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Causative, which is analyzed in the context of voice, differs widely in Turkish and German languages. A causative can be obtained nearly from each verb in Turkish language while this category is not productive in German Language. Like prefixes, which are of great importance in German language, the causative has the same significance in Turkish language. Causatives can be divided into three: a) lexical causative, causative existing in words' own meaning; for instance, there exists such a relationship between the words "slide" and "fall"; b) morphological causative consists of morphemes (öl-dür-t-mek); c) whereas, the context is important for the operant causative. When we say “It smells gas in here’ it may have been intended to open a window and we can make it done. There is a direct connection between the causative and causality. Because, in causative instead of doing something directly, it may be caused to be done or occurred. The notion of causative in German has been reviewed in the semantic context at a low degree. This is because of the fact that, morphological causative verbs are fewer and new causative voices can't be formed. However, this issue has been handled in a very detailed manner especially at morphological level in Turkish language. There is even fine detail under the title causative itself. The most important characteristic of causative is to change the combination value of the verbs. However, the relation between causative and passive is just the opposite of this and asymmetric. Structures having semantic similarities with causatives and named as Funktionsverbgefüge (put into practice = apply) in German exist. Reciprocal voices and reflexive voices, the most important voices of Turkish language, generally allow the formation of causative verb.
Bu çalışmada, Türkçedeki emir kipinin bir alt ulamı olan ve Almancada Jussiv terimiyle karşılanan 3. kişilere yönelik emir-istek1 biçimleri ve bunların Almancaya nasıl aktarılabileceği konulaştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Yaşar Kemal’in Kuşlar da Gittiromanındaki söz konusu emir-istek biçimleri aynı kitabın Almanca çevirisi Auch die Vögel sind fort’taki çevirileriyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Karşılaştırmanın amacı çeviri eleştirisi değildir; yalnızca durum saptaması yapılmaktadır. Saptanan çeviri olanaklarının Alman dili eğitimi öğrencilerinde nasıl yansıma bulacağını görebilmek için bir de dar kapsamlı bir çeviri anketi uygulanmıştır. Türk dilinin bu dolaylı emir-istek için somut dilbilgisel bir ulam (Ali gelsin!) geliştirmişken, Almancada bire bir karşılaştırılabilir dilbilgisel bir eşdeğerlilik saptanmamıştır. Bu ulamın işlevi Almancada özellikle 3. kişi dolaylı anlatımla (Jeder kehre vor seiner eigenen Haustür!) ve yardımcı eylemlerle (Das Feuer soll von hier mitgenommen werden) karşılanmaktadır. Anlamsal bir ulam olan kipselliğin Türkçe ifadesindeki birçok örtüşmezlik, bu konunun Almanca öğretiminde daha çok dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Öğrencilerle yaptığımız çeviri uygulamasındaki diğer saptamamız, çevirilerdeki yetersizliğin sözlük kullanımındaki yetersizliğe dayandığıdır.
Zur Problematik der Konnektoren im Satz und im Text aus der Perspektive der Textverständlichkeit
(2013)
Linguistic analyses have shown that connectors perform various functions: besides connecting separate clauses, clauses within clause complexes, and other parts of a text, they can also play a major role in text comprehensibility. However, further examination of this issue requires a more precise delineation of the term "connector", which is understood in various ways. The article presents these various conceptions in tabular form and carries out a comparison. The author then moves on to examine how connectors can affect (or increase) the comprehensibility of a text. Here too it is difficult to reach clear conclusions, as various authors approach the issue from various perspectives. In order to present the full variety of connectors, the various approaches to connectors and their optimizing function are formulated as arguments in favour and against, which are summarized, compared and evaluated.
The aim of this article is to systematize selected existing definitions of texts and, from the perspective of research into text comprehension, to compare and contextualize the most frequent concepts applied in the field. These concepts are used in the description of the basic phases and aspects of the text comprehension process; they may be divided into three groups depending on whether they denote the comprehension process itself, the results of this process, or the properties of text. This division should not be viewed as an immutable set of concepts, but rather as a starting point for research into issues of text comprehension and comprehensibility.
