Linguistik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Part of a Book (591)
- Article (375)
- Working Paper (117)
- Conference Proceeding (106)
- Preprint (97)
- Report (32)
- Book (26)
- Doctoral Thesis (16)
- Part of Periodical (16)
- Review (16)
Language
- English (1397) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (1397)
Keywords
- Syntax (113)
- Englisch (109)
- Deutsch (86)
- Spracherwerb (79)
- Semantik (71)
- Phonologie (63)
- Phonetik (48)
- Informationsstruktur (42)
- Thema-Rhema-Gliederung (41)
- Sprachtest (36)
- Sprachtypologie (36)
- Sinotibetische Sprachen (35)
- Morphologie (34)
- Computerlinguistik (33)
- Intonation <Linguistik> (31)
- Formale Semantik (30)
- Generative Transformationsgrammatik (30)
- Metapher (29)
- Wortstellung (29)
- Kontrastive Linguistik (28)
- Optimalitätstheorie (27)
- Japanisch (26)
- Linguistik (26)
- Prosodie (26)
- Bantusprachen (25)
- Prädikat (25)
- Russisch (25)
- Nominalisierung (24)
- Pragmatik (24)
- Chinesisch (23)
- Polnisch (23)
- Verb (23)
- Lexikologie (22)
- Grammatik (21)
- Artikulation (19)
- Bedeutungswandel (19)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen (18)
- Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft (18)
- Relativsatz (17)
- Slawische Sprachen (16)
- Rezension (15)
- Griechisch (14)
- Indogermanische Sprachen (14)
- German (13)
- Morphologie <Linguistik> (13)
- Nungisch (13)
- Topikalisierung (13)
- focus (13)
- Artikulatorische Phonetik (12)
- Interrogativsatz (12)
- Kindersprache (12)
- Morphosyntax (12)
- Referenzidentität (12)
- Sprachverstehen (12)
- Aspekt (11)
- Kongress (11)
- Pronomen (11)
- Sprachliche Universalien (11)
- Adjunkt <Linguistik> (10)
- Grammatiktheorie (10)
- Neugriechisch (10)
- Tagalog (10)
- Valenz <Linguistik> (10)
- Anapher <Syntax> (9)
- Aspekt <Linguistik> (9)
- Bedeutung (9)
- Französisch (9)
- Koreanisch (9)
- Maschinelle Übersetzung (9)
- Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammar (9)
- Niederländisch (9)
- Qiang-Sprache (9)
- Retroflex (9)
- Satzakzent (9)
- Syntaktische Analyse (9)
- Topik (9)
- Adverb (8)
- Artikulator (8)
- Generative Grammatik (8)
- Konsonant (8)
- Mittelenglisch (8)
- Oberflächenstruktur <Linguistik> (8)
- Silbe (8)
- Sprachstatistik (8)
- Thematische Relation (8)
- Tiefenstruktur (8)
- Zischlaut (8)
- syntax (8)
- Akustische Phonetik (7)
- Baltoslawische Sprachen (7)
- Bulgarisch (7)
- Chewa-Sprache (7)
- Diskursanalyse (7)
- Extraposition (7)
- Kognitive Linguistik (7)
- Konnotation (7)
- Nominalphrase (7)
- Spezifität (7)
- Ungarisch (7)
- Verschlusslaut (7)
- Vokal (7)
- information structure (7)
- prosody (7)
- Übersetzung (7)
- Adjektiv (6)
- Aufsatzsammlung (6)
- Drung (6)
- Grammatische Kategorie (6)
- Italienisch (6)
- Kasus (6)
- Klitisierung (6)
- Kontrastive Phonetik (6)
- Lautwandel (6)
- Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (6)
- Lokativ (6)
- Malagassi-Sprache (6)
- Palatalisierung (6)
- Präsupposition (6)
- Quantor (6)
- Referenz <Linguistik> (6)
- Spanisch (6)
- Transitivität (6)
- Affrikata (5)
- Demonstrativpronomen (5)
- Dialog (5)
- Ergativ (5)
- Erzählen, pragm. (5)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (5)
- Genus verbi (5)
- Japanese (5)
- Kommunikationsanalyse (5)
- Kontrastive Grammatik (5)
- Kontrastive Phonologie (5)
- Kontrastive Syntax (5)
- Kroatisch (5)
- Lehnwort (5)
- Metonymie (5)
- Nomen (5)
- Personalpronomen (5)
- Plural (5)
- Portugiesisch (5)
- Prädikation (5)
- Range Concatenation Grammar (5)
- Reibelaut (5)
- Satz (5)
- Satzanalyse (5)
- Satztyp (5)
- Skopus (5)
- Soziolinguistik (5)
- Sprachlehrbuch (5)
- Sprachwandel (5)
- Stimmhaftigkeit (5)
- Stimmlosigkeit (5)
- Tempus (5)
- Uralische Sprachen (5)
- givenness (5)
- topic (5)
- Amerikanisches Englisch (4)
- Arabisch (4)
- Auditive Phonetik (4)
- Austronesische Sprachen (4)
- Baltische Sprachen (4)
- Bindungstheorie <Linguistik> (4)
- Definitheit (4)
- Diachronie (4)
- Dialektologie (4)
- Distribution <Linguistik> (4)
- Evolutionstheorie (4)
- Experimentelle Phonetik (4)
- Frage (4)
- Frau (4)
- Funktionale Kategorie (4)
- Genitiv (4)
- Gradpartikel (4)
- Hilfsverb (4)
- Isländisch (4)
- Koartikulation (4)
- Kompositum (4)
- Kopula (4)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (4)
- Litauisch (4)
- Markiertheit (4)
- Methodologie (4)
- Modalverb (4)
- Modifikation <Linguistik> (4)
- Morphonologie (4)
- Nebensatz (4)
- Neurolinguistik (4)
- Objekt (4)
- Perfekt (4)
- Possessivität (4)
- Possessivkonstruktion (4)
- Proto-Tibetobirmanisch (4)
- Referenzsemantik (4)
- Rumänisch (4)
- Scrambling (4)
- Sprachkontakt (4)
- Symposium (4)
- Syntaktische Kongruenz (4)
- Textlinguistik (4)
- Transkription (4)
- Türkisch (4)
- Unbestimmtheit (4)
- Universalgrammatik (4)
- Verbalnomen (4)
- Wortbildung (4)
- alternative semantics (4)
- lexical semantics (4)
- Ableitung <Linguistik> (3)
- Adverbiale (3)
- Afrikanische Sprachen (3)
- Anlaut (3)
- Argument <Linguistik> (3)
- Auslaut (3)
- Belhare (3)
- Cahuilla-Sprache (3)
- Croatian (3)
- Deskriptivität (3)
- Diskursrepräsentationstheorie (3)
- Ergänzung <Linguistik> (3)
- Ergänzungsfragesatz (3)
- Erzählen (3)
- Finnisch (3)
- Fremdsprachenunterricht (3)
- Gesprochene Sprache (3)
- Grammatikalisation (3)
- Grammatische Relation (3)
- Historische Sprachwissenschaft (3)
- Hypotaxe (3)
- Indogermanisch (3)
- Infinitkonstruktion (3)
- Instrumental (3)
- Inuktitut (3)
- Junktur (3)
- Konstruktionsgrammatik (3)
- Konversation (3)
- Körperteil (3)
- Lexikographie (3)
- Literary translation (3)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (3)
- Modalität <Linguistik> (3)
- Morphem (3)
- Negation (3)
- Passiv (3)
- Patholinguistik (3)
- Phonem (3)
- Postulat (3)
- Proto-Indo-European (3)
- Präposition (3)
- Reflexivpronomen (3)
- Satzglied (3)
- Satzsemantik (3)
- Satzteil (3)
- Schweizerdeutsch (3)
- Software (3)
- Spaltsatz (3)
- Spieltheorie (3)
- Spracherwerb, biling. (3)
- Sprachproduktion (3)
- Sprachtheorie (3)
- Sprachwahrnehmung (3)
- Stimmgebung (3)
- Suffix (3)
- Swahili (3)
- Thai (3)
- Tonologie (3)
- Tree Adjoining Grammar (3)
- Tschechisch (3)
- Velar (3)
- Verwandtschaftsbezeichnung (3)
- Wirtschaft (3)
- Wortakzent (3)
- Wortfeld (3)
- Zweitsprachenerwerb (3)
- adverbial quantification (3)
- aspect (3)
- conjunction (3)
- contrastive focus (3)
- counterfactuals (3)
- hrvatski (3)
- intonation (3)
- linguistics (3)
- negation (3)
- pragmatics (3)
- reconstruction (3)
- relative clauses (3)
- scalar implicature (3)
- sociolinguistics (3)
- tense (3)
- word order (3)
- Aerodynamik (2)
- Affix (2)
- Albanisch (2)
- Altenglisch (2)
- Antonym (2)
- Argumentstruktur (2)
- Aspiration <Linguistik> (2)
- Aufforderungssatz (2)
- Australische Sprachen (2)
- Aymara (2)
- Bantu (2)
- Baskisch (2)
- Bedeutungsverschlechterung (2)
- Berbersprachen (2)
- Bewegungsverb (2)
- Biolinguistik (2)
- Brasilien (2)
- Chatten <Kommunikation> (2)
- Consecutio temporum (2)
- Deixis (2)
- Deklination (2)
- Denominativ (2)
- Deutschunterricht (2)
- Deverbativ (2)
- Dialekt (2)
- Diboov zakon (2)
- Direct speech representation (2)
- Diskontinuität (2)
- Dybo’s law (2)
- Emotion (2)
- English (2)
- Epenthese (2)
- Evidentialität (2)
- Faktiv (2)
- Feldlinguistik (2)
- Finite Verbform (2)
- Finnish (2)
- Flexion (2)
- Focus (2)
- Freier Relativsatz (2)
- Frühneuhochdeutsch (2)
- Ganda-Sprache (2)
- Geschlechterforschung (2)
- Grammaires d’Arbres Adjoints (2)
- Hebräisch (2)
- Herausstellung (2)
- Hobongan (2)
- Höflichkeit (2)
- Höflichkeitsform (2)
- Implikatur (2)
- Infinitiv (2)
- Information structure (2)
- Intonation (2)
- Irisch (2)
- Kajkavian (2)
- Kanuri-Sprache (2)
- Katalanisch (2)
- Kausativ (2)
- Keltische Sprachen (2)
- Kernspintomographie (2)
- Khoisan (2)
- Kiezdeutsch (2)
- Kind (2)
- Kiranti (2)
- Kleidung (2)
- Kognitionswissenschaft (2)
- Konditionalsatz (2)
- Konjugation (2)
- Konjunktiv (2)
- Kontext (2)
- Kontrastive Semantik (2)
- Kontrolle <Linguistik> (2)
- Konversationsanalyse (2)
- Konversion <Linguistik> (2)
- Korean (2)
- L2 (2)
- Laryngal (2)
- Lautmalerei (2)
- Lautsprache (2)
- Lexik (2)
- Lokalbezeichnung (2)
- MCTAG (2)
- Makonde-Sprache (2)
- Milieu, Soziolinguistik (2)
- Modalität (2)
- Modifikator (2)
- Modus (2)
- Nama-Sprache (2)
- Namenkunde (2)
- Nichtlineare Phonologie (2)
- Nominalkompositum (2)
- Numerale (2)
- Numerus (2)
- Paiwan (2)
- Palatal (2)
- Palatographie (2)
- Parataxe (2)
- Partikel (2)
- Partizipation (2)
- Persisch (2)
- Philippinen-Austronesisch (2)
- Phrasenkompositum (2)
- Phrasenstrukturgrammatik (2)
- Polarität (2)
- Political correctness (2)
- Preußisch (2)
- Pro-Form (2)
- Proto-Slavic (2)
- Prädikativsatz (2)
- Psycholinguistik (2)
- Quantifizierung <Linguistik> (2)
- Relevanz <Linguistik> (2)
- Restriktiver Relativsatz (2)
- Salish-Sprache (2)
- Schwedisch (2)
- Serbisch (2)
- Sotho (2)
- Sprachkompetenz (2)
- Sprachlehrforschung (2)
- Sprachliches Merkmal (2)
- Sprachlogik (2)
- Sprachverarbeitung (2)
- Sprachverarbeitung <Psycholinguistik> (2)
- Sprechtempo (2)
- Spurtheorie (2)
- Stimmband (2)
- Subjekt (2)
- Suchmaschine (2)
- Temporalsatz (2)
- Tharaka (2)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Sinotibetische Sprachen (2)
- Tier (2)
- Tiere (2)
- Tod (2)
- Tree Adoining Grammar (2)
- Tree Description Grammar (2)
- Tumbuka-Sprache (2)
- Typologie (2)
- Unterrichtstechnologie (2)
- Vagheit (2)
- Verben (2)
- Vietnamese (2)
- Visualisierung (2)
- Vorname (2)
- Wissenschaftsgeschichte (2)
- Yoruba-Sprache (2)
- Zulu (2)
- Zulu-Sprache (2)
- accentuation (2)
- akcentuacija (2)
- case (2)
- cleft constructions (2)
- comparatives (2)
- constructed dialogue (2)
- contrast (2)
- conversational dialogue (2)
- corpus linguistics (2)
- cyclicity (2)
- dass (2)
- definite descriptions (2)
- discourse (2)
- discourse particles (2)
- domain restriction (2)
- double access (2)
- explicitation (2)
- fictional dialogue (2)
- fictionality (2)
- focus ambiguity (2)
- focus intonation (2)
- focus movement (2)
- focus types (2)
- grammaticalization (2)
- hybridity (2)
- hypothetical speech (2)
- identity (2)
- kajkavski (2)
- kinds (2)
- language acquisition (2)
- language change (2)
- language contact (2)
- linguistic approaches to dialogue (2)
- maximize presupposition (2)
- morphological focus marking (2)
- narrative (2)
- narrative structure (2)
- narratology (2)
- parsing (2)
- performance (2)
- presupposition (2)
- presupposition projection (2)
- presuppositions (2)
- processing (2)
