie das bei Dama in der Länge und bei Caprn ibex in der Breite der Fall war (s. Tab. 2-7).
Für die Unterscheidung zwischen den Gattungen waren in erster Linie Gestaltunterschiede von Bedeutung, in zweiter Linie die absoluten Maße und Indices, wovon letztere für sich allein oft schon Gattungsbestimmungen zulassen. Die Unterscheidung der hier behandelten Arten ist nahezu immer möglich, wenn man davon absieht, daß unter Siedlungsabfällen kleine, uncharakteristische Fragmente sein können. Schwierigkeiten können entstehen bei der Unterscheidung von Steinbock- sowie manchen Gemsenknochen von solchen der Gattungen Capra hircus und Ovis ades; auf sie wurde in dieser Arbeit nicht näher eingegangen.
Keys to the hairs of 44 species of southern African Cricetidae and Muridae have been devised for the identification of these species. The keys are based primarily on the cuticular scale patterns and groove characters. Distribution data and descriptions of the hairs are presented with micrographs to assist in identification.
In this paper eight tribes (Gyrophaenini, Placusini, Homalotini, Diestotini, Falagriini, Athetini, Lomechusini, and Oxypodini), 19 genera and 42 species are recognized. Four genera (Brachyglyptaglossa n. gen. [Homalotini], Trisporusa n. gen., Daccordiusa n. gen. [Lomechusini], and Antistydatusa n. gen. [Oxypodini]) and 37 species are described as new. Each new genus and species is illustrated. Placusa fauveli Pasnik, 2001, from Sydney, is placed in synonymy with Placusa tridens Fauvel, 1878, from Sydney. A new combination to Spallioda for Calodera carissima Oliff is proposed.
A taxonomic study of the Staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae of the Australian Region is presented, including a critical revision of 14 typical series, the lectotype of which is designated when necessary. 10 new genera are deseribed (3 in Athetini, 2 in Thamiaraeini, and 5 in Oxypodini) and 38 species (3 in Gyrophaenini, 2 in Bolitocharini, 4 in Diestotini, 21 in Athetini, 5 in Thamiaraeini, and 3 in Oxypodini). New combinations are proposed for 12 species (l in Homalotini, 1 in Diestotini, 3 in Athetini, 6 in Oxypodini, and 1 in Aleocharini). The genus Correa Fauvel is considered junior synonym of the genus Aleochara. Every new genus and species is described and illustrated.
1. Die Feldbeobachtungen der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind in der Zeit vom 10. VII. bis 9. VIII. 1964 in Westspitzbergen in den Gebieten von Isfjorden und Hornsund (Abb. 2) gemacht worden. Die Fjeldheidevegetation wurde auf 58 Probeflächen von je 25 m2 untersucht. 2. Bei der Besprechung der Fjeldheidevegetation wird zunächst der Begriff »Fjeldheide» definiert und mit dem Begriff »Tundra» verglichen. Zugleich wird die Zonität der (oro)arktischen Vegetation erörtert und mit den in Grönland, Fennoskandien und Nowaja Semlja vorgenommen Zoneneinteilungen verglichen. Im Rahmen der Dreizoneneinteilung der (oro)arktischen Vegetationszone werden in Spitzbergen die mittel- und die oberoroarktische Stufe angetroffen. 3. In der untersuchten Fjeldheidevegetation wurden 5 Artengruppen und entsprechend 5 Heidetypen herausgearbeitet: 1. Deflations-, 2. Flechten-, 3. trockene und 4. frische Moosheide sowie 5.Schneebodenstellen. Die Grenze zwischen den Typen und auch zwischen den innerhalb eines jeden Typs anzutreffenden Westküsten- und Binnengebietvarianten sind fliessend. Das Westküstengebiet umfasst die Untersuchungsstellen 1-6, das Binnengebiet (=Innenfjord- und Binnenlandgebiet) die Punkte 7-20. 