Weitere biologische Literatur (eingeschränkter Zugriff)
Refine
Year of publication
- 2007 (12)
- 1926 (10)
- 1998 (10)
- 1981 (9)
- 1987 (9)
- 2005 (9)
- 1930 (8)
- 1936 (8)
- 1938 (8)
- 1984 (8)
- 1995 (8)
- 2006 (8)
- 1933 (7)
- 1965 (7)
- 1999 (7)
- 2000 (7)
- 2002 (7)
- 2003 (7)
- 1923 (6)
- 1937 (6)
- 1939 (6)
- 1971 (6)
- 1977 (6)
- 1985 (6)
- 1989 (6)
- 2001 (6)
- 1913 (5)
- 1931 (5)
- 1934 (5)
- 1935 (5)
- 1957 (5)
- 1963 (5)
- 1968 (5)
- 1974 (5)
- 1975 (5)
- 1979 (5)
- 1980 (5)
- 1992 (5)
- 1994 (5)
- 1908 (4)
- 1914 (4)
- 1919 (4)
- 1920 (4)
- 1940 (4)
- 1942 (4)
- 1953 (4)
- 1958 (4)
- 1960 (4)
- 1962 (4)
- 1969 (4)
- 1972 (4)
- 1973 (4)
- 1976 (4)
- 1978 (4)
- 1982 (4)
- 1990 (4)
- 1996 (4)
- 1997 (4)
- 2009 (4)
- 1898 (3)
- 1907 (3)
- 1909 (3)
- 1916 (3)
- 1925 (3)
- 1941 (3)
- 1949 (3)
- 1959 (3)
- 1961 (3)
- 1966 (3)
- 1983 (3)
- 1988 (3)
- 1993 (3)
- 2008 (3)
- 1903 (2)
- 1912 (2)
- 1924 (2)
- 1927 (2)
- 1932 (2)
- 1947 (2)
- 1948 (2)
- 1952 (2)
- 1954 (2)
- 1956 (2)
- 1964 (2)
- 1967 (2)
- 1986 (2)
- 1991 (2)
- 2004 (2)
- 1857 (1)
- 1893 (1)
- 1901 (1)
- 1905 (1)
- 1911 (1)
- 1918 (1)
- 1922 (1)
- 1928 (1)
- 1929 (1)
- 1945 (1)
- 1951 (1)
- 1955 (1)
- 1970 (1)
- 2010 (1)
Document Type
- Article (428) (remove)
Language
- English (251)
- German (106)
- French (34)
- Italian (14)
- Portuguese (7)
- Spanish (6)
- mis (2)
- Multiple languages (2)
- Russian (2)
- cze (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (428)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (428)
Keywords
- taxonomy (11)
- morphology (5)
- phylogeny (5)
- Coleoptera (4)
- distribution (4)
- new species (4)
- systematics (4)
- Chilopoda (3)
- Europe (3)
- Geophilomorpha (3)
Institute
- Extern (67)
The morphology of the skeletal portions of the sting apparatus is described and compared in 63 genera of myrmicine ants in order to evaluate its taxonomic potential in this difficult subfamily. The survey covers about half of the myrmicine genera, and an but 3 small tribes (Ochetomyrmecini, Melissotarsini, Stegomyrmicini). Interspecific variation in the apparatus is described in a third of the genera examined. In addition, the sting apparatus of the primitive ponerine ant, Amblyopone pallipes is described for comparison with the primitive myrmicines; and the sting associated glands (poison gland, Dufour's gland) are illustrated for single species of Amblyopone, Basiceros, Monomorium, Aphaenogaster, Crematogasier, and Zacryptocerus.