- pronoun (2)
- quantification (2)
- quantifiers (2)
- relative clause (2)
- relevance theory (2)
- retranslation (2)
- rhetorical approaches to dialogue in narrative (2)
- scope (2)
- scope of focus (2)
- scrambling (2)
- second occurrence focus (2)
- semantics (2)
- speech acts (2)
- speech tagging (2)
- stylistics (2)
- subjectivity (2)
- telicity (2)
- topicalization (2)
- translation universals (2)
- type composition logic (2)
- typology (2)
- underspecification (2)
- uniqueness (2)
- unreliable narration (2)
- wh-question (2)
- Čakavian (2)
- čakavski (2)
- Štokavian (2)
- štokavski (2)
- "Rabbit" tetralogy (1)
- "The Sisters" (1)
- (Morpho)syntactic focus strategy (1)
- (implicit) prosody (1)
- (non-)gradable predicate (1)
- (un)conditionals (1)
- -tari (1)
- -toka (1)
- 18. stoljeće (1)
- 20th century (1)
- A Touch of Frost (1)
- Abar- movement (1)
- Abduktion <Logik> (1)
- Adamaua-Ost-Sprachen (1)
- Adjective (1)
- Adversativsatz (1)
- Afar (1)
- Affigierung (1)
- Afro-Asiatic (1)
- Akan-Sprache (1)
- Aktionsart (1)
- Akustische Spektrographie (1)
- Albanian literature (1)
- Alemannic dialects (1)
- Algorithmus (1)
- Allomorph (1)
- Alsace (1)
- Altaisch (1)
- Alternative Questions (1)
- Alternativfragen (1)
- Altgriechisch (1)
- Altitalienisch (1)
- Alveolar (1)
- Ambiguität (1)
- Anatolische Sprachen (1)
- Anführungszeichen (1)
- Angewandte Linguistik (1)
- Anglismus (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Antikausativ (1)
- Applikativ (1)
- Appraisal Theory (1)
- Aramäisch (1)
- Arzt-Patient-Interaktion (1)
- Aschanti-Sprache (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asymmetrie (1)
- Attischer Dialekt (1)
- Attribut (1)
- Auslassung (1)
- Ausrufesatz (1)
- Austronesian (1)
- Automatentheorie (1)
- Automatische Spracherkennung (1)
- Autosegmentale Phonologie (1)
- Bahasa Indonesia (1)
- Bantoid (1)
- Barnes (1)
- Basaa-Sprache (1)
- Baushi (1)
- Bdeutungswandel (1)
- Bedeutungsunterschied (1)
- Bedrohte Sprache (1)
- Belebtheit <Grammatik> (1)
- Belharisch (1)
- Bemba-Sprache (1)
- Benutzernamen (1)
- Benutzeroberfläche (1)
- Berlin <2001> (1)
- Bezug / Linguistik (1)
- Bibliografie (1)
- Bibliographie (1)
- Binarismus (1)
- Binding (1)
- Broad focus (1)
- Burgenland Croatian (1)
- COCA (1)
- Cantonese (1)
- Caryl Churchill (1)
- Cayuga-Sprache (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Chomsky (1)
- Chomsky, Noam (1)
- Christianus C. (1)
- Clitic Doubling (1)
- Clitic-Doubling (1)
- Closure (1)
- Cochlear-Implantat (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cognitive Linguistics (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computertomographie (1)
- Computervermittelte Kommunikation (1)
- Conceptual Metaphor (1)
- Coreference annotation (1)
- Croatian dialectology (1)
- Cross-dialectal Diversity (1)
- Cultural Model (1)
- Daqan (1)
- Datenbanksystem (1)
- Datenstruktur (1)
- Death in Venice (1)
- Demokratische Republik Kongo (1)
- Dentallaut (1)
- Description Tree Grammar (1)
- Determination <Linguistik> (1)
- Determinativ (1)
- Deutsch als Fremdsprache (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Deutschlandbild (1)
- Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) (1)
- Direktes Objekt (1)
- Disambiguierung (1)
- Discourse analysis (1)
- Discourse mediation (1)
- Disjunktion <Logik> (1)
- Diskurs (1)
- Dolmetschen (1)
- Downstep (1)
- Doyle (1)
- Dreisprachigkeit (1)
- Dutch (1)
- Dybo's law (1)
- Dyboov zakon (1)
- Dänisch (1)
- EKoti (1)
- Edith Wharton (1)
- Edward (1)
- Ehe <Motiv> (1)
- Eindeutigkeit (1)
- Einführung (1)
- Elektroglottographie (1)
- Elektromagnetische Artikulographie (1)
- Elision (1)
- Ellipse <Linguistik> (1)
- Empirische Linguistik (1)
- Enatthembo (1)
- Englischunterricht (1)
- English translation (1)
- Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP) (1)
- Ereignissemantik (1)
- Ergebnis (1)
- Erkenntnistheorie (1)
- Erzählperspektive (1)
- Erzählstrategie (1)
- Erzähltheorie (1)
- Eskimo (1)
- Essen (1)
- Estnisch (1)
- Estonian (1)
- Etymologie (1)
- Euphemismus (1)
- Europa (1)
- Everyday language (1)
- Evidenz (1)
- Evolution of Language (1)
- Ewe-Sprache (1)
- Existentialsatz (1)
- Expletiv (1)
- F-marking (1)
- Facework (1)
- Fachsprache (1)
- Familie (1)
- Fang-Kuei (1)
- Faïza Guène (1)
- Feministische Literaturwissenschaft (1)
- Fictional dialogue (1)
- Finnish language (1)
- Fipa (1)
- Focus ambiguity (1)
- Focus marker (1)
- Fokus (1)
- Foodo (1)
- Formale Sprache (1)
- Formalismes syntaxiques (1)
- Fragebogen (1)
- Frankfurt <Main, 2003> (1)
- Frankokanadisch (1)
- Fremdsprache (1)
- French translation (1)
- Frost at Christmas (1)
- Frühneuenglisch (1)
- Funktionalismus <Linguistik> (1)
- Funktionsverb (1)
- Futur (1)
- Fuzzy-Logik (1)
- Fußball (1)
- G-marking (1)
- Galician (1)
- Galicisch (1)
- Gallizismus (1)
- Galloitalienisch (1)
- Gemination (1)
- Genderlinguistik (1)
- Generic NLP Architecture (1)
- Generische Aussage (1)
- Generizität (1)
- Genuswechsel (1)
- Geografie (1)
- German language Spoken German (1)
- German language Study and teaching (1)
- Germanisch (1)
- Germanismus (1)
- Gerundium (1)
- Gerundivum (1)
- Geschehensverb (1)
- Geschichte (1)
- Geschlechtergerechte Sprache (1)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (1)
- Geschmack (1)
- Gesellschaft für Semantik (1)
- Gestalt theory (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Gleitlaut (1)
- Glossar (1)
- Glottalisierung (1)
- Glottisverschlusslaut (1)
- Glück (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gotisch (1)
- Grammatikalisierung (1)
- Grammatikalität (1)
- Grammatikunterricht (1)
- Grammatisches Subjekt (1)
- Greek child speech (1)
- Greek child-directed speech (1)
- Greek language acquisition (1)
- Gujarati (1)
- Gur (1)
- Gälisch-Schottisch (1)
- HPSG Parsing (1)
- HTP (1)
- Halbvokal (1)
- Halbī (1)
- Handedness (1)
- Hausa (1)
- Haya (1)
- Henry James (1)
- Herero-Sprache (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Hethitisch (1)
- Hindi (1)
- Hirnfunktion (1)
- Historische Phonetik (1)
- Historische Phonologie (1)
- Historische Syntax (1)
- Holocene (1)
- Hypertext (1)
- Höflichkeit, Sprachstil (1)
- Hörstörung (1)
- Hörverstehen (1)
- IE (1)
- Icelandic Family Sagas (1)
- Identity (1)
- Ikon (1)
- Illokutiver Akt (1)
- Immersion (1)
- Inchoativ (1)
- Indefinitpronomen (1)
- Indianersprachen (1)
- Indien (1)
- Indirect translation (1)
- Indogermanistik (1)
- Infix (1)
- Inkorporation <Linguistik> (1)
- Intensionale Logik (1)
- Interferenz (1)
- Interkulturelles Lernen (1)
- Interlinearversion (1)
- Internationale Migration (1)
- Interpretation (1)
- Intervention Effects (1)
- Interventionseffekte (1)
- Inuit-Sprache (1)
- Inversion <Grammatik> (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Jahrestagung (1)
- Jakutisch (1)
- James Joyce (1)
- Je suis Charlie (1)
- Jean / Siebenkäs (1)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1)
- John Updike (1)
- Jugendsprache (1)
- Juxtaposition (1)
- Kaingáng (1)
- Kamerun (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Kantonesisch (1)
- Katze (1)
- Kaukasische Sprachen (1)
- Kehlkopf (1)
- Kikuyu (1)
- Kleinkind (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kognitive Entwicklung (1)
- Kognitive Semantik (1)
- Kollokationen (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Komoren (1)
- Komponentenanalyse (1)
- Komponentenanalyse <Linguistik> (1)
- Kompositionalität (1)
- Konfiguration <Linguistik> (1)
- Kongo-Sprache (1)
- Kongressbericht (1)
- Konjunktion (1)
- Konkomba (1)
- Konnektionismus (1)
- Konsekutivsatz (1)
- Konsonantengruppe (1)
- Konstruktion <Linguistik> (1)
- Kontamination <Wortbildung> (1)
- Kontrastive Linguistik , Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft (1)
- Kontrastive Morphologie (1)
- Kontrastive Pragmatik (1)
- Konvergenztheorie (1)
- Koordination <Linguistik> (1)
- Kopulasatz (1)
- Koti (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Kreativität (1)
- Krieg (1)
- Kuanua (1)
- Kurdish (1)
- Kutenai (1)
- Kwa-Sprachen (1)
- KwaNdebele (1)
- LFG (1)
- LTAG (1)
- Language Mapping (1)
- Language Perception (1)
- Language acquisition (1)
- Latein (1)
- Latin (1)
- Lautgesetz (1)
- Lautsymbolik (1)
- Lautwahrnehmung (1)
- Learning strategies (1)
- Lebensmittel (1)
- Lehnprägung (1)
- Lehnübersetzung (1)
- Lehrbuch (1)
- Lehrerbildung (1)
- Leipzig <2001> (1)
- Lerntheorie (1)
- Lexical Resource Semantics (1)
- Lexical Ressource Semantics (1)
- Lexikalisierung (1)
- Li (1)
- Lied (1)
- Linguistic change (1)
- Literarischer Dialog (1)
- Literary dialogue (1)
- Literary pragmatics (1)
- Logische Form <Linguistik> (1)
- Logische Partikel (1)
- Logopädie (1)
- Lokale Präposition (1)
- London <1990> (1)
- Luxemburgisch (1)
- Makua-Sprache (1)
- Malawi (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Mandarin (1)
- Mandarin Chinese (1)
- Mann (1)
- Manx (1)
- Marker <Linguistik> (1)
- MaxElide (1)
- Maya-Sprache (1)
- Mboshi-Sprache (1)
- Mediality (1)
- Medien (1)
- Mediensprache, Fernsehen (1)
- Medium (1)
- Mehrworteinheit (1)
- Melanesische Sprachen (1)
- Mental Model Construction (1)
- Mentalism (1)
- Metaphor (1)
- Metatonie (1)
- Metre (1)
- Metrische Phonologie (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikronesische Sprachen (1)
- Mittelchinesisch (1)
- Mobile Telekommunikation (1)
- Modalpartikel (1)
- Mohawk (1)
- Mongolisch (1)
- Montague-Grammatik (1)
- More <Linguistik> (1)
- Mosambik (1)
- Move-alpha (1)
- Mozambique (1)
- Moçambique (1)
- Mukrī (1)
- Multiple Spell-Out (1)
- Mura-Sprache (1)
- Musical rhythm (1)
- Mythologie (1)
- Mögliche Welt (1)
- Mögliche-Welten-Semantik (1)
- Mündlichkeit (1)
- NP-deletion (1)
- Namengebung (1)
- Narrative discourse (1)
- Nasal (1)
- Nativismus, Linguistik (1)
- Natürliche Morphologie (1)
- Negative Polarity Items (1)
- Negativpolaritätselemente (1)
- Neo-Latin (1)
- Neologismus (1)
- Newari (1)
- Nicht-restriktiver Relativsatz (1)
- Nicht-Übersetzbarkeit (1)
- Nicknamen (1)
- Niger Delta (1)
- Niger-Kongo-Sprachen (1)
- Nilosaharanische Sprachen (1)
- Nilotische Sprachen (1)
- Niue-Sprache (1)
- Niwchisch (1)
- Noam (1)
- Noam Chomsky (1)
- Nomen actionis (1)
- Nonverbale Mittel (1)
- Nootka (1)
- Norwegisch (1)
- Notwendigkeit (1)
- Nullmorphem (1)
- Nähen (1)
- Objektsatz (1)
- Obstruent (1)
- Online-Publikation (1)
- Onomastik (1)
- Ontologie <Wissensverarbeitung> (1)
- Opaker Kontext (1)
- Opposition <Linguistik> (1)
- Ortsadverb (1)