4. Das Westküstengebiet gehört vorwiegend ins Bereich der metamorphierten, das Binnengebiet wiederum ins Gebiet der nicht metamorphierten Gesteine. Für die Entstehung der die obigen Gebiete charakterisierenden Varianten wird jedoch nach meiner Meinung dem Grossklima die ausschlaggebende Bedeutung beigemessen. Die Westküste ist hygrisch und thermisch ozeanischer als das Binnengebiet (Abb. 6). Dieser Umstand macht sich in der Vegetation auch in den Mangenverhältnissen der Typen geltend: an der Westküste viele Deflationsheiden und SchneebodensteIlen (siehe S. 43). Ferner ist die Höhengrenze der mittelarktischen Stufe an der Westküste tiefer (siehe S. 43). Die Phänologie der Pflanzen lässt an der Westküste Verspätung der Entwicklung erkennen (siehe Tab. 9 und 10). An der Westküste steht die Fjeldheidevegetation auf gröberem Untergrund (siehe Tab. 8), und das Eis reicht weiter herunter als im Binnengebiet. 5. Beim Vergleich der Fjeldheidetypen miteinander wurden Unterschiede in der Dicke des Auftaubodens und in der Phänologie der Pflanzen beobachtet, welche Umstände mit der Dicke der Schneedecke zusammenhängen dürften. Die Dicke des Auftaubodens wird zu den frischen Moosheiden hin geringer und nimmt dann an den SchneebodensteIlen wieder zu (Tab. 8). Die Entwicklung der Pflanzen setzt umso zeitiger ein, je trockener der Typ ist (Tab. 9 und 10). 6. Mit Hilfe der Literatur wird der Versuch gemacht, Vegetationen ausfindig zu machen, die sich mit den Fjeldheidetypen Spitzbergens identifizieren (= Horistisch gleichartig sind; vgL Abb. 11) oder vergleichen lassen (= floristisch andersartig, aber an mehr oder minder gleichartigen Standorten). Zusammenfassend wird hauptsächlich anhand der Literatur ein vorläufiger Vorschlag für die Vegetations gebiete Spitzbergens gemacht (Abb. 10).
Australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. Mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. Mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of Ross River virus during 1991-1997. Barmah Forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. Cases of Murray Valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern Australia. Dengue is a continuing problem for northern Queensland, with various serotypes being active. Japanese encephalitis has appeared in the Torres Strait Islands and threatens mainland Australia. Although malaria is eradicated, almost 1,000 cases are imported annually and occasional cases of local transmission occur. With ticks, paralysis in children occurs annually in eastern Australia. Tick typhus (Queensland Tick Typhus--Rickettsia australis) occurs down the east coast, and (Flinders Island Spotted Fever--Rickettsia honei) in Bass Strait and probably Tasmania. Lyme disease is reported but its presence is controversial. Fleas were responsible for a recent outbreak of murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) in Western Australia. Mites cause scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), and there was a recent fatality in the Northern Territory. Overall, resources for investigation and control of vector-borne disease have generally been meager. However, various avenues of basic and applied research have been pursued, and have included investigations into mosquito ecology, vector competence, disease epidemiology, and vector control. Disease surveillance programs vary between states, and mosquito control programs are organized and effective in only a few regions. There are concerns for import of vectors such as Aedes albopictus and export of pathogens such as Ross River virus; the former has occurred but the species has not become established, and the latter has occurred and has resulted in a major outbreak in the South Pacific. The predicted scenarios of increased temperature and rainfall with global warming are also causing concern for increases in vector-borne diseases, particularly the endemic arboviruses. Interest by health authorities is gravitating more towards epidemiological reporting and less towards public health action. In many respects, humans have much to do to get "on top" of vectors and their pathogens "down under" in Australia.