Über ein cretaceisches Geschiebe mit Rhizocorallium Gläseli n. sp. aus dem Diluvium bei Leipzig
(1913)
The Indian Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa) was studied in the field in Assam in north-east India. The aims of the study were two-fold: (i) to understand better this bird's exceptional ability in captivity to imitate human speech; and (ii) to provide background understanding to studies of the importance of early auditory experience and of vocal imitation in the development of normal song patterns in birds. First is given a brief description of the distribution, general behaviour, and breeding biology of this arboreal, sexually isomorphic, semi-gregarious species. The remainder of the monograph deals with vocalizations; these were either tape-recorded in the field, or transcribed directly using a written notation developed for the purpose. Any wild adult Mynah of either sex possesses four categories of vocalizations: (i) 'Chip-call'; a loud piercing squeak made in contexts which include alarm. (ii) 'Um-sound'; a soft grunt, acting in close range social contexts, and (like chip-calls) common to all individuals. (iii) 'Whisper-whistles': several soft sounds of types unique to the individual. (iv) 'Calls': several loud noises, of extremely varied patterns. The bulk of the monograph deals with 'calls', as defined thus. Calls were compared quantitatively with one another by a method developed which measured the degree of overlap of one sonogram with a tracing of a second sonogram. Both by this method and by ear, calls were divided into discrete types, without intermediates. Birds of either sex have a repertoire of usually between five and twelve such call types, some of which are produced much more commonly than others. Repertoires tend to be larger in birds which call more frequently, or which have mates with large repertoires. The repertoire of a given bird stays largely constant from year to year in size. composition, and proportions. No bird shares any of its call types with its mate, but it shares several of them with near neighbours of the same sex. There is a progressive change of dialect with distance, such that birds nesting more than about 14 km apart have no call types in common. No general characteristics of call structure could be found which were indicative of the sex of the caller, but in a known locality the call type made immediately reveals the sex of the bird producing it. Call types are learnt by selective imitation of neighbouring individuals during a young bird's first several months. A call type common in the repertoire of one bird tends also to be common in the repertoire of a neighbour, except at the edge of the limited range of that call type. Which particular call type a calling bird selects from among those in its repertoire is discussed. Few call types could be related to non-auditory contexts. A bird is likely to repeat the call type last made, and also tends to standardize the order in which it produces its different call types; this standard order tends to be the same as that of its neighbours. A birdtends also to reply at once and to standardize the call type it makes in immediate reply to a particular call type of its mate; again, neighbouring pairs of birds tend to use the same standardized call and reply types. The length of the interval between a particular call and its reply tends to be constant in a given pair of birds, and approximately the same in neighbouring pairs. These are all further aspects of extensive but selective vocal imitation by Mynahs of adult birds; other species are not imitated. Information on calling when in contact with other pairs came mainly from playback experiments, when single calls were presented to nesting pairs of Mynahs. Response strength was measured by the incidence of flight, number of subsequent vocalizations, latency of response, and proportion of playbacks ignored. When presented with playbacks of calls of familiar types (of neighbours) and of unknown types (of strangers), birds responded more strongly to the familiar than to the unknown call types. They did, however, respond somewhat to the unknown call types, which were of patterns never previously heard by them, presumably recognizing these as being Mynah calls by their sound quality. Mynahs responded as strongly to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were not in their own repertoire as to playbacks of neighbours' calls which were. A bird tends to match at once the call last heard (either from a tape recorder or from a wild neighbour), itself producing the same call type at once, if it possesses it in its own repertoire. That call type, and others associated with it, also occurs more frequently thereafter. Thus calls heard affect calls made, and vice-versa since other individuals nearby behave similarly. A change of nearest neighbours in successive years was shown to affect one pair's repertoire proportions. Further playback experiments showed that Mynahs were able to distinguish between a single call made by their neighbours and a single call of the same call type made by their mates. Small but consistent differences were found in the sonograms of such calls of the same type made by different birds. The structure of a single call type may change gradually with distance. The development of vocalizations with age is briefly described. In the final discussion sections, the ways in which, and the extent to which, Mynahs are able to determine the species, home locality, sex and individual identity of other Mynahs are outlined. There follow consideration, and comparison with other species: (i) of various aspects of repertoires; (ii) of the distribution of call types among different individuals; (iii) of the dynamic aspects of calling, and a scheme is proposed which accounts for the selection for utterance of a particular call type from the repertoire; and (iv) of the organization and coordination of calling. The lack of imitation of other species in the wild is discussed, and contrasted with the several ways in which wild Mynahs imitate one another in various aspects of their calling.
In einem ausführlichen Verzeichnis sind alle bayerischen Fundorte mit näheren Angaben zusammengestellt. Darüber hinaus soll ein Überblick über die Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Art in Europa und auf der Erde vermittelt werden. Die bis heute bekannte Verbreitung tn Europa läßt den Schluß zu, daß Octodiceras fontanum mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit noch an vielen Stellen aufzufinden sein wird. Die bryosoziologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum werden durch soziologische Aufnahmen aus Ostbayern belegt. Der Vergleich mit Literaturangaben aus anderen europäischen Gebieten ergibt eine recht einheitliche Ausbildung dieser Wassermoosgesellschaft. Außerdem wird versucht, die ökologischen Verhältnisse des Octodiceratetum zu erfassen. Die entsprechenden Ausführungen müssen sich dabei v.a. auf die Untersuchungen in Ostbayern stützen, da aus anderen europäischen Gebieten nur wenige, vergleichbare Angaben vorliegen. Es wird daher in erster Linie angestrebt, vergleichbare Werte für zukünftige Untersuchungen in anderen Gebieten zu liefern. Die derzeitige Kenntnis des ökologischen Faktorenkomplexes für Octodiceras fontanum läßt noch manche Frage offen. Das Literaturverzeichnis enthält den Großteil der Veröffentlichungen über europäische Octodiceras-Standorte. Es wurden bewußt nur die Arbeiten aufgenommen, die auch eingesehen werden konnten.