- Oslo <1999> (1)
- P600 (1)
- PCFG (1)
- Palauisch (1)
- Palaung (1)
- Parameter, Linguistik (1)
- Parametrisierung (1)
- Parasitic gap (1)
- Partikelverb (1)
- Partitiv (1)
- Partizip (1)
- Partizip Perfekt (1)
- Pedersen, Holger (1)
- Performance/competence (1)
- Perspektivierung (1)
- Pferd (1)
- Phonologische Opposition (1)
- Phrasenmarker (1)
- Phrasenstruktur (1)
- Phrasing (1)
- Pirahã (1)
- Pitch Reset (1)
- Plusquamperfekt (1)
- Pocken (1)
- Polabisch (1)
- Politik (1)
- Politische Rede (1)
- Poltern (1)
- Portugiesisch / Brasilien (1)
- Portuguese (1)
- Position of Antecedent strategy (1)
- Postcolonial writing (1)
- Postmoderne (1)
- Potsdam <2002> (1)
- Potsdam <2004> (1)
- Pragmalinguistik (1)
- Produktivität <Linguistik> (1)
- Pronominalization (1)
- Prosody (1)
- Prototyp <Linguistik> (1)
- Präfix (1)
- Präsentisches Perfekt (1)
- Psiphänomen (1)
- Q-adverbs (1)
- Quelle (1)
- Question Under Discussion (QUD) (1)
- Raising (1)
- Reception Theory (1)
- Reduktion <Linguistik> (1)
- Reduplikation (1)
- Rekonstruktion (1)
- Relevanztheorie (1)
- Religion (1)
- Resultativ (1)
- Reziprozität (1)
- Reziprozität <Linguistik> (1)
- Rhetorik (1)
- Road movie (1)
- Role and Reference Grammar (1)
- Romanian (1)
- Romanische Sprachen (1)
- Romanistik (1)
- Rufname (1)
- Russennorwegisch (1)
- SDRT (1)
- SYNtax-based Reference Annotation (1)
- Saharanische Sprachen (1)
- Samoanisch (1)
- Sapir (1)
- Satzadverb (1)
- Satzanlyse (1)
- Schlegel, Friedrich von (1)
- Schmerz (1)
- Schottisch (1)
- Schriftlichkeit (1)
- Schugnī (1)
- Schwa (1)
- Selbsteinschätzung (1)
- Semantics (1)
- Semantische Analyse (1)
- Semantische Kongruenz (1)
- Semasiologie (1)
- Semiotik (1)
- Semitische Sprachen (1)
- Senjska i Modruška (Krbavska) biskupija (1)
- Senufo (1)
- Serbian (1)
- Serialverb-Konstruktion (1)
- Shallow NLP (1)
- Shanghai (1)
- Silbentrennung (1)
- Simple Range Concatenation Grammar (1)
- Sinn und Bedeutung (1)
- Sino-Tibetan (1)
- Skandinavische Sprachen (1)
- Slang (1)
- Slavic accentology (1)
- Sloppiness (1)
- Slovakisch (1)
- Slovene (1)
- Slovene neo-cirkumflex (1)
- Slovenian (1)
- Slowenisch (1)
- Sonant (1)
- Sonorität (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Southern Ndebele (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Soziolekt (1)
- Sozioonomastik (1)
- Spam (1)
- Sprachdaten (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Sprachgebrauch (1)
- Sprachgeschichte (1)
- Sprachphilosophie (1)
- Sprachpurismus (1)
- Sprachtod (1)
- Sprachvariante (1)
- Sprechakt (1)
- Sprechakte (1)
- Sprechaktklassifikation (1)
- Spreech Akte (1)
- Stangov zakon (1)
- Stang’s law (1)
- Stativ <Grammatik> (1)
- Stereotypie (1)
- Stilistik (1)
- Stochastik (1)
- Strukturelle Grammatik (1)
- Strukturelle Phonologie (1)
- Strukturelle Semantik (1)
- Student (1)
- Substantiv (1)
- Suffixbildung (1)
- Suppire (1)
- Suppire-Sprache (1)
- Swedish language (1)
- Synchronie (1)
- Synonymie (1)
- Syntactic formalisms (1)
- Südafrika (1)
- TUSNELDA (1)
- Tadschikisch (1)
- Taiwan-Austronesisch (1)
- Taiwanesisch (1)
- Tarragona <2008> (1)
- Technologie (1)
- Teilsatz (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temporaladverb (1)
- Test (1)
- Texttypologie (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Theory of mind (1)
- Thetik (1)
- Thomas Mann (1)
- Tibetisch (1)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Nungisch (1)
- Tiersymbolik (1)
- Tiwa (1)
- Todesanzeigen (1)
- Ton <Phonologie> (1)
- Tone language (1)
- Tongaisch (1)
- Tonhöhe (1)
- Topic/Comment (1)
- Tourismus (1)
- Touristeninformation (1)
- Tree Tuple (1)
- Tree-Adjoining Grammar (1)
- Tswana (1)
- Tswana-Sprache (1)
- Tukangbesi (1)
- Tungusisch (1)
- Turkish (1)
- Tätigkeitsverb (1)
- Tübingen <2007> (1)
- Türkei (1)
- Tōrwālī (1)
- Uganda <West > (1)
- Uhlenbeck (1)
- Umgangssprache (1)
- Universität (1)
- Unordered Vector Grammar with Dominance Link (1)
- Unterricht (1)
- Unterspezifikation (1)
- Urdu (1)
- Urslawisch (1)
- Usability (1)
- VP-ellipsis (1)
- Vagueness (1)
- Van Wijkov zakon (1)
- Van Wijk’s law (1)
- Vedisch (1)
- Venetisch (1)
- Verbalisierung (1)
- Verbalphrase (1)
- Verbum sentiendi (1)
- Vergangenheitstempus (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Versprecher (1)
- Vietnamesisch (1)
- Vokaldehnung (1)
- Vokalharmonie (1)
- Volksliteratur (1)
- Vorlesen (1)
- W-Fragen (1)
- Wahnsinn (1)
- Wakash-Sprachen (1)
- West Africa, Scotland (1)
- Westfriesisch (1)
- Wh-Questions (1)
- Wh-question (1)
- WhatsApp (1)
- Winterson (1)
- Wittgenstein (1)
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1)
- Wolfgang von Kempelen (1)
- Word Sense Disambiguation (1)
- World Englishes (1)
- Wortart (1)
- Wortlänge (1)
- Wortschatz, Spracherwerb (1)
- Wortverbindung (1)
- Wortwahl (1)
- Wunsch (1)
- Wörterbuch (1)
- XML (1)
- Xhosa (1)
- Zahlbegriff (1)
- Zeit (1)
- Zeitbewusstsein (1)
- Zeitschrift (1)
- Zentralisierung <Linguistik> (1)
- Zentralkhoisan-Sprachen (1)
- Zunge (1)
- Zusammenbildung (1)
- Zustandsverb (1)
- Zwillingsforschung (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessibility (1)
- accounts (1)
- acquisition (1)
- acute (1)
- ad hominem moves (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adjectival antonyms (1)
- adjectives (1)
- adjectives of completeness (1)
- adverbs of frequency (1)
- adverbs of quantity (1)
- affect (1)
- agree (1)
- agreement mismatch (1)
- akut (1)
- alignment in communication structural coupling (1)
- allemand (1)
- also (1)
- alternative questions (1)
- alternative semantics presupposition projection (1)
- amounts (1)
- animacy (1)
- announcements (1)
- anticausatives (1)
- appositives (1)
- argument dislocation (1)
- argument/adjunct focus (1)
- as-phrases (1)
- assertion (1)
- assertions (1)
- at-issue content (1)
- atomicity (1)
- attitude reports (1)
- auditory language processing (1)
- authentic dialogue (1)
- authenticity (1)
- autobiographical writing (1)
- autobiographical writing (1)
- auxiliaries (1)
- auxiliary selection (1)
- background particles (1)
- be (1)
- bias (1)
- bilingual word processing (1)
- binding (1)
- bleiben (1)
- boundaries (1)
- breadth of focus (1)
- bridge principles (1)
- britischer Film (1)
- brouillage d’arguments (1)
- canonical visitations (1)
- causal dependence (1)
- causal sufficiency (1)
- causality (1)
- causatives (1)
- change of state verb (1)
- change of state verbs (1)
- character profiles (1)
- characterisation (1)
- choice functions (1)
- chunk parsing (1)
- classifiers (1)
- cleft (1)
- clefts (1)
- clitic doubling (1)
- co-reference (1)
- code-mixing (1)
- code-switching (1)
- coercion (1)
- coercions (1)
- cognitive approaches to language and literature (1)
- cognitive deixis (1)
- cognitive poetics (1)
- cognitive turn (1)
- coherence relations (1)
- common ground (1)
- comparable corpus French-Dutch (1)
- comparative constructions (1)
- compensatory lengthening (1)
- compensatory role of congruence (1)
- complementation (1)
- complex speech acts (1)
- compounding (1)
- compounds (1)
- computational semantics (1)
- conceptual metaphors (1)
- conditionals (1)
- confidence interval (1)
- constituency (1)
- contemplation (1)
- contrastive topic (1)
- conventional implicatures (1)
- conversation analysis (1)
- conversational implicatures (1)
- cornering (1)
- corpora (1)
- corpus analysis (1)
- corpus-based, methodology (1)
- correction (1)
- corrective focus (1)
- coréen (1)
- counterfactual (1)
- counteridenticals (1)
- covert variables (1)
- creation predicate (1)
- crime fiction (1)
- critical sociolinguistics (1)
- crkveni jezik (1)
- crosslinguistic semantics (1)
- cultur (1)
- cultural references (1)
- culturally bound items (1)
- dance semantics (1)
- de dicto (1)
- de-accenting (1)
- decomposition, (1)
- defaults (1)
- definiteness (1)
- definites (1)
- degree achievement (1)
- degrees (1)
- dehumanization (1)
- deixis (1)
- deleted t (1)
- deontic modals (1)
- depiction verbs (1)
- determiners (1)
- diachronic change (1)
- dialect (1)
- dialogism (1)
- dialogue (1)
- differential verbal comparatives. (1)
- digital fiction (1)
- dijelovi rečenice (1)
- diplomatic transcript (1)
- direct discourse (1)
- direct speech (1)
- direct speech representation (1)
- direct vs. indirect causation (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- discourse coherence (1)
- discourse expectability (1)
- discourse presentation (1)
- discourse structure (1)
- disjoint reference (1)
- disjunction (1)
- distributional semantics (1)
- dominance (1)
- donkey sentences (1)
- doseg (1)
- dream reports (1)
- duetting (1)
- dynamics of controversy (1)
- e-mail scam (1)
- early Germanic (1)
- early modern english (1)
- ecclesiastical language (1)
- educational proposals (1)
- effort (1)
- eighteenth century (1)
- ellipses (1)
- ellipsis (1)
- embedded clauses (1)
- embedded implicature (1)
- embedding (1)
- emphasis (1)
- empirical (1)
- engagement (1)
- engleski (1)
- english (1)
- enough (1)
- entailment (1)
- epistemic 'modals' (1)
- epistemic expressions (1)
- epistemic indefinites (1)
- epistemic modals (1)
- epp (1)
- ergativity (1)
- ethnic minority writers (1)
- event semantics (1)
- events (1)
- ever free relatives (1)
- evidentiality (1)
- ex-situ focus (1)
- exhaustive identification (1)
- exhaustivity (1)
- expectation (1)
- experimental linguistics (1)
- experimental semantics (1)
- experiments (1)
- explicit performatives (1)
- explizite Performative (1)
- extreme nouns (1)
- face-work (1)
- factivity (1)
- familiarity (1)
- features (1)
- felicity conditions (1)
- ficar (1)
- fictional creatures (1)
- fieldwork (1)
- firsthand experience (1)
- focalization (1)
- focus anaphoricity (1)
- focus asymmetries (1)
- focus constructions (1)
- focus copula (1)
- focus marker (1)
- focus marking (1)
- focus meaning (1)
- focus particles (1)
- focus position (1)
- focus type (1)
- foregrounding (1)
- formalismes grammaticaux (1)
- frame semantics (1)
- frame theory (1)
- free choice (1)
- free direct speech (1)
- free indirect discourse (1)
- free indirect speech (1)
- free-choice (1)
- function words (1)
- functional sentence perspective (1)
- funkcionalistički pogled na rečenicu (1)
- future (1)
- ge <Morphem> (1)
- generic quantifier (1)
- genetic encoding (1)
- german (1)
- gesture (1)
- gestures (1)
- glagolska akcentuacija (1)
- glagolski pridjev radni (1)
- gradable adjectives (1)
- gradience grammar (1)
- gradišćanski hrvatski (1)