This article addresses the controversial question how non-derived denominal verbs (e.g. wingsuit, kennel, trombone) build their argument structures. Based on selected subsets of conceptually related verbs it will be shown that the argument structures of these verbs are flexible though not arbitrary. Without context, these verbs evoke frame-like default situations which are determined by speakers' shared encyclopaedic knowledge and sensorimotor experience and which are mapped onto a small set of abstract event schemata that 'predesign' thematic configurations. The discourse context, which also provides the syntactic context, either meets or models our expectations as to the context-free readings. In the latter case, new (metaphorical) readings are contextually created. These configurations are not arbitrary either because the meanings of verbalized nouns should always be (a) in a relation of contiguity to the base-noun concepts and (b) compatible with the semantics of the syntactic constructions.
In this paper we focus on the similarities tying together the second segment of an onset cluster and a singleton coda segment. We offer a proposal based on Baertsch (2002) accounting for this similarity and show how it captures a number of observations which have defied previous explanation. In accounting for the similarity of patterning between the second member of an onset and a coda consonant, we propose to augment Prince & Smolensky's (P&S, 1993/2002) Margin Hierarchy so as to distinguish between structural positions that prefer low sonority and those that prefer high sonority. P&S's Margin Hierarchy, which gives preference to segments of low sonority, applies to singleton onsets; this is our M1 hierarchy. Our proposed M2 hierarchy applies both to the second member of an onset and to a singleton coda. The M2 hierarchy differs from the M1 hierarchy in giving preference to consonants of high sonority. Splitting the Margin Hierarchy into the M1 and M2 hierarchies allows us to explain typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations that have defied previous explanation. In Section 2 of this paper, we briefly provide background on the links that tie together the second member of an onset and a singleton coda. In Section 3, we review P&S's Margin Hierarchy, showing that it becomes problematic when extended to coda consonants. We then offer our proposal for a split margin hierarchy. Section 4 extends the split margin approach to complex onsets. We then show how it is able to account for various typological, phonotactic, and acquisitional observations. In Section 5, we will conclude the paper by briefly sketching how the split margin approach enables us to analyze syllable contact phenomena without requiring a specific syllable contact constraint (or additional hierarchy) or reference to an external sonority scale.
Na tragu učenja praške funkcionalne (aktualne) rečenične perspektive o osnovnom i aktualiziranom redu riječi razmatrat će se redoslijed sastavnica u složenim strukturama (subordiniranima i koordiniranima). U prvome redu zanimat će nas poredak surečenica (klauza) u sastavu zavisnosložene rečenice. Postavlja se naime pitanje čime sve može biti uvjetovana anteponiranost zavisne surečenice (tzv. inverzija), i to u različitim tipovima tekstova odnosno komunikacijskim situacijama (npr. u akademskom/ znanstvenom i/ili predavačkom diskursu, potom u privatnim razgovorima itd.). U tu svrhu pozornost ćemo obratiti na primjere poput ovih: Kao što je naslovom najavljeno, bavit ćemo se složenim rečenicama.; Kako bismo ubrzali objavljivanje zbornika, želja nam je što prije skupiti radove.; Kao što je prethodno rečeno, nastava počinje u listopadu.; Ako ne prekineš s glupostima, odlazim!; Dok ne ispraviš jedinice, ništa od izlazaka! i sl. Što se pak nezavisnosloženih rečenica tiče, ponajprije ćemo se suočiti s pitanjem utvrđivanja primarnog redoslijeda sastavnica (Sjedim i razmišljam. ili Razmišljam i sjedim.), da bismo potom pokušali utvrditi moguće razloge remećenja toga redoslijeda (npr. Umro – brao trešnje i pao sa stabla. prema Popeo se, brao trešnje, pao sa stabla, umro.). Naposljetku budući da pristajemo uz gledište da se već složena rečenica može smatrati činjenicom teksta (J. Silić), ali i zbog toga što se aktualizirani red riječi/komponenata ostvaruje upravo u (kon)tekstualno uključenoj rečenici, u svjetlu ćemo novije lingvistike teksta (R. de Beaugrande i W. Dressler) o redoslijedu komponenata promišljati kao o kohezivnom sredstvu.