Results from a comparative anatomical study of the mesosomal skeleton of Chalcidoidea are presented. External and internal features are described and illustrated for 39 chalcidoid taxa, representing 16 families and 29 subfamilies. This is the most comprehensive morphological study ever conducted for the superfamily. The mesosoma was dissected, macerated and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mesothorax and metathorax contributed most of the phylogenetically relevant information. The metafurca is highly variable within Chalcidoidea but seems to be relatively constant at the subfamily level. One hundred and fifty-four morphological characters were scored and analysed cladistically. Outgroup species were chosen from six apocritan superfamilies: Stephanoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Some previously suggested chalcidoid relationships were retrieved: (1) Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae + Miscogasterinae + Panstenoninae; (2) Perilampidae + Eucharitidae; (3) Chalcididae + Leucospidae + Eurytomidae; (4) Eulophidae: Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae + Entedoninae; and (5) Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae, Mymarommatoidea renders Chalcidoidea paraphyletic in our analyses; however, the taxon sample is too restricted to provide a robust hypothesis. Three previously unreported putative autapomorphies of Chalcidoidea were revealed: (1) presence of an exposed, triangular or diamond-shaped prosternum; (2) presence of a percurrent mesopleural sulcus anteriorly terminating in the acropleuron; and (3) presence of paired metapectal plates lateral to the metafurca.
Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics : the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity
(2007)
The currently recognized robust support for the monophyly of the Lepidoptera (and the superorder Amphiesmenoptera comprising Lepidoptera + Trichoptera) is outlined, and the phylogeny of the principal lineages within the order is reviewed succinctly. The state of the taxonomic inventory of Lepidoptera is discussed separately for ‘micro-moths’, ‘macro-moths’ and butterflies, three assemblages on which work has followed historically somewhat different paths. While currently there are about 160,000 described species of Lepidoptera, the total number of extant species is estimated to be around half a million. On average, just over one thousand new species of Lepidoptera have been described annually in recent years. Allowing for the new synonyms simultaneously established, the net increase in species numbers still exceeds 800/year. Most of the additions are foreseeable in the micro-moth grade, but even for butterflies ca 100 species are added annually. Examples of particularly interesting new high-rank taxa that have been described (or whose significance has become realized) since the middle of the 20th century include the non-glossatan lineages represented by Agathiphaga and Heterobathmia and the heteroneuran families Andesianidae, Palaephatidae, Hedylidae and Micronoctuidae. Some thoughts on how present and future systematic lepidopterology might be prioritised are presented.
On the occurence of bats (Chiroptera) in South Tyrol (2): Vespertilionidae Since 1988 the author has been collecting and recording bat observations in South Tyrol. From 1990 to 1991 and from 1995 to 1997, in two different studies, he carried on a survey on the presence, the frequency and the horizontal and vertical dispersal of the various species of bats. The first task was on one hand to search the attics and steeples of about 700 churches and chapels; and, on the other hand, to answer the numerous calls telling of the presence of bats in private houses, to capture bats for a check-up and to inform people about European bats beeing harmless for humans, animals and houses. There is good evidence of 23 species of bats in South Tyrol since 1988 and of the reproduction of 18 of them, as well as there are single discoveries of three further species, and finally summer colonies of two species. As there is no certified evidence of the presence of Pipistrellus pygmaeus and of Plecotus alpinus they have not been included in this record. The data-base already provides a good idea of the presence and frequency of bat-species. Species which are frequent in Central Europe have been found almost everywhere in South Tyrol (e.g. Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus sp.), some of them in several colonies with a considerable number of individuals. The Etsch/ Adige Valley as far up as Meran/Merano - due to its mild climate - makes home for a few Mediterrean species. The few possibilities we got from scientific pubblications to make a comparison with former times let suppose that the bat occurences have diminued only in a few species. The reasons are to search mainly in the diminued offer of food.
The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined. There is a brief review of stylet structure and movement and the possible sensory nature of these organs, followed by a detailed review of the characteristics of aphid stylet paths in plant tissues. The penetration of epidermis and vascular tissues is treated separately while that within the intermediate tissues is covered in relation to leaves and stems, roots, trees, galls and excised tissue as well as in separate sections on Aphis fabae Scopoli and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Stylet destinations and behaviour in the sieve tubes are discussed together with general features such as rate and depth of penetration, guidance to the feeding site, effects of tissue hardness and stylet withdrawal. The ingestion rate of plant sap is reviewed and its constitution and importance examined together with the significance of artificial diets. The salivary secretions including sheaths and tracks, their functions and their role in the transference of material between aphid and host are dealt with. The nature of the physical and internal damage resulting from aphid feeding is briefly covered, and also some plant-insect interrelations. The aphid species whose stylets have been examined in plant tissue are listed.