- gramatika uloga i referenci (1)
- grammaires d’arbres (1)
- grammar acquisistion (1)
- grammar formalism (1)
- grammatical aspect (1)
- grammaticality (1)
- grief (1)
- group chats (1)
- habitual (1)
- habituals (1)
- handles (1)
- hard cases (1)
- have (1)
- heritage language development (1)
- heritage speakers (1)
- heterolingualism (1)
- hierarchies (1)
- hierarchy (1)
- higher-order quantification (1)
- historical pragmatics (1)
- history (1)
- hrvatska dijalektologija (1)
- iconic semantics (1)
- illusion of authenticity (1)
- imbrication (1)
- imperatives (1)
- imperfective (1)
- implicated presupposition (1)
- implicatives (1)
- implicature (1)
- impoliteness (1)
- imposters (1)
- imprecision (1)
- indefinite pronouns (1)
- indexicality (1)
- indirect speech (1)
- indirect translation (1)
- individual variation (1)
- infants (1)
- inferencing task (1)
- infinitives (1)
- informal language learning (1)
- information management (1)
- informational focus (1)
- input (1)
- intensification (1)
- intensification scale (1)
- intensifiers (1)
- intensional quantifiers (1)
- intensional transitives (1)
- intensity (1)
- intenzifikacija (1)
- intenzifikatori (1)
- interactional roles (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interrogatives (1)
- interrupting (1)
- intervention effect (1)
- intonation (language) (1)
- kanonske vizitacije (1)
- kind reference (1)
- knowledge (1)
- kompenzacijska uloga sročnosti (1)
- kompenzacijsko duljenje (1)
- l-participle (1)
- language ecology (1)
- language pedagogy (1)
- language planning (1)
- language policy (1)
- latinski jezik (1)
- lexical aspect (1)
- lexical causative verbs (1)
- lexical tone (1)
- lexical-functional grammar (1)
- lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (1)
- line (1)
- linear order (1)
- linguistic creativity (1)
- linguistic networks graph distance measures (1)
- linguistic repertoires (1)
- linguistic variation (1)
- linking elements (1)
- literary corpus (1)
- literary linguistics (1)
- literary pragmatics (1)
- literary translation (1)
- literature (1)
- ljestvica pojačajnosti (1)
- loanwords (1)
- local context (1)
- logical form (1)
- long wh-movement (1)
- machine translation (1)
- macroroles (1)
- makrouloge (1)
- manner implicature (1)
- manuscript transcription (1)
- maximality (1)
- maximizers (1)
- mediational repertoire (1)
- memory-based learning (1)
- mention-some (1)
- metagrammars (1)
- metalinguistic negation (1)
- metre (1)
- metrics (1)
- middle english (1)
- migrant writing (1)
- migrants’ language (1)
- miners puzzle (1)
- minor and minority literatures (1)
- modal flavor (1)
- modal inferences (1)
- modal particles (1)
- modality (1)
- modalne čestice (1)
- modalnost (1)
- modification (1)
- monotonicity (1)
- morphological derivation (1)
- movement (1)
- multi-ethnolect (1)
- multicomponent rewriting (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- multimodal analysis (1)
- multimodal narratives (1)
- multiple encoding (1)
- mundane technology use (1)
- mutual information of graphs (1)
- métagrammaires (1)
- narrator discourse (1)
- natural language (1)
- natural language metaphysics (1)
- natural speech processes (1)
- naturalization (1)
- ne (1)
- necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) causes (1)
- negative polar questions (1)
- negative polarity item (NPI) (1)
- negative prefix (1)
- negative strengthening (1)
- negative-islands (1)
- neo cirkumfleks (1)
- neo-circumflex (1)
- neodređene zamjenice (1)
- neologisms (1)
- niječni prefiks (1)
- njemački (1)
- nominal nominal (1)
- non-intersective adjectives (1)
- non-restrictive relative clause (1)
- non-specific transparent (1)
- non-standard features (1)
- normalization (1)
- norms (1)
- not-at-issue content (1)
- novolatinski jezik (1)
- null subjects (1)
- number construction (1)
- number neutrality (1)
- numerals (1)
- obligatory control (1)
- obvezna kontrola (1)
- odds ratio (1)
- old english (1)
- onomastics (1)
- operator movement (1)
- optional classifiers (1)
- oral narratives (1)
- ordinary conversation (1)
- ordre des mots (1)
- overlapping (1)
- overlapping hierarchies (1)
- paradigm uniformity (1)
- particles (1)
- partition (1)
- partitives (1)
- parts of the sentence (1)
- passive (1)
- passives (1)
- pathologischer Spracherwerb (1)
- perception (statement-question matching) (1)
- perception of deletion (1)
- perfect (1)
- performative modality (1)
- performativity (1)
- person agreement (1)
- person splits (1)
- personal reference (1)
- perspective (1)
- phase (1)
- phi-features (1)
- phonological status (1)
- phonological word (1)
- phonology (1)
- physical structure vs. textual structure (1)
- picture semantics (1)
- pirahã (1)
- pitch accent (1)
- play script (1)
- plurality (1)
- poetic form (1)
- pojačajnost (1)
- polarity focus (1)
- political speech (1)
- polymedia (1)
- polyphony (1)
- post-focus reduction (1)
- pp modification (1)
- pragmatic enrichment (1)
- pragmatic inference (1)
- praslavenski (1)
- predicate focus (1)
- predicates of personal taste (1)
- preference predicates (1)
- prefix (1)
- prepositions (1)
- presentational constructions (1)
- presuppositional implicatures (1)
- prijedlozi (1)
- priming (1)
- probabilistic theories of causation (1)
- probabilities (1)
- probability (1)
- progressive (1)
- projection (1)
- prominence (1)
- pronoun movement (1)
- pronouns (1)
- properties (1)
- prosodic focus (1)
- prosodic integration (1)
- prosodic phrasing (1)
- prosodic prominence (1)
- protoslavenski jezik (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- publicness (1)
- quantificational variability (1)
- quantifier processing (1)
- quantifier scope (1)
- quantity (1)
- question formation (1)
- reaction time (1)
- reader-response (1)
- reasoning errors (1)
- recursivity (1)
- red riječi (1)
- reference resolution in production and comprehension (1)
- referential expression (1)
- refugees (1)
- regional profiles (1)
- register (1)
- register variation (1)
- relational adjectives (1)
- representation (1)
- representation accuracy (1)
- responsive predicates (1)
- restrictive relative clause (1)
- resultative (1)
- resumptive pronouns (1)
- rhetorical relations (1)
- rhythmic aptitude (1)
- robust parsing (1)
- role labeling (1)
- root classes (1)
- salience (1)
- scalar changes (1)
- scalar diversity (1)
- scalar enrichment (1)
- scalar implicatures (1)
- scalar inferences (1)
- scale structure (1)
- schisming (1)
- secondary focus (1)
- segment reconstruction (1)
- self-naming (1)
- semantic types (1)
- semantic variability (1)
- semantics annual meeting (1)
- semantics/pragmatics interface (1)
- sentence-final particles (1)
- sex-/gender-neutral language (1)
- silence (1)
- similarity (1)
- similarity approach (1)
- similarity-based learning (1)
- simplification (1)
- sintaksa (1)
- situation variables (1)
- situations (1)
- slavenska akcentologija (1)
- slavenski neocirkumfleks (1)
- slovenski (1)
- smartphone-based language practices (1)
- smartphones (1)
- so <Wort> (1)
- social media (1)
- social media narratives (1)
- sociolect (1)
- sociology of language (1)
- spectatorship (1)
- speech reports (1)
- speech rhythm (1)
- speech segmentation (1)
- speeded verification (1)
- spirituality (1)
- split antecedent (1)
- spoken discourse (1)
- stance (1)
- standard solution (1)
- standardization (1)
- storytelling (1)
- strategies (1)
- street culture (1)
- stress patterns (1)
- style (1)
- subject inversion (1)
- subjunctive conditionals (1)
- sufficient (but not necessarily necessary) causes (1)
- support (1)
- syllogisms (1)
- symmetric predicate (1)
- syntactic decomposition (1)
- syntactic focus marking (1)
- tag questions (1)
- technical vocabulary (1)
- television drama (1)
- temporal gradation (1)
- temporal limitation (1)
- temporal/modal operators (1)
- tense semantics (1)
- tense switches (1)
- tension (1)
- terminology (1)
- terms of address (1)
- theatre (1)
- theory of controversy (1)
- time (1)
- time annotation (1)
- tone (1)
- tone (language) (1)
- tone languages (1)
- tones (1)
- too (1)
- topic affixes (1)
- topic markers (1)
- topic-comment (1)
- traces (1)
- translation (1)
- translation procedures and techniques (1)
- translation strategies (1)
- translation studies (1)
- tree-based grammars (1)
- treebanking (1)
- treebanks (1)
- trochee (1)
- turn-taking (1)
- type shifting (1)
- type-shifting (1)
- typification (1)
- unalternative semantics (1)
- universal presupposition projection (1)
- universal quantifiers (1)
- update semantics (1)
- usernames (1)
- van Wijk's law (1)
- van Wijkov zakon (1)
- variational linguistics (1)
- varieties of English (1)
- verb placemen (1)
- verb-initial language (1)
- verb-second (1)
- verba dicendi (1)
- verbal accentuation (1)
- verlan (1)
- visusal representations (1)
- weak free adjuncts (1)
- werden <Wort> (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- wh-scope (1)
- whinterrogatives (1)
- wide scope indefinites (1)
- word formation (1)
- word order in Italian and Greek (1)
- word order variation (1)
- working memory (1)
- Österreichisches Deutsch (1)
- čestice (1)
- ē-osnove (1)
- ē–stems (1)
Institute
- Extern (141)
- Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) Mannheim (97)
- Neuere Philologien (26)
- Sprachwissenschaften (8)
- Medizin (2)
- Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften (2)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (1)
- Informatik (1)
- SFB 268 (1)
This study proposes a cross-linguistic, corpus-based, and constructionist analysis of denominal verbs (DNVs) in English, Dutch and German. DNV constructions include various morphological construction types, such as conversion (e.g. English bottle > to bottle), prefixation (e.g. Dutch arm 'arm' > omarmen 'to embrace') and suffixation (e.g. German Katapult 'catapult' > katapultieren 'to catapult'). We investigate the correlation between the distribution of DNV constructions and the typological properties of the languages, focusing on boundary permeability, inflectional complexity, syntactic configurationality and word-class assignment. The study shows that, although the three languages have the same repertoire of DNV constructions at their disposal, a Germanic cline can be detected in their preferences for non-overt vs overt marking of the word-class change. As such, the study highlights the impact of typological factors on the shape of language-specific constructional networks.