Die vorliegende Arbeit geht hervor aus dem Hauptseminar „Argumentationstheorie“, das im Wintersemester 2008/09 am Institut für Linguistik der Universität zu Köln unter der Leitung von PD Dr. Leila Behrens abgehalten wurde. Ziel dieses Seminars war es, ausgehend von traditionellen Begriffen der Rhetorik, Dialektik und Logik, in die Terminologie sowie in zentrale Modelle der zeitgenössischen Argumentationsforschung einzuführen. Die dabei erworbenen Kenntnisse sollen im Folgenden bei der Analyse von Beiträgen eines Diskussionsforums im Internet angewendet werden. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein sogenanntes „newsforum“ der BBC mit dem Titel „Have Your Say“ (BBC 2008), in dem aktuelle Themen und Nachrichten von Internetnutzern weltweit diskutiert werden können. Im untersuchten Fall behandeln wir die Frage, wie mit der Unabhängigkeitserklärung des Kosovo vom 17. Februar 2008 umzugehen sei: „Should the world recognise an independent Kosovo?“ […]. Zu dieser Fragestellung wurden insgesamt 3195 Beiträge im Forum veröffentlicht, von denen hier 780 ausgewertet werden. Diese folgen chronologisch aufeinander und umfassen den Zeitraum zwischen 7:49 Uhr (mittlere Greenwich-Zeit) und 14:26 Uhr des 17. Februar 2008.
Beim Gebrauch einer Fremdsprache durch Anfänger handelt es sich offensichtlich um "Spielarten interkultureller Kommunikation" (FÖLDES 2007: 614). Eine bezüglich der arabischen Auslandsgermanistik ergiebige Auseinandersetzung mit der Schreibfertigkeit gelingt erst, wenn interkulturelle und handlungsorientierte Aspekte zusammen und sprachkomparatistisch berücksichtigt werden. Davon ausgehend lässt sich dann erklären, inwieweit mögliche differente Verhaltens- und Handlungsmuster in der deutschen und der arabischen Sprach- bzw. Kulturgemeinschaft das Schreiben in der deutschen Sprache beeinflussen. Neben Faktoren im sprachsystematischen und lexikalisch-semantischen Bereich lässt sich dies im pragmatischen Bereich an zwei Parametern des kommunikativen Verhaltenstyps (Grad der Expressivität sowie der der Ritualisierung) untersuchen. Mögliche differente Verhaltens- bzw. Handlungsweisen werden hier anhand von arabischen Germanistikstudierenden geschriebener Aufsätze bzw. E-Mails diskutiert.
In German, the subject usually precedes the object (SO order), but, under certain discourse conditions, the object is allowed to precede the subject (OS order). This paper focuses on main clauses in which either the subject or a discourse-given object occurs in clause-initial position. Two acceptability experiments show that OS sentences with a given object are generally acceptable, but the precise degree of acceptability varies both with the object‘s referential form (demonstrative objects leading to higher acceptability than other types of objects) and with formal properties of the subject (pronominal subjects leading to higher acceptability than non-pronominal subjects). For SO sentences, acceptability was reduced when the object was a d-pronoun, which contrasts with the high acceptability of OS sentences with a d-pronoun object. This finding was explored in a third acceptability experiment comparing d-pronouns in subject and object function. This experiment provides evidence that a reduction in acceptability due to a prescriptive bias against d-pronouns is suspended when the d-pronoun occurs as object in the prefield. We discuss the experimental results with respect to theories of German clause structure that claim that OS sentences with different information-structural properties are derived by different types of movement.