The objects of this work were to reinvestigate and extend the results announced in a brief note published in 1925 (Murray and Huxley, 1925a). In this paper it was concluded that isolated fragments of the limb buds of the fourday chick are able to self-differentiate when Iiving as grafts on the chorio-allantoic membrane of older chicks; that the bud of the four-day chick is a mosaic; it was hinted that each of the morphological regions of the limb (femur, tibia-fibula, etc.) is represented by a Single piece of the mosaic; that no regeneration or regulation occurs in fragments of the bud, except that it was concluded that if a grafted fragment contains only part of a piece of the mosaic, that part could so regulate its future development as to form the complete morphological region of which it was originally a part, so that a fragment of the bud which contains part only of the region Which would normally form femur will, when growing as a graft, form a complete femur. It will be seen that the results of the present work uphold and confirm the tentative conclusions previously advanced, except in regard to the last point (regulation). A considerable amonnt of further information has also been obtained bearing on tile factors concerned in the development of the form of bones and joints.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
A multi-part theorem is presented concerning the morphogenesis of high-symmetry structures made of three-dimensional morphological units (MU's) free to move on the surface of a sphere. All parts of each MU interact non-specifically with the remainder of the structure, via an isotropic function of distance. Summing all interactions gives a net figure of merit, X, that depends upon MU positions and orientations. The structure evolves via gradient dynamics, each MU moving down the local gradient of I. The analysis is reresented with generality in Fourier space, which eases the expression of symmetry. Structures near symmetry, but far from a local minimum of I, are analyzed. For each, a symmetrical configuration can be found, for which X is an extremum with respect to symmetry-breaking perturbations. Under gradient dynamics, a quadratic measure of such deviations from symmetry decreases monotonically, anywhere in the large basin of attraction of a local minimum. Thus: high symmetry is an attractor. Application is made to icosahedral virus capsids. The Symmetrization Theorem shows that a stable capsid, maintained by non-specific interactions among its capsomeres, could arise generically in a "bottom-up" process. For animated evolutions that selfassemble into high symmetry, visit http://www.albany.edu/~cmarzec/
Comparing the modern level in the biology of gastrointestinal stem cells with that achieved in the hemopoietic stem cell studies, we can say, using Till's expression (1982), that at present the "morphological phase" in the investigations of the former is continuing. Still urgent is the problem of morphological verification of presumable stem cells in colonic crypts and gastric glands. Also important is to clarify the ways of renewal of the well-differentiated but low proliferating activity endocrine cells, the chief cells of the fundic glands, and the cells of Brunner's glands. Further studies of interaction between epithelial and stromal cells are needed. The knowledge of relationships between stem cells and their differentiated "neighbors" in the niches, as well as of peculiarities of contacts between epithelial cells proper and of the cells with the basement membrane is of major importance. It is also necessary to clarify the mechanisms of the stem cells "anchoring" as well as of the disturbances of this important property during carcinogenesis. Briefly summarized below are the most essential, in our opinion, directions of the study of stem cells; some of these have already been started, whereas others can only be predicted. 1. The isolation from normal tissues of the fractions of intact cells enriched with the stem cells, with their subsequent culture. 2. The clarification of the factors governing the regulation of renewal of stem cells: specific stimulators and inhibitors of proliferation; and characterization of the receptor apparatus of stem cells, particularly for the enteropancreatic hormones. 3. The antigenic characteristic of stem cells. 4. The study of molecular peculiarities of DNA replication of clonogenic cells. 5. The molecular aspects of commitment and differentiation of stem cells. 6. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of stem cells in the process of carcinogenesis. 7. The qualitative evaluation of the dynamics of formation and disappearance of carcinogenic DNA adducts in stem cells. 8. The clarification of interspecies features of stem cells as well as of their morphogenetic potentialities in onto- and phylogenesis. 9. The characterization of metaplastic changes in stem cells.
The present paper is a continuation of "The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with Observations all the Birds of Clipperton and Cocos Islands (Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes)". The collection of land bird skins brought back by the Expedition numbers 5,916, exclusive of the Galapagos Dove. The writer lacks the time to study this large number of specimens and therefore deems it advisable to publish his field notes without further delay. In addition to the skins, considerable collections of eggs, nests, and birds and stomachs in alcohol were macle. These also await investigation. The land birds of Cocos Island, Costa Rica, and of the Galapagos Islands are treated in the present connection, with the exception of the Galapagos Dove already considered in the earlier paper. The sequence and nomenclature of species in both papers is that of Sharpe's "Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds." As the species of the genera Geospiza and Camarhynchus demand a thorough revision with all available material at hand, the writer uses provisionally, with a few changes, the specific names as defined by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert and Messrs. Snodgrass and Heller. Wherever the writer fails to recognize a species admitted by these authors, the rejected name is placed in a. selected synonymy. The localities listed for each species also include those mentioned by Messrs. Salvin, Ridgway, Rothschild and Hartert, and Snodgrass and Heller. For a full, description of the botanical regions or zones (dry or arid, moist or humid, and grassy, in order from seashore to mountain top) mentioned in this paper, the reader should refer to Mr. Alban Stewart's paper "A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands."