The paper explores factors that influence the distribution of constituent words of compounds over the head and modifier position. The empirical basis for the study is a large database of German compounds, annotated with respect to the morphological structure of the compound and the semantic category of the constituents. The study shows that the polysemy of the constituent word, its constituent family size, and its semantic category account for tendencies of the constituent word to occur in either modifier or head position. Furthermore, the paper explores the degree to which the semantic category combination of head and modifier word, e.g., x=substance and y=artifact, indicates the semantic relation between the constituents, e.g., y_consists_of_x.
Nominalization in French can be done by means of conversion, which is characterized by the identity between the base and the derived lexeme. Since both noun→verb and verb→noun conversions exist, this property raises directionality issues, and sometimes leads to contradictory analyses of the same examples. The paper presents two approaches of conversion: derivational and non-derivational ones. Then it discusses various criteria used in derivational approaches to determine the direction of conversion: diachronic ones, such as dates of first attestation or etymology; and synchronic ones, such as semantic relations, noun gender or verb inflection. All criteria are evaluated on a corpus of 3,241 French noun~verb pairs. It is shown that none of them enables to identify the direction of conversion in French. Finally, the consequences for the theory of morphology are discussed.
This article examines French Verb-Noun compounds with Means value (couvre-pied 'blanket', lit. cover-feet), derived from stative bases. It shows that they are generally ambiguous between Means and Instrument reading. The regularity of this double value discards an analysis relying on verbal homonymy, in favor of Rothmayr's (2009) hypothesis of bi-eventive verbs. We assume that the presence of an agentive as well as a stative component in the verbal bases accounts for the double Means/Instrument value of the VNs studied here. We also examine "pure" Instrument VNs, available with similar verbal bases. We show that the distribution of the Instrument vs. Means/Instrument values relies on the state of the referent of the noun involved in the compound after the event described by the verbal base occurred. A permanent state entails a "pure" Instrument reading, whereas Means/Instrument reading obtains if the state of N is reversible (Fábregas & Marín 2012).
Simple Event nominals with Argument Structure? – Evidence from Irish deverbal nominalizations
(2020)
Deverbal nominals in Irish support Grimshaw's (1990) tripartite division into complex event (CE-), simple event (SE-) and result nominals (R-nominals). Irish nominals are ambiguous only between the SE- and R-status. There are no CE-nominals containing the AspP layer in their structure. SE-nominals (also found in Light Verb Constructions) are number-neutral and incapable of pluralizing and are represented as [nP[vP[Root]]]. R-nominals are devoid of the vP layer and behave like ordinary nouns. The Irish data point to v as the layer introducing event implications and the vP or PPs as the functional heads introducing the internal argument (Alexiadou and Schäfer 2011). Event denoting nominals in Irish can license the internal argument but aspectual modification and external argument licensing are not possible (cf. synthetic compounds in Greek (Alexiadou 2017)), which means that, counter to Borer (2013), the licensing of Argument Structure need not follow from the presence of the AspP layer.
We investigate deverbal zero-derived nominals in English (e.g., to walk > a walk) from the perspective of the lexical semantics of their base verbs and the interpretations they may receive (e.g., event, result state, product, agent). By acknowledging that, in the absence of an overt affix, the meaning of zero-nominals is highly dependent on that of the base, the ultimate goal of this study is to identify possible meaning regularities that these nominals may display in relation to the different semantic verb classes. We report on a newly created database of 1,000 zero-derived nominals, which have been collected for various semantic verb classes. We test previous generalizations made in the literature in comparison with suffix-based nominals and in relation to the ontological type of the base verb. While these generalizations may intuitively hold, we find intriguing challenges that bring zero-derived nominals closer to suffix-based nominals than previously claimed.
Multiple exponence in morphology has recently attracted a good deal of attention (see, among others, Harris 2017; Caballero & Inkelas 2018). In this paper, I examine Modern Greek verbs which take an extra verbalizer (implicit multiple exponence). The simple base (bare form) and the base with the verbalizer co-exist in the lexicon without any semantic or aspectual opposition and can be used in the same syntactic context. Thus, they raise important questions for morphological theory. I argue that the explanation of this pleonastic addition may be hidden in the relation between inflection and derivation and the polyfunctional character of verbalizers in synthetic languages. Since the two forms co-exist and one member of each pair features an idiomatic association of meaning and complex form, morphological theory is challenged. I argue that these formations find a natural account within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij 2010; Jackendoff & Audring 2019).
This study explores four German nominalization patterns (-ung; -erei; Ge- -X-e; nominalized infinitives) using corpus and web data. We conclude that they can be considered a word formation paradigm, as some functions depend on paradigmatic oppositions. Our case study supports gradual differences between inflectional and word formation paradigmaticity.
Phrasal compounding is a phenomenon illustrated by slept all day look. Prototypical examples are determinative compounds with a nominal head and a phrasal non-head. They raise interesting questions about the interaction of syntax and morphology and have been discussed in this context by Botha (1981) for Afrikaans and Lieber (1992) for English. Also in German and Turkish, they have received ample attention. This volume has as its main purpose to extend the range of languages for which phrasal compounds are discussed. It consists of a brief introduction (chapter 1), six chapters devoted to individual languages, and a final chapter with a more general outlook. The use of further in the title is perhaps surprising, in particular because the volume under review is the first of a new series. It is motivated by the fact that the papers are from “the second workshop on phrasal compounding”, held in Mannheim in 2015. In this review, I will first present and discuss each chapter, then consider some general points about the volume.
Organized by Sabine Schulte im Walde (University of Stuttgart) and Eva Smolka (University of Konstanz) as part of the 39th Annual Conference of the German Linguistic Society (DGfS) held at the Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany, the workshop aimed “to shed light on the interaction of constituent properties and compound transparency across languages and disciplines integrating linguistic, psycholinguistic, corpus-based and computational studies”. The workshop brought together researchers from linguistics, psycholinguistics, and natural language processing and comprised 11 contributed talks, framed by two invited talks by Gary Libben and Marco Marelli. Most of the slides are available from the workshop’s homepage at “http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/events/dgfs-mwe-17/program.html”.
Lexical categories and processes of category change. Perspectives for a constructionist approach
(2017)
This paper revisits the notions of lexical category and category change from a constructionist perspective. I distinguish between four processes of category change (affixal derivation, conversion, transposition and reanalysis) and demonstrate how these category-changing processes can be analyzed in the framework of Construction Grammar. More particularly, it will be claimed that lexical categories can be understood as abstract instances of constructions (i.e., form-function pairings) and category change will be assumed to be closely connected to the process of constructionalization, i.e., the creation of new form-meaning pairings. Furthermore, it will be shown that the constructionist approach offers the advantage of accounting for the variety of input categories (ranging from morphemes to multi-word units) as well as for some problematic characteristics related to certain types of category change, such as context-sensitivity, counterdirectionality and gradualness of the changes.
French suffixations in -age, -ion and -ment are considered roughly equivalent, yet some differences have been pointed out regarding the semantics of the resulting nominalizations. In this study, we confirm the existence of a semantic distinction between them on the basis of a large scale distributional analysis. We show that the distinction is partially determined by the degree of technicality of the denoted action: -age nominals tend to be more technical than -ion ones. We examine this hypothesis through the statistical modeling of technicality. To this end, we propose a linguistic definition of technicality, which we implement using empirical, quantitative criteria estimated in corpora and lexical resources. We show to what extent the differences with respect to these criteria adequately approximate technicality. Our study indicates that this definition of technicality, while amendable, provides new perspectives for the characterization of action nouns.
The paper investigates the different productivity domains (Rainer 2005) of two Italian event denoting suffixes, -mento and -zione. These suffixes share the same eventive semantics, they are both productive and thus can be seen as rivals in the formation of event nominalizations. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of the constraints that play a role in the selection of one affix over the other. By means of a logistic regression model the contribution of different features of the base verb is investigated. The analysis is conducted on a dataset of 678 nominalizations extracted from a section of Midia, a diachronic balanced corpus explicitly built for morphological research (Gaeta 2017). Results show that the frequency, the inflectional class and the number of characters of the base verb as well as the presence of the prefix a- significantly contribute to the definition of the different domains, only partially confirming previous findings.