The Siwalik formations of northern Pakistan consist of deposits of ancient rivers that existed throughout the early Miocene through the late Pliocene. The formations are highly fossiliferous with a diverse array of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates, which in combination with exceptional lateral exposure and good chronostratigraphic control allows a more detailed and temporally resolved study of the sediments and faunas than is typical in terrestrial deposits. Consequently the Siwaliks provide an opportunity to document temporal differences in species richness, turnover, and ecological structure in a terrestrial setting, and to investigate how such differences are related to changes in the fluvial system, vegetation, and climate. Here we focus on the interval between 10.7 and 5.7 Ma, a time of significant local tectonic and global climatic change. It is also the interval with the best temporal calibration of Siwalik faunas and most comprehensive data on species occurrences. A methodological focus of this paper is on controlling sampling biases that confound biological and ecological signals. Such biases include uneven sampling through time, differential preservation of larger animals and more durable skeletal elements, errors in age-dating imposed by uncertainties in correlation and paleomagnetic timescale calibrations, and uneven taxonomic treatment across groups. We attempt to control for them primarily by using a relative-abundance model to estimate limits for the first and last appearances from the occurrence data. This model also incorporates uncertainties in age estimates. Because of sampling limitations inherent in the terrestrial fossil record, our 100-Kyr temporal resolution may approach the finest possible level of resolution for studies of vertebrate faunal changes over periods of millions of years. Approximately 40,000 specimens from surface and screenwash collections made at 555 localities form the basis of our study. Sixty percent of the localities have maximum and minimum age estimates differing by 100 Kyr or less, 82% by 200 Kyr or less. The fossils represent 115 mammalian species or lineages of ten orders: Insectivora, Scandentia, Primates, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Pholidota, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Rodentia. Important taxa omitted from this study include Carnivora, Elephantoidea, and Rhinocerotidae. Because different collecting methods were used for large and small species, they are treated separately in analyses. Small species include insectivores, tree shrews, rodents, lagomorphs, and small primates. They generally weigh less than 5 kg. The sediments of the study interval were deposited by coexisting fluvial systems, with the larger emergent Nagri system being displaced between 10.1 and 9.0 Ma by an interfan Dhok Pathan system. In comparison to Nagri floodplains, Dhok Pathan floodplains were less well drained, with smaller rivers having more seasonally variable flow and more frequent avulsions. Paleosol sequences indicate reorganization of topography and drainage accompanying a transition to a more seasonal climate. A few paleosols may have formed under waterlogged, grassy woodlands, but most formed under drier conditions and more closed vegetation. The oxygen isotopic record also indicates significant change in the patterns of precipitation beginning at 9.2 Ma, in what may have been a shift to a drier and more seasonal climate. The carbon isotope record demonstrates that after 8.1 Ma significant amounts of C4 grasses began to appear and that by 6.8 Ma floodplain habitats included extensive C4 grasslands. Plant communities with predominantly C3 plants were greatly diminished after 7.0 Ma, and those with predominantly C4 plants, which would have been open woodlands or grassy woodlands, appeared as early as 7.4 Ma. Inferred first and last appearances show a constant, low level of faunal turnover throughout the interval 10.7–5.7-Ma, with three short periods of elevated turnover at 10.3, 7.8, and 7.3–7.0 Ma. The three pulses account for nearly 44% of all turnover. Throughout the late Miocene, species richness declined steadily, and diversity and richness indices together with data on body size imply that community ecological structure changed abruptly just after 10 Ma, and then again at 7.8 Ma. Between 10 and 7.8 Ma the large-mammal assemblages were strongly dominated by equids, with more balanced faunas before and after. The pattern of appearance and disappearance is selective with respect to inferred habits of the animals. Species appearing after 9.0 Ma are grazers or typical of more open habitats, whereas many species that disappear can be linked to more closed vegetation. We presume exceptions to this pattern were animals of the mixed C3/C4 communities or the wetter parts of the floodplain that did not persist into the latest Miocene. The pace of extinction accelerates once there is C4 vegetation on the floodplain. The 10.3 Ma event primarily comprises disappearance of taxa that were both common and of long duration. The event does not correlate to any obvious local environmental or climatic event, and the pattern of species disappearance and appearance suggests that biotic interactions may have been more important than environmental change. The 7.8 Ma event is characterized solely by appearances, and that at 7.3 Ma by a combination of appearances and disappearances. These two latest Miocene events include more taxa that were shorter ranging and less common, a difference of mode that developed between approximately 9.0 and 8.5 Ma when many short-ranging and rare species began to make appearances. Both events also show a close temporal correlation to changes in floodplain deposition and vegetation. The 7.8 Ma event follows the widespread appearance of C4 vegetation and is coincident with the shift from equid-dominated to more evenly balanced large-mammal assemblages. The 7.3 to 7.0 Ma event starts with the first occurrence of C4-dominated floras and ends with the last occurrence of C3-dominated vegetation. Absence of a consistent relationship between depositional facies and the composition of faunal assemblages leads us to reject fluvial system dynamics as a major cause of faunal change. The close correlation of latest Miocene species turnover and ecological change to expansion of C4 plants on the floodplain, in association with oxygen isotopic and sedimentological evidence for increasingly drier and more seasonal climates, causes us to favor explanations based on climatic change for both latest Miocene pulses. The Siwalik record supports neither “coordinated stasis” nor “turnover pulse” evolutionary models. The brief, irregularly spaced pulses of high turnover are characteristic of both the stasis and pulse models, but the high level of background turnover that eliminates 65–70% of the initial species shows there is no stasis in the Siwalik record. In addition, the steadily declining species richness and abrupt, uncoordinated changes in diversity do not fit either model.