This paper is a general review of the problem of clutch-size in birds. It grew out of a search through the literature to see to what extent clutch-size trends found in the Robin, Erithaau8 rebecula, might apply generally. Part I. describes those types of clutch-size variation found within any species, Part II. provides a general discussion of the factors involved. In Part IlI, which follows separately later, some of the differences between different species of birds will be considered. Examples are taken mainly from European birds, hence this review is in some ways supplementary to that on African birds by Moreau (1944), to which the present study owes a considerable debt.
On Urnatella gracilis
(1893)
Evidence from archaeological fish bone assemblages from the southern North Sea region of Europe is used to illuminate fishing, fish consumption and fish trade from the 1st to the 16th century AD. The fish species represented in the material indicate a very strong influence from the local fish fauna at almost all sites. The species and size of the fish indicate that several fishing methods have been employed throughout the period studied, including nets, hooks and weirs. A chronological development in fishing, for example, a tendency towards more sea-going fishing, is reflected in the fish bone assemblages in some countlres. Evidence from fishing in the Baltic region from the 5th century BC to the 16th century AD is included in the discussion. Indications of fish trade include bones of exotic species (for instance, matinc species at inland sites) and an unbalanced representation of skeletal clements (trade with decapitated stockfish or gillless hering). Of particular interest are assemblages which indicate a fish industry, for instance, large-scale processing (removal of gills) of herring in 13th century Denmark.
Observations on fish scales
(1913)
El yacimiento de Lezetxiki (Gipuzkoa, País Vasco, España) encierra en sus 10m. de sedimentos una serie interesante de niveles musterienses culminados por otros del Paleolítico Superior. Son los niveles musterienses el objeto de este estudio. La excavación, dirigida por J.M. DE BARANDIARAN entre 1956 y 1968 permitió establecer ocho niveles (I-VIII). Estudios multidisciplinares -sedimentológicos, paleontológicos, palinológicos, antropológicos e industriales-, nos permiten acercarnos a la historia de una de las más antiguas presencias humanas constatadas en el País Vasco. Este estudio pretende situar Lezetxiki en los códigos metodológicos al uso integrándose en las referencias de las provincias culturales cántabra y aquitana. La secuencia muste dense de Lezetxiki se inicia en una fase templada del Riss con la aparición de un húmero humano neanderthalense. El nivel VII acoge las primeras industrias humanas; presencias esporádicas en una época fría en la que dominan los restos de oso y otros carnívoros sobre los ungulados, caza habitual del hombre. El nivel VI refleja un momento templado y húmedo, con desarrollo de amplios bosques de frondosas. Un bagage de utensilios lítico y óseo muy variado relaciona este nivel con el Musteriense Tlpico, que debió desarrollarse en el interglaciar de Eém (Riss-Würm). Durante las oscilaciones del Würm antiguo se dan en Lezetxiki las ocupaciones del nivel V, Iría en la base que contiene el material arqueológico, con industrias parecidas al nivel anterior aunque ahora se cazan especies menores, y el nivel IV que por primera vez refleja una frecuentación repetida de la cueva. La industria lítica es' ahora distinta, mostrando piezas de bordes muy reaprovechados y dominio de raederas que adscriben este nivel al Charentiense. A destacar la presencia de reno, la permanencia de Pliomys lenki y el predominio de ciervo. Todavía son frecuentes los osos y los carnívoros lobo, zorro y pantera. El nivel III conoce oscilaciones climáticas que reflejan la sedimentología y los pólenes, presencia de fauna fría -rinoceronte lanudo, reno, marmota- y más templada -castor, ciervo, bisonte-o Hay restos de hogares y restos humanos atribuidos al hombre de Neanderthal. La industria no presenta ningún paralelismo con las facies clásicas y todos los datos apuntan a que bien los procesos tafonómicos o la complejidad en la identilicación del depósito debido a los buzamientos cruzados del relleno (N-S y W-E) impiden más precisiones. En este nivel se da un claro predominio del equipamiento musteriense -a nivel técnico y tipológico- con importante presencia de materiales netamente auriñacienses. Cierran la secuencia un nivel Gravetiense (el 11) y otro Magdaleniense Final (el 1).
The first key is completed for the Palaearctic Pristiphora Latereille, 1810 species. Pristiphora araratensis sp. n. is descdbed. Pristiphora kamtchatica Malaise, 1931, Pristiphora mesatlantica Lacourt, 1976 and Pristiphora amelanchieris (Takeuchi, 1922) are new synonyms of Pristiphora insularis Rohwer, 1910.