This paper presents an overview on deverbal nominalizations from Ktunaxa, a language isolate spoken in eastern British Columbia, Canada. Deverbal nominalizations are formed uniformly with a left-peripheral nominalizing particle k (Morgan 1991). However, they do not form a single homogenous class with respect to various syntactic properties. These properties are illustrated with novel data, showing that deverbal nominalizations fall into at least two classes, which are analyzed here as nominalization taking place at either vP or VP, where vP-nominalizations include the external argument and VP-nominalizations do not. Evidence for this division comes from how possession is expressed, the interpretation of the passive (and passive-like constructions), and the licensing of verbal modifiers. As both classes of deverbal nominalizations are constructed uniformly with the nominalizing particle, these properties are derived syntactically from the size of the verbal constituent being nominalized.
In the typology of West African languages, tone has been noted to play crucial grammatical and lexical roles, but its function in word formation has been less systematically explored and remains to be fully understood. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to examine the form and function of tonal morphology in the formation of action nominals in four Kwa languages spoken in Ghana, namely Akan, Gã, Lεtε, and Esahie, a relatively unexplored language of the Central Tano subgroup. Relying on data from both secondary and primary sources, we argue that tone raising is an important component of Kwa action nominalization, as it is found across different languages and derivational strategies. Specifically, while across the Kwa languages considered, tone raising tends to be an epiphenomenon of phonological conditioning, sometimes tone is the sole component of the nominalization operation or, as in Esahie, it concurs with the affix to the derivation, hence playing a morphological function.
In Japanese, direct combination of verbs or adjectives by coordination (with to 'and') or juxtaposition (with its empty counterpart) can form a NP, if the conjuncts are antonymous to each other; the coordinator to 'and' can combine only NPs elsewhere. We claim that this is because there is a phonetically empty nominalizer that can nominalize each conjunct, and that the new nominal construction has been gradually developing in the history of Japanese. An acceptability-rating experiment targeting 400 participants shows that the younger speakers were likely to judge this construction more acceptable than the older ones, that this tendency is slightly weaker in the Nominative condition than in the Genitive condition, and that the coordination condition was significantly worse than the juxtaposition condition.
Nominalization has been at the forefront of linguistic research since the early days of generative grammar (Lees 1960, Vendler 1968, Lakoff 1970). The theoretical debate as to how a theory of grammar should be envisaged in order to capture the morphosyntactic and semantic complexity of nominalization, initiated by Chomsky's (1970) Remarks on nominalization, is just as lively today, after five decades during which both the empirical scope and the methodology of linguistic research have seen enormous progress. We are delighted to be able to mark this occasion through our collection, next to the anniversary volume Nominalization: 50 Years on from Chomsky's Remarks, edited by Artemis Alexiadou and Hagit Borer, soon to appear with Oxford University Press.
DeriMo is an international meeting dealing with derivational morphology from the perspective of data analysis. Its second edition DeriMo 2019 was held at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague. The local organizers are researchers of the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (ÚFAL = Ústav Formální a Aplikované Linguistiky) at the Computer Science School of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. Chairs of the program committee were Magda Ševčíková (ÚFAL), Zdeněk Žabokrtský (ÚFAL), Eleonora Litta Modignani Picozzi (CIRCSE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan), and Marco Passarotti (CIRCSE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan).
The relation between word-formation and syntax and whether they form distinct domains of grammar or not has been discussed controversially in different theoretical frameworks. The answer to this question is closely connected to the languages under discussion, among other things, because languages seem to differ considerably in this regard. The discussion in this paper focuses on nominal compounds and phrases. On the basis of a great variety of data from a total of 14 European languages, it is argued that the relation between compounds and phrases, and, more generally, between word formation and syntax, should be characterized not in terms of a categorical but instead in terms of a gradient distinction.
The International Morphology Meeting is a biennial event held alternately in Vienna and Budapest. The eighteenth edition took place in Budapest in May 2018 and it was organised by the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Department of Theoretical Linguistics and the Department of English Linguistics of Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE). The meeting has invariably dealt with all aspects of morphology, with no preference for any particular framework or approach, albeit offering a leitmotif to orient authors who wish to give a presentation in the main session. This edition’s main theme was "Paradigms in inflection and word formation synchronically and diachronically", which provided potential presenters with the opportunity to submit abstracts in a wide range of topics. In addition to the main session, the conference hosted three workshops: (1) Models and methods in morphology; (2) The learnability of complex constructions from a cross-linguistic perspective; (3) Morphological aspects of Uralic and Turkic languages.
This paper approaches productivity by considering three case studies: compounds, blends and phrasal verbs. The aim of the paper is to encourage a discussion about the factors involved in the notion of productivity, and to show why so many of the established measures are not completely satisfactory or are interpreted in a way that is not.
Department of British and American Studies in cooperation with SKASE (The Slovak Association for the Study of English) organized the Word-Formation Theories III & Typology and Universals in Word-Formation IV Conference. The Conference took place at P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia, from 27 June to 30 June 2018. The event was organized by Slávka Tomaščíková, Lívia Körtvélyessy and Pavol Štekauer (P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia) and with the support of the APVV project No: APVV-16–0035 Research into extralinguistic factors of word-formation and word-interpretation. The program and the book of abstracts are available at the conference homepage http://kaa.ff.upjs.sk/en/alumni-club/33/word-formation-theories-iii-typology-and-universals-in-word-formation-iv.
Morphology Days is a (nearly) biennial international meeting which deals with morphology within different frameworks and in various perspectives Previous editions of this conference have taken place in Leuven (2015), Leeuwarden (2013), Leiden (2012), Nijmegen (2011), Luik (2009) and Amsterdam (2007) While the first editions of the conference were mainly addressed to researchers working on morphology in the Netherlands and in Belgium, the last editions – including this one – included international contributions The programme and the book of abstract is available at the conference’s homepage at https://morphologydays2017.wordpress.com/program/. Organized by Philippe Hiligsmann, Kristel Van Goethem, Nikos Koutsoukos and Isa Hendrikx from the Université Catholique de Louvain, and Laurent Raiser from the Université de Liège, this edition of Morphology Days hosted more than 30 researchers, among which 3 plenary speakers, coming not only from Belgium but also from France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although both inflection and derivation (affixation) where dealt with in the talks, this conference report will only address the studies on derivation.
This paper studies the morphological productivity of German N+N compounding patterns from a diachronic perspective. It argues that the productivity of compounds increases due to syntactic influence from genitive constructions ("improper compounds") in Early New High German. Both quantitative and qualitative productivity measures are adapted from derivational morphology and tested on compound data from the Mainz Corpus of (Early) New High German (1500–1710).
We analyze English and Greek nominal synthetic compounds like truck driver and truck driving from a syntactic perspective couched within Distributed Morphology. We derive the main differences between the two languages from the different morphosyntactic status of the non-head nouns, which are roots in Greek but categorized words in English.
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
This paper investigates self-initiated uses of mobile phones (such as texting or making a call) in everyday video-recorded conversations among Czech speakers. Using ethnomethodological conversation analysis, it illustrates how participants publicly frame their own device use (for example, by announcements), and how co-present interlocutors respond to it. Previous studies have described how participants manage two concurrent communicative involvements, but have not provided detailed sequential descriptions of how device use can be negotiated and accounted for. This study shows that mobile device use in co-presence is not a priori problematic (or vice versa). Instead, participants frame their technology use in different ways according to various features of the social situation they treat as momentarily relevant. These features include the course of the conversation and how the device use relates to it, the overall participation framework and the opacity of the device use for co-present others.
There are two main approaches to change of state verbs. One adopts an approach in terms of a total change (becomeP, for base predicate P), i.e., a change from not being in the extension of the base predicate to being in it. The other adopts an approach in terms of a relative change (becomemore P, for base predicate P), i.e., a change for a theme in which it increases in the extent to which it holds the property denoted by the base predicate. Different languages have been analyzed using one or the other approach. I argue that both proposals are actually appropriate for analyzing related but not (completely) overlapping phenomena in the domain of derived change of state verbs in the very same language. This proposal is based on the discussion of change of state verbs in Southern Aymara that are derived with the suffixes -pta and -ra. I show that verbs with -pta convey the meaning of total change and that verbs with -ra convey the meaning of relative change. I further discuss how expressions with -pta and -ra interact: expressions with -ra implicate that the theme does not change from not being in the extension of the base to being in it. I propose an account in terms of scalar implicatures in which -pta and -ra are lexical alternatives, thus extending the domain of linguistic phenomena for which the computation of scalar implicatures is relevant.
This dissertation investigates several aspects of nominal modification in Ògè, an understudied language of Benue-congo spoken in Àkókó Northwest in Nigeria. The study focuses on two areas of nominal modification namely, Nominal Attributive Modifiers (NAMs) and the strategies of number marking.
The discussion and analysis of NAMs in the language reveal that Ògè belongs to the group of languages which lacks adjectives as a lexical category. NAMs are nominal and they
are derived from an existing lexical category namely, verbs. Predicative modifiers and NAMs have forms that are similar to the long and short forms (LF & SF) of adjectives in languages in which adjectives form an open class, for example, Russian, SerBoCroatian (BCS) and German.
Based on the Minimalist program, the dissertation reveals that unlike Russian, BCS, and German in which the discrepancies between the two forms of adjectives are related to definiteness (as in the case of BCS) and Agree, the discrepancies in the two forms of modifiers in Ògè are related to the fact that Ògè lacks adjectives and resorts into the nominalization of stative verbs in order to derive attributive forms. Using the analyses of adjuncts according to Truswell (2004) and Zeijlstra (2020), the dissertation proposes that NAMs are adjuncts in a modification structure while they are heads in possessive and genitive constructions. In addition, I propose that NAMs are attributive-only modifiers which modify the NP rather than
the DP.
The dissertation also investigates the strategies of number marking in Ògè. Unlike languages in which number marking is obligatory in the nominal domain (Hebrew, German, English),
nouns in Ògè are not always marked for number. This means that nouns in Ògè have general number. The general number nature of nouns in Ògè is like that of the nouns in modifying plural marking languages namely, Halkomelem, Korean, Yucatec Maya and Yorùbá. However, I argue that unlike the modifying plural marking languages in which the Number Phrase (NumP) is not projected, NumP is projected in the nominal spine of Ògè, claiming that NumP bears an
interpretable number feature which values the uninterpretable number feature in D. Argument in support of this comes from the interpretation of the noun in the presence of òtúro (an element which translates to the plural definite interpretation of the noun). I analyze òtúro as a plural determiner which occupies the D-head in the syntax of Ògè. The dissertation argues following Alexiadou (2019) that the locus of the occurrence of the marker of plurality in the nominal spine does not depend on its interpretation as a plural morpheme, rather, the locus of the occurrence of the element that is sensitive to the plural interpretation of the noun depends on other parameters which are definiteness, specificity and animacy.
The papers here were selected from presentations made at the 24th Annual Conference of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria (LAN) which held at Bayero University Kano. The book contains seventy-seven (77) papers addressing various issues in linguistics, literature and cultures in Nigeria. The book is organized into four sections, as follows: Section One - Language and Society; Section Two - Applied Linguistics; Section Three - Literature, Culture, Stylistics and Gender Studies and Section Four - Formal Linguistics.
This is the fourth in a series of publications on Zambian languages and grammar. The intention of the series is to boost the meagre scholarship and availability of educational materials on Zambian languages, which became particularly urgent in 1996, following the decision of the Zambian government to revert to the policy of using local languages as media of instruction. Kaonde (or more correctly Kikaonde) is spoken in the part of the North-Western Province of Zambia to the east of the Kabompo River, in adjacent parts of Mumbwa and Kaoma Districts to the south, and in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to the North.