A survey of the freshwater fishes of the Sepik River system of northern Papua New Guinea was undertaken by the authors between 1978 and 1985 with the use of gill nets and rotenone, and also by monitoring catches at local villages and markets. We also include records of past expeditions, namely that of the Dutch naturalist Gjellerup in 1910 and the yacht Illyria in 1929. The total known freshwater fauna as reported herein consists of 57 species in 35 genera and 23 families. The fauna is typical of other sections of New Guinea and northern Australia in that it is dominated by catfishes (Ariidae and Plotosidae), rainbow fishes (Melanotaeniidae), gudgeons (Eleotrididae) and gobies (Gobiidae) which collectively comprise 57 percent of the total species. With the exception of 22 widely distributed species that are frequently estuarine dwellers and are confined to the lower Sepik, the fishes are strongly endemic, either to the Sepik-Ramu drainages (which interconnect during Doods), or the "intermontane trough" composed of the combined Markham, Ramu, Sepik, and Mamberamo systems. Individual accounts, including brief descriptions and information pertaining to habitat, distribution and biology are included for each species. In addition illustrations are provided for many of the endemic species.
Das Untersuchungsgebiet und seine Gewässer werden beschrieben und die Ergebnisse ungefähr zehnjähriger Sammeltätigkeit für vier Ordnungen aquatischer Insekten zusammengefaßt. Die Nachweise von 68 Steinfliegen, 157 Wasserkäfern und 173 Köcherfliegen werden in Artenlisten aufgeführt. Für eine Reihe ausgewählter Arten werden neben den faunistischen Angaben einige taxonomische, zoogeographische und ökologische Hinweise gegeben. Von den Eintagsffiegen werden 39 Taxa besprochen. Eine Steinfliegen- und sieben Köcherfliegenarten sind neu für die bayerische Fauna; Crunoecia kempnyi MORTON und Prolonemura austriaca THEISCHINGER wurden erstmals für Deutschland nachgewiesen.
Presented herein is the first morphological analysis of turtle relationships to examine the monophyly of many turtle groups by using only single species as terminals and by integrating a large number of primitive fossil taxa. The data matrix consists of 136 osteological parsimony informative characters with 169 derived character states for 45 fossil and 22 living species of the clade TESTUDINATA. The results corroborate the monophyly of a large number of previously hypothesized clades, but refute the accepted hypothesis regarding the basal split of living turtles. In particular, the primitive turdes Proterochersis robusta, Kayentachelys aprix, Mongolochelys efremovi, Meiolania platyceps, and Kallokibotion bajazidi are removed from their current position as crown turtles and placed along the phylogenetic stem of this clade. The age of the turtle crown is thereby adjusted from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic, which is relevant to testing molecular clock hypotheses. This revised topology has important implications for the evolution of several character complexes, because it implies that the common ancestor of all living turtles must have had a partially braced brain case and a primitive trochlear mechanism. Other noteworthy conclusions include the tentative exclusion of protostegids from CHELONIOIDEA, the placement of Platysternon megacephalum outside of CHELYDRIDAE, and the tentative interpretation of Sandownia harrisi as a basal eucryptodire.
1. Die beiden Spargelkäfer sind über die Spargelkulturen fast der ganzen Erde verbreitet. 2. Morphologische Unterschiede zwischen den zwei Arten: Körperform, Färbung, Zeichnung. Insbesondere Cr. asparagi zeigt eine außerordentlich starke Variation des Flügeldeckenmusters. Das Material aus unserem hessischen Beobachtungsgebiet wurde daraufhin an anderer Stelle von mir vergleichend untersucht. Beide Käfer besitzen ein Stridulationsorgan (daher "Zirpkäfer"), dessen Bau und Wirkungsweise beschrieben werden. Vasa Malpighi bei Cr. 12punctata schwarzbraun, bei Cr. asparagi weiß. Weibliche Genitalorgane: Ovarien mit durchschnittlich je 12 telotrophen Ovariolen, Receptaculum seminis, keine Anhangsdrüsen; Unterschiede bei beiden Arten in der Form des Receptaculums und vor allem im Bau des Ohitingerüstes. Ein Weibchen bringt etwa 70-100 Eier hervor. Männliche Genitalorgane : Lebhaft dunkelgelb gefärbte, annähernd kugelige Hoden, Vasa deferentia mit je zwei verschieden geformten Drüsen, unpaarer Ductus innerhalb des Penisgerüstes zur Ampulle erweitert. 3. Biologische Unterschiede der beiden Arten: "Hähnchen" mehr eurytherm, größere Neigung zum "Totstellen", Antennen in der Ruhe parallel nach vorne gerichtet, geringere Thigmotaxis, früherer Beginn der Eiablage; die bräunlich schwarzen Eier werden mit dem einen Pol an die Pflanze geklebt. Larve im allgemeinen dunkel grünlichgrau, Kopf schwarz. "Zwölfpunkt" lebhafter, neigt mehr zum Abfliegen, Antennen in der Ruhe in spitzem Winkel nach vorne gerichtet; die helleren, bräunlich grünen Eier werden der Länge nach an die Zweige geklebt. Larve (ob durchwegs?) schmutziggelb mit gelber Kopfkapsel. Wenigstens in der zweiten Generation in den Spargelbeeren lebend. Beide Arten haben höchstwahrscheinlich doppelte Generation. Überwinterung als Käfer am Boden, unter Pflanzenresten, in Spargelstrünken usw. 4. Die Käfer und besonders ihre Larven skelettieren durch ihren Fraß die grünen Spargeltriebe, indem sie sie ihres Chlorophylls berauben. Die dadurch am meisten gefährdete Altersstufe ist die einjährige Pflanze.
Die Wege, die zur Erreichung homozygoter Bestände führen, sind die Inzucht und die Selektion. In der bisher über das Inzuchtgeschehen vorliegenden Literatur ist der stets gleichzeitig wirksame Einfluß der Selektion mit einer Ausnahme (Robbins 21) unberücksichtigt gelassen. Um zu einem möglichst exakten Vergleichsmaßstab zwischen Erwartung und Beobachtung bei Inzuchtversuchen zu kommen, muß die Selektion mit einbezogen werden. Es wurde sowohl für 1 als auch 2 Anlagenpaare unter jeweiliger Aufstellung eines Systems von Differenzengleichungen die prozentuale Zunahme der reinerbigen Individuen bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion nach dem Dominantphänotyp ermittelt. Zum Vergleich der anteiligen Häufigkeit der reinerbigen Individuen in den einzelnen Generationen wurde bei 1 Anlagenpaar die Selektion und die Geschwisterpaarung, bei 2 Anlagenpaaren nur die Selektion herangezogen. Der Prozentsatz der homozygoten Individuen liegt bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion jeweils über dem bei ausschließlicher Selektion oder Geschwisterpaarung. Um einen zu 99 % homozygoten Bestand zu erhalten, sind im Falle der Monohybridspaltung bei Selektion 198 Generationen, bei Geschwisterpaarung 20 Generationen und bei Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion 12 Generationen notwendig; im Falle der Dihybridspaltung benötigt die Selektion 396 Generationen, die Geschwisterpaarung + Selektion 14 Generationen. Bei Selektion nach dem Dominantphänotyp ist die zur Erreichung eines bestimmten Homozygotenprozentsatzes notwendige Generationenzahl eine lineare Funktion der Zahl der Anlagenpaare. Zum Beispiel gilt y = 19S x; dabei bedeutet x die Zahl der Anlagenpaare und y die Anzahl der Generationen, die notwendig ist, damit der Bestand zu 99% aus Homozygoten besteht. Die Schaffung erbreiner Bestände würde wesentlich b!=günstigt sein, wenn man einige erbreine Tiere kennen würde. Zur Prüfung eines Tieres auf seine Erbveranlagung werden in der Literatur 1. Paarung an die rezessive Form, 2. Paarung an sichere Heterozygote und 3, Paarung an eigene Nachkommen angegeben. Für diese 3 Verfahren ist die notwendige Mindestzahl von Nachkommen von nur dominante Phänotyp bei Monohybridspaltung bereits berechnet. Es wurden die entsprechenden Werte für Dihybridspaltung errechnet und gleichzeitig die Geschwisterpaarung mit einbezogen. Die sich für 2 Anlagenpaareergebendcn Werte liegen nur um ein Geringes höher als die entsprechenden bei einem Anlagenpaar. Bei Geschwisterpaarung werden weniger Anpaarungen benötigt als bei Eltern-Nachkommenpaarung; die erstere Form der Prüfung ist bei uniparen Tieren nicht durchführbar. Abschließend kann man sagen, daß es durchaus möglich ist auch bei den Haustieren erbreine Stämme in zum mindesten 2 Anlagenpaaren planmäßig herauszüchten. Gelingt es nicht, nach einem der entwickelten Genotypprüfungsverfahren einzelne in den gewünschten Erbanlagen erbreine Individnen festzustellen, so ist immer durch Inzucht und planmäßige Selektion - allerdings erst in durchschnittlich längerer Zeit - die Möglichkeit gegeben, solche in größerer Zahl zu erhalten. Für polyhybrid geartete ZüchtuDgsaufgaben kann man eine Aufgabe nach der anderen lösen. Hat man z. B. einen Bestand von der genetischen Konstitution AaBbCcDdEe, dann faßt man zunächst nur 2 Anlagenpaare ins Auge - etwa AaBb - und schafft sich die Tiere, welche in diesen beiden Faktorenpaaren homozygot sind - alle anderon merzt man. Nun geht man zu den nächsten 2 Faktorenpaarcn - CcDd - über und züchtet auf die gleiche Weise AABBOCDD-Tiere. Der Zufall könnte es wollen, daß man gleichzeitig in dem Faktorenpaar EE .homozygote Tiere erhält. Ist dies aber nicht der Fall, so kann man nun in höchstens 2 Schritten auch in dem Anlagenpaar EE homozygote Individuen herauszüchten. Also auch in dem Fall des Polyhybridismus kann man nach und nach erbreine Stämme erhalten. Wünschenswert wäre es allerdings, wenn man auch für den Fall der Mehranlagigkeit möglichst exakte