In German, the subject usually precedes the object (SO order), but, under certain discourse conditions, the object is allowed to precede the subject (OS order). This paper focuses on main clauses in which either the subject or a discourse-given object occurs in clause-initial position. Two acceptability experiments show that OS sentences with a given object are generally acceptable, but the precise degree of acceptability varies both with the object‘s referential form (demonstrative objects leading to higher acceptability than other types of objects) and with formal properties of the subject (pronominal subjects leading to higher acceptability than non-pronominal subjects). For SO sentences, acceptability was reduced when the object was a d-pronoun, which contrasts with the high acceptability of OS sentences with a d-pronoun object. This finding was explored in a third acceptability experiment comparing d-pronouns in subject and object function. This experiment provides evidence that a reduction in acceptability due to a prescriptive bias against d-pronouns is suspended when the d-pronoun occurs as object in the prefield. We discuss the experimental results with respect to theories of German clause structure that claim that OS sentences with different information-structural properties are derived by different types of movement.
This thesis primarily investigates an (hitherto unnoticed) agreement alternation between Romance and Germanic in D>N>&>N constructions (e.g. “these walls and ceiling”). While Romance exhibits left conjunct agreement, Germanic shows morphologically resolved agreement on the determiner, i.e. the phi-feature mismatching conjuncts can only be licensed if a syncretic form is available. To handle these data the author suggests a theory in which coordination is syntactically and morphologically unspecified and multiple agree is a general option. Infelicitous derivations are ruled out by interface conditions on the semantic and the phonological well formedness. The complete results of the corpus research conducted to deliver a sound empirical basis for the phenomena investigated in this thesis can be found in the appendix.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the contribution of linguistic research on Portuguese as a heritage language in Germany to the general understanding of heritage language development. From 1955 to 1973, nearly 166,000 Portuguese migrants found work in Germany as so-called ‘guest workers’ (Gastarbeiter). Because the aim of many Portuguese migrant families was to return to Portugal, their children met relatively good conditions for the acquisition of their heritage language. Nonetheless, second-generation heritage speakers (HSs) show some linguistic particularities in comparison to monolingual Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Based on the results of previous research, we show that the following factors shape the linguistic knowledge of this group of bilinguals: (1) Restricted exposure to the heritage language may cause a delay in the development of certain linguistic structures, (2) deviations from the standard norm may be related to the lack of formal education and the primacy of the colloquial register and (3) heritage bilinguals may accelerate ongoing diachronic development. We argue that apparent effects of influence from the environmental language can often have alternative explanations.
This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.
Theoretical accounts agree that German restrictive relative clauses (RCs) are integrated at the level of syntax as well as at the level of prosody (; , ; ; ; ) in both the default verb-final and the marked verb-second variant (referred to as iV2). Both variants are assumed to show the same prosodic pattern, i. e., prosodic integration into the main clause, and not unintegrated prosody, which would signal a sequence of two main clauses. To date strong empirical evidence for this close correspondence between prosody and syntax in RCs is missing. Findings regarding prosodic integration of verb-final RCs are not consistent, and research regarding the prosody of iV2 structures is very scarce. Using a delayed sentence-repetition task, our study investigated whether subordination is signaled by prosody in RCs in both the verb-final and the V2 variant in adults (n = 21). In addition, we asked whether young language learners (n = 23), who at the age of 3 have just started to produce embedded clauses, are already sensitive to this mapping. The adult responses showed significantly more patterns of prosodic integration than of prosodic non-integration in the V-final and the iV2 structures, with no difference between the two conditions. Notably, the child responses mirrored this adult behavior, showing significantly more patterns of prosodic integration than of prosodic non-integration in both V-final and iV2 structures. The findings regarding adults’ prosodic realizations provide novel empirical evidence for the claim that iV2 structures, just like verb-final RCs, show prosodic integration. Moreover, our study strongly suggests that subordination is signaled by prosody already by age 3 in both verb-final and V2 variants of RCs.
We aim to understand whether Greek and Italian, two null subject languages, differ in the use and interpretation of null subjects, based on evidence from both a production and a comprehension experiment. The results of the two experiments show that the two languages differ in the extent to which they comply with the Position of Antecedent Strategy as formulated by Carminati (2002). In order to account for this difference, we introduce a principle which defines prominence of sentence constituents in terms of hierarchical height, elaborating on a recent proposal by Rizzi (2018). Then we show that the prominence of subject and object constituents in Greek and Italian reflects word-order differences between the two languages (Roussou & Tsimpli 2006). In more general terms, this paper argues in favour of a multi-factorial approach to reference interpretation, in that syntactic factors interact with discourse factors, leading to a gradient variety of reference possibilities.
Four main informational elements have been suggested and studied as central aspects of narrative discourse: causality, character, location, time. The research that scholars have previously undertaken on these aspects has been primarily on Indo-European languages, and more specifically on the European side of that language family. The linguistic limitations have indicated that character is the aspect of narrative that readers/listeners attend to most closely. However, in examining narrative discourses from non-Indo-European languages, challenges to the presumed primacy of character emerge. In a partial report on field work conducted in Borneo in 2012-2015, I compare and contrast patterns in the rankings of the four main aspects of narrative in three languages, English, Hobongan and Daqan. I also note the strategies by which the languages make their respective rankings clear, including focus particles (Hobongan), specificity of description (each), and amount of information provided about the aspects (each). I suggest that analyses of the patterns and rankings of information in narrative be included in typological categorizations and linguistic descriptions of languages.
This paper describes the revision of the Vietnamese version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We first introduce the Vietnamese language and Vietnamese-speaking populations after which we describe the translation and adaptation process of the Vietnamese MAIN and present results from monolingual and bilingual children.
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), an assessment tool in the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery, aims to improve the assessment of bilingual children. This paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Urdu. Given the lack of language assessment tools for Urdu-speaking children, the Urdu MAIN is an important new instrument that is made widely and freely accessible to researchers and practitioners, allowing them to examine the narrative abilities of children acquiring Urdu as a first, heritage, second, or additional language.
This paper presents a short overview of Turkey and the Turkish language, and then outlines the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) to Turkish and how the Turkish MAIN has been used with monolingual and bilingual children. The grammatical features of Turkish, the critical points in the adaptation process of MAIN to Turkish and our experiences of extensive piloting of the Turkish MAIN with typically developing monolingual children are described.
Torwali, a Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family spoken in the District Swat in Pakistan, is an endangered language that lacks a literary tradition. This paper gives a background on the Torwali language and people, and describes the development of an orthography for Torwali and the establishment of Torwali-medium schools by the local organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi ‘institute for education and development’ (IBT). Finally, the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instruments for Narratives (MAIN) to Torwali is outlined.
This paper briefly presents the current situation of bilingualism in the Philippines, specifically that of Tagalog-English bilingualism. More importantly, it describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Tagalog, the basis of Filipino, which is the country’s national language. Finally, the results of a pilot study conducted on Tagalog-English bilingual children and adults (N=27) are presented. The results showed that Story Structure is similar across the two languages and that it develops significantly with age.
In this paper, we present some features of the European Spanish adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), most of them related to specificities of the Spanish grammar as compared to English, the source language of the original MAIN (Gagarina et al., 2012). These two languages differ in e.g. 1) the use of 3rd grammatical person to address the hearer; 2) the ways of maintaining nominal cohesion: English (non-pro drop) vs. Spanish (pro-drop); 3) the verbal paradigm with regard to morphological tense and aspect morphology. Finally, preliminary results for micro- and macrostructure measures in the narratives of children with Spanish as L1 and L2 confirm their consistency across MAIN stories and procedures.
Using MAIN in South Africa
(2020)
South Africa is a country marked by cultural and linguistic diversity with 11 official languages. The majority of school children do not receive their formal schooling in their home language. There is a need for language assessment tools in education and rehabilitation contexts to distinguish between children with language learning problems and/or SLI, and language delay as a result of limited exposure to the language of learning. The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) provides clinicians and researchers with an appropriate and culturally relevant tool to assess bilingual children in both languages. So far MAIN has been widely used in Afrikaans-English bilingual children. However, translating and adapting MAIN to our other nine official languages to achieve functional and cultural equivalence is more challenging.
The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) for use with Slovak speaking children is a vital step in the process of creating a transparent evaluation of children’s narrative abilities. Since its first translation and adaptation in 2012, new pilot data from different groups of children has been collected in Slovakia. This paper describes the process of adapting the instrument to fit the Slovak language and reports on analyses of narrative production in monolingual (103 Slovak-speaking children) and bilingual (37 Slovak-English speaking) pre-school children. Within a pilot study, the story elicitation method was also compared (telling vs. retelling) within a small sample of 10 monolingual Slovak-speaking children. All results show transparent and detailed possibilities in terms of finding a meaningful evaluation that can evaluate a child’s complex narrative abilities.
This paper provides the background to the process of translation and piloting of the Serbian version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), Multilingvalni Test za Procenu Narativa (MTPN). Our review of the sparse research literature on Serbian children’s narrative abilities reveals a need for a well-designed narrative instrument, which will enable researchers and practitioners to assess the production and comprehension of narratives in children of a wide age range, typically and atypically developing, monolingual and bilingual, crucially allowing for cross-linguistic comparisons. We encountered two kinds of challenges during the process of translation and adaptation of the instrument from English into Serbian. The first concerned the lack of established Serbian technical terminology needed to describe test administration to the future users of the test: researchers and practitioners working in different disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, Speech and Language Therapy. The second challenge concerned the translation of linguistic structures required to produce a successful rendition of the narrative: in contrast to English, but in line with other Slavic languages, Serbian relies heavily on verbs marked for perfective aspect in story-telling. Our discussion of preliminary data from four Serbian monolingual children, aged 5;5-10, demonstrates that MTPN is a successful tool in assessing narrative abilities in children acquiring Serbian.
A translation process is often seen as only a simple code exchange, but, in fact, it always requires an adaptation of terms, expressions, and structures, which is not exactly straightforward. This paper describes the process of translating and adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Brazilian Portuguese. A brief description of the project, concerning both historic and linguistic aspects, was done in order to emphasize the cultural and linguistic challenges faced during the process.
This paper describes in detail the development of the Polish version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We first describe its two earlier versions, the unpublished version and the published version, developed in 2012, as well as the revised version. We also justify the differences between the unpublished Polish version developed in 2012 and the original MAIN. Then we summarize the results from studies that used the unpublished version of the Polish MAIN. We end with outlining a study that could be conducted to compare the two slightly different procedures in order to examine whether the results obtained with MAIN are resistant to changes in the procedure details.
This paper describes the experience of using the Norwegian and Russian versions of LITMUS-MAIN to elicit narrative data from bilingual Norwegian-Russian children as well as from Norwegian- and Russian-speaking monolinguals (Rodina 2017, 2018). The paper reports on the slight adaptations to the standardized design, procedure and analysis that were done to make the tasks more suitable for this specific population. It highlights the advantages, challenges, and potential associated with the task against a backdrop of the research conducted with Norwegian-Russian bilinguals in Norway.
This paper introduces the Mandarin version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) and describes the adaptation process. The Mandarin MAIN not only extends the empirical coverage of MAIN by including one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, but also offers an important tool to assess the narrative abilities of monolingual and bi-/ multi- lingual children acquiring Mandarin as a first, heritage, second, or additional language across the globe.
This paper describes the addition of Luxembourgish to the language versions of MAIN, the adaption process and the use of MAIN in Luxembourg. A short description of Luxembourg’s multilingual society and trilingual school system as well as an overview of selected morphosyntactic and syntactic features of Luxembourgish introduce the Luxembourgish version of MAIN.
This paper introduces the Kam version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). Kam is a minority language in southern China which belongs to the Kam-Tai language family and is spoken by the Kam ethnic minority people. Adding Kam to MAIN not only enriches the typological diversity of MAIN but also allows researchers to study children’s narrative development in a sociocultural context vastly distinctly different from the frequently examined WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies. Moreover, many Kam-speaking children are bilingual ethnic minority children who are “left-behind” children living in Mainland China, growing up in a unique socio-communicative environment
This paper presents the Italian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), describes how it was developed and reports on some recent uses of MAIN within the Italian context. The Italian MAIN has been used in different research projects and for clinical purposes; results have been presented at conferences and in peer reviewed papers. The results indicate that MAIN is an appropriate assessment tool for evaluating children’s narrative competence, in production and comprehension from preschool age (5 years) to school age (8 years) in typical language development, bilingual development and language delay/disorders.