Vergleichsmaßstäbe für die Beurteilung der Inzucht- und Auslesevorgänge haben würde. Es wird eine spätere Aufgabe sein die prozentuale Zunahme der Homozygotie bei Geschwisterpaarung für 2 Anlagenpaare zu ermitteln und dieselben Untersuchungen auf 3 Anlagenpaare auszudehnen. Dann läßt sich vielleicht schon eine Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der Anlagenpaare erkennen und der Prozentsatz der Homozygoten in einem Bestand bei Inzucht- und Selektionsversuchen als Funktion der Anzahl der Anlagenpaare und der Generationenzahl darstellen. Ferner wird es notwendig sein, die gleichen Untersuchungen unter verschiedenen Selektionsvoraussetzungen und auch für verschiedene Arten der Verwandtschaftspaarung durchzuführen. Schließlich ist bei all diesen Untersuchungen noch ein Moment unerwähnt geblieben: Es kann der Fall eintreten, daß mehrere Genpaare miteinander gekoppelt sind; folglich bleibt auch noch die Abhängigkeit vom Koppelungsgrad zu ermitteln. Aus diesen kurzen Hinweisen geht schon hervor, daß die Mathematik noch viel Arbeit zu leisten hat, damit der Biologie das Rüstzeug erhält, welches er für eine exakte Beurteilung der überall wirksamen Inzucht- und Auslesevorgänge benötigt.
This checklist of the lichens and Iichenicolous fungi of Chile (including the Antarctic ten-itory, Juan Fernandez and Easter island) includes 1415 taxa in 304 genera of which 1383 are lichens (in 281 genera), and 32 are lichenicolaus fungi (in 23 genera). Full bibliographic citations are given for both accepted taxa and for synonyms and references to relevant literature are included for most genera. The following new combinations are proposed: Caloplaca austroshetlandica (Zahlbr.) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Dendriscocaulon calithamnion (Taylor) D.J. Galloway & Quilhot, Neuropogon durietzii (Motyka) D.J. Galloway & Qllilhot, Neuropogon patagonicus (F.J. Walker) DJ. Galloway & Quilhot, and Neuropogon subamarcticus (F. J. Walker) D.,T. Galloway & Quilhot.
Les Microgasterinae d'A.O.F.
(1951)
Aus den nordostmecklenburgischen Niederungen werden folgende Pflanzengesellschaften nicht intensiv genutzter Kalkmoore beschrieben: Schoenus ferrugineus-Primula farinosa Ges., Carex buxbaumii-Primula farinosa-Ges., Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges., drei Gesellschaften aus der Gruppe der Juncus subnodulosus-Gesellschaften, ferner die Betula pubescens-Lotus uliginosus-Ges. und die Betula pubescens-Rhamnus cathartica·Ges. Das Schoenetum Mecklenburgs steht in pflanzengeographischer Beziehung zwischen dem präalpischen und dem baltischen Schoenetum. Durch Austrocknung entsteht aus ihm die Carex buxbaumii-Ges. und durch schwache Eutrophierung die Primula farinosa-Carex panicea-Ges. Die Juncus subnodulosus-Vegetation wird in drei Gesellschaften gegliedert. Die gehölzarmen Kalkmoore sind von Birkengesellschaften umgeben, die nicht Ersatzgesellschaften eutropher Bruchwälder darstellen. Auf tiefem, neutral reagierenden, aber nährstoffarmen Torf sind wahrscheinlich Birkengesellschaften und nicht Erlenbruchwälder Dauergesellschaften.
Los Lumbrineridae están comprendidos en la superfamilia Eunicoidea dentro de la cual se relacionan por un lado con los Eunicidae, Onuphidae e Iphiltimidae y por otro con los Arabellidae. Con los primeros tienen algunas afinidades en la estnlctura del complejo maxilo-mandiblllar, y con los segundos coinciden en la morfologÍa externa (extremo anterior, parapodios). En el área considerada han sido halladas 15 especies, todas las cuales están representadas en las colecciones estudiadas. Dos de ellas son nuevas para la ciencia y once son citadas por primera vez para la provincia biogeográfica Argentina. De los 5 géneros comprendidos. dos han sido creados en este trabajo, e incluyen varias especies antes asignadas al género axial Lumbrineris. Ello fue posible por haberse dispuesto de ejemplaTes muy bien conservados que pel'luitieron un detenido estudio comparativo de las mandíbulas, maxilas, parapodios, etc.