Irish (Gaeilge) is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland. It is a fast-changing, endangered language. Almost universal bilingualism (i.e. almost all Irish speakers also speak English), frequent code-switching to English, and loan words are features of the sociolinguistic context in which the language is spoken. This paper describes the adaptation of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings - Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN, Gagarina et al., 2019) to Irish. Data was collected using the retell mode (Cat story) and the comprehension questions. Eighteen children participated ranging in age from 5;3 to 8;7 (six female and 12 male). Results suggest that story structure is not sensitive to exposure to Irish at home and indicate that MAIN Gaeilge (Irish) is a promising tool for assessing language in Irish-speaking children from a range of Irish language backgrounds.
Immigration in Iceland has a short history and so does the Icelandic language as an L2. This paper gives a brief introductory overview of this history and of some characteristics of the Icelandic language that constitute a challenge for L2 learners but also make it an interesting testing ground for cross-linguistic comparisons of L1 and L2 language acquisition. It then describes the adaptation process of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Icelandic. The Icelandic MAIN is expected to fill a gap in available assessment tools for multilingual Icelandic speaking children.
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) was developed to assess the narrative abilities of bi- and multilingual children in the various languages that they speak. This paper presents the details of the adaptation of MAIN to three Indian languages, Kannada, Hindi and Malayalam. We describe some typological features of these languages and discuss the challenges faced during the process of adaptation. Finally, we give an overview of results for narrative comprehension and production from Kannada-English and Hindi-English bilinguals aged 7 to 9.
This paper presents an overview of the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives in Greek, focusing on its use in Greek academic and diagnostic settings. A summary of the properties of the Greek language and the concomitant challenges these language-specific properties posed to MAIN adaptation are presented along with a summary of published studies with monolingual Greek-speaking children and bilingual children with Greek as L2, with and without Developmental Language Disorder.
This paper presents the adaptation of MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilinguals. The Gondi and Halbi communities and the context in which Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilingual children are growing up are described, and the adaptation process is outlined together with its theoretical underpinnings. Finally, results from a study of 54 Halbi-Hindi bilinguals from Grade 3 (Mean age = 8.5 years), Grade 5 (Mean age = 10.9 years) and Grade 7 (Mean age = 12.9 years) are presented. The results showed that, for the macrostructure of Grade 3 and Grade 5, L1 retelling was significantly better than L2 retelling, though this pattern was not found in Grade 7 where the performance was at the same level across languages for retelling. Narrative macrostructure was consistently higher in tellings than in the retellings regardless of languages and grades.
This paper describes the rationale for the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) (Gagarina et al., 2012, 2015, 2019) to Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic) and presents some preliminary results from the macrostructure measures. Gaelic is a heritage minority language in Scotland being revitalised through immersion education, which spans across all levels of compulsory education (preschool, primary and secondary level). MAIN was adapted to Gaelic for two reasons: (i) to gauge the language abilities of children attending Gaelic immersion schools using an ecologically valid test, and (ii) to help identify areas of language impairment in children with Developmental Language Disorders within a broader battery of language tasks. Preliminary results from the macrostructure component indicate a wider range of Gaelic language abilities in six- to eight-year-old typically developing children in Gaelic-medium education. These results set the stage for future use of the tool within this context.
This paper describes the current state of affairs concerning the West Frisian adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). We provide a short description of the West Frisian language, the process of adapting MAIN into West Frisian and the results of recent research using this adaptation.
This paper describes Estonian version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Estonian. A short description of Estonian, some challenges in the adapting MAIN to Estonian, the first experiences of using the Estonian MAIN and a summary of the first results are presented.
This contribution provides an overview of the current state of affairs with respect to the Dutch version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). We describe properties of the Dutch MAIN, the creation of the Dutch MAIN, and the results of recent research with this new instrument to measure narrative competence.
This paper describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Danish and the use of MAIN in a Danish context. First, there is a brief description of the Danish language followed by details of the process of translating and adapting the MAIN manual to Danish. Finally, we briefly describe some of the research contexts in which the current and previous MAIN materials have been piloted and applied.
This paper presents the Croatian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), outlines its development and describes the research that has used it to assess narrative skills in monolingual and bilingual speakers. The Croatian version of MAIN has so far been used in three research projects and results have been presented in five peer-reviewed articles (published or in press) covering a total of 175 children in the age range from 5;0 to 9;0 (20 with developmental language disorder) and 60 adults, age range from 22 to 76. The accumulated results indicate that MAIN can differentiate narrative skills of speakers in distinct age groups and can distinguish children with language disorders form children with typical language development.
The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN; Gagarina, et al., 2019) to Catalan contributes to advancing our knowledge of the development of children’s narrative skills in a diversity of languages using the same protocol, making it possible to evaluate narratives also in Catalan-speakers. The adaptation of MAIN will be very useful in Catalonia, because it is a region where two official languages (Catalan and Spanish) coexist, Catalan being the language of schooling, so that most of the population is bilingual. However, currently there is no instrument for assessing narrative skills that allows for parallel assessment of Catalan in bilingual children. For these reasons, this adaptation will be of great value to promote the study of narratives in the bilingual population considering Catalan within the possible language combinations. The present paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Catalan and reports results from the first pilot study using the Catalan MAIN.
This paper gives an introduction to the Cantonese adaptation of Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), which is part of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery. We here discuss the motivation for adapting this assessment instrument into Cantonese, the adaptation process itself and potential contexts for use of the Cantonese MAIN.
Bulgarian belongs to the South Slavic language group but exhibits specific linguistic features shared with the non-Slavic languages of the Balkan Sprachbund. In this paper, we discuss linguistic and cultural aspects relevant for the Bulgarian adaptation of the revised English version of The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We address typological properties of the verbal system pertaining to a differentiated aspectual system and to a paradigm of verbal forms for narratives grammaticalized as renarrative mood in Bulgarian. Further, we consider lexical, derivational and discourse cohesive means in contrast to the English markers of involvement and perspective taking in the MAIN stories.
Adapting MAIN to Arabic
(2020)
Preface: New language versions of MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives - revised
(2020)
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) is a theoretically grounded toolkit that employs parallel pictorial stimuli to explore and assess narrative skills in children in many different languages. It is part of the LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) battery of tests that were developed in connection with the COST Action IS0804 Language Impairment in a Multilingual Society: Linguistic Patterns and the Road to Assessment (2009−2013). MAIN has been designed to assess both narrative production and comprehension in children who acquire one or more languages from birth or from early age. Its design allows for the comparable assessment of narrative skills in several languages in the same child and in different elicitation modes: Telling, Retelling and Model Story. MAIN contains four parallel stories, each with a carefully designed six-picture sequence based on a theoretical model of multidimensional story organization. The stories are controlled for cognitive and linguistic complexity, parallelism in macrostructure and microstructure, as well as for cultural appropriateness and robustness. As a tool MAIN had been used to compare children’s narrative skills across languages, and also to help differentiate between children with and without developmental language disorders, both monolinguals and bilinguals.
This volume consists of two parts. The main content of Part I consists of 33 papers describing the process of adapting and translating MAIN to a large number of languages from different parts of the world. Part II contains materials for use for about 80 languages, including pictorial stimuli, which are accessible after registration.
MAIN was first published in 2012/2013 (ZASPiL 56). Several years of theory development and material construction preceded this launch. In 2019 (ZASPiL 63), the revised English version (revised on the basis of over 2,500 transcribed MAIN narratives as well as ca 24,000 responses to MAIN comprehension questions, collected from around 700 monolingual and bilingual children in Germany, Russia and Sweden between 2013-2019) was published together with revised versions in German, Russian, Swedish, and Turkish for the bilingual Turkish-Swedish population in Sweden. The present 2020 (ZASPiL 64) volume contains new and revised language versions of MAIN.
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) is part of LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings). LITMUS is a battery of tests that have been developed in connection with the COST Action IS0804 Language Impairment in a Multilingual Society: Linguistic Patterns and the Road to Assessment (2009−2013).
This paper addresses the question of how to account for the semantic variability of weak free adjuncts. Weak free adjuncts are non-clausal adjuncts that associate with an argument of the main predicate, contribute propositional content, and can interact with temporal or modal operators, which leads to different, adverbial-clause-like interpretations. I focus on a specific type of weak adjuncts, non-clausal as-phrases, and propose a unified semantic analysis for the full range of interpretational possibilities that takes into account the interpretational contingency on different syntactic positions. I show that this analysis improves on Stump’s (1985) original analysis of weak adjuncts. I then go on to discuss the limitations of both Stump’s account and the unified account. Both accounts fail to capture that the interaction of weak adjuncts with modal operators underlies certain restrictions on the properties of the modal operators—an observation that has not been discussed in the literature so far.
'Enough'-/'too'-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g., "Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday" entails Mary left early yesterday. I argue that this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of 'enough'/'too', but due to its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as "Mary left early yesterday because she was clever enough"). I analyze 'enough' and 'too' simply as degree modifiers that involve a comparison: 'enough' means reaching the lower bound of an interval, while 'too' means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Baglini and Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causal dependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructions is episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective) true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicate of sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languages that overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).
Generics and typicality
(2018)
Cimpian et al. (2010) observed that we accept generic statements of the form 'Gs are f' on relatively weak evidence, but that if we are unfamiliar with group G and we learn a generic statement about it, we still interpret it in a much stronger way: (almost) all Gs are f .
This paper makes use of notions like 'representativeness' and 'contingency' from (associative learning) psychology to provide a semantics of generics that explains why people accept generics based on weak evidence. We make use of the Heuristics and Biases approach of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) and the Associative Theory of Probability Judgements to explain pragmatically why people interpret generic statements in a much stronger way. The spirit of the approach has much in common with Leslie's (2008) cognition-based ideas about generics, but the semantics is grounded on Cohen's (1999) relative readings of generic sentences. The basic intuition is that a generic of the form 'Gs are f' is true, not because most Gs are (or tend to have) f , but because f is typical for G, which means that f is valuably associated with G.
Shared mechanism underlying unembedded and embedded enrichments:
evidence from enrichment priming
(2018)
In this paper, we use a priming paradigm to explore the mechanisms underlying unembedded and embedded scalar enrichments. In particular, the aim is to see if local pragmatic enrichment could be a shared mechanism, involved in both. The two experiments presented adopt Bott & Chemla's (2016) enrichment priming paradigm and test whether unembedded and embedded enrichments could prime each other. The goal is to investigate whether local pragmatic enrichment is indeed being accessed for the interpretation of the unembedded scalar and whether local enrichments, like other lexical semantic phenomena, are susceptible to priming.
The paper proposes a new semantics for good-predications involving finite if -and that-clauses. The proposal combines a standard semantics for conditionals with a standard semantics for the positive form of gradable adjectives and a minimal semantics for modal good. The predicted truth-conditions and conditions of use solve the mood puzzle presented in the first part of the paper. The remainder of the paper defends the classical notion of comparative goodness in terms of a comparison between possible worlds against Lassiter (2017)’s challenge.
This paper investigates the interpretation of Japanese -toka and -tari, two nonexhaustive particles that receive conjunctive interpretations in upward-entailing environments, but disjunctive interpretations in downward-entailing and question contexts.
We analyze -toka and -tari as items that introduce unstructured sets of alternatives in a Hamblin-style alternative semantics (Hamblin, 1973; Kratzer and Shimoyama, 2002), and derive their conjunctive and disjunctive readings via an interaction between these sets and the semantics of the environment containing them.