"You don’t mind my calling you Harry?" : Terms of address in John Updike’s "Rabbit" tetralogy
(2020)
This paper examines the use of address terms in John Updike’s Rabbit tetralogy (Updike 1995). The first part of the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the great variety of terms used to address the protagonist, Harry Angstrom, in the decades covered by the novels. The second part focuses on two important side characters, Reverend Eccles and Harry’s mother-in-law. It demonstrates how address term usage with these two characters reflects ongoing changes in their relationship with Harry. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate the potential of fictional data for the study of address terms and, in return, to capture the manifold functions of address terms as a literary device in fiction.
Das Prager Deutsch wurde schon oft erwähnt, aber wenig beschrieben. In diesem Aufsatz wird die letzte Form dieses Deutschen dargestellt, wie sie in den 30er und 40er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts gesprochen wurde, als deutsche Standardsprache der Länder der böhmischen Krone. Die Unterschiede zum neutralen Standarddeutschen sind sehr gering. Es gibt wenige tschechische Einflüsse, kaum Übereinstimmungen mit dem süddeutschen und österreichischen Substandard, aber Parallelen zum nördlichen Standarddeutschen. Heute ist das Prager Deutsch fast ausgestorben, da es nach 1945 nicht mehr weitergegeben wurde.
Eines der Hauptmerkmale, welches das Ionisch-Attische von den übrigen altgriechischen Dialekten unterscheidet, ist die Vertretung des idg. * ā durch ē. Idg. *ā kommt in den übrigen Dialekten als ā vor. So entspricht zum Beispiel dem idg. *māter (lat. māter, ai. mātā) äol.-dor. mā́tēr, aber mḗtēr im ion.-att. […] Selbstverständlich ist die Zurückführung auf idg. Formen mit ā ein Ergebnis, zu dem man erst durch die Rekonstruktionsmethoden der Vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft kommt. In dem Bereich des ion.-att. Dialekts wird jedoch weiter unterschieden, da bei bestimmten lautlichen Umgebungen (nach den Lauten i, e und r) im Att. – wie auch im Äol., Dor. – ā und kein ē vorkommt, wie man erwarten würde und wie es wirklich der Fall im Ion. ist. […]
1.2. Wegen dieser unterschiedlichen phonologischen Situation, die man im Att. […] findet, stellen sich in Bezug auf das phonologische System des Altgriechischen (des ion.-att. Dialekts) die folgenden wesentlichen Fragen: (A) Wie soll man im Att. die Anwesenheit von ā statt des erwarteten ē erklären? (B) (I) Wurde das urgr. ā direkt zu ē (ē̡) im Ion.-att. oder hat es eine Zwischenstufe gegeben in dem Sinne, daß es zunächst zu ǟ (vorderer, palataler Laut) wurde und später zu ē̡, obwohl es in der Schrift immer durch H (MHTEP) im Att. repräsentiert wurde?
(II) Wenn es wirklich eine Zwischenstufe mit ǟ gegeben hat, hat sie so lange gedauert, daß ǟ als ein selbständiges Phonem des phonologischen Systems der langen Vokale des Ion.-att. und besonders des Att. betrachtet werden kann?
Der zweite Teil der Frage (B) wird direkt mit dem Problem der Chronologie der Verschmelzung ("merger") von ǟ und ā̡ verknüpft. (Da die Gründe, die für den phonematischen Wert des ǟ sprechen, stark genug sind, wie durch die folgende Analyse gezeigt werden wird, wird ǟ hier im voraus als Phonem betrachtet, und das soll hier auch als Arbeitshypothese dienen.)
In meiner Arbeit zeige ich, dass es sich bei der klitischen Dopplung im Spanischen und Katalanischen um dasselbe Phänomen handelt, nämlich um ein synchrones Stadium einer sprachlichen Entwicklung der romanischen Sprachen: der Umwandlung der Objektmarkierung vom morphologischem Kasus hin zu anderen Strategien. Die existierenden Unterschiede zwischen den Sprachen und innerhalb ihrer Varietäten lässt sich so erklären, dass die Entwicklung der sprachlichen Systeme nicht gleichförmig verläuft - während das Spanische des Rio de la Plata-Raums bereits weit fortgeschritten ist, zeigt sich das Katalanische noch recht konservativ.
This paper aims to investigate the dynamics of text-image interplay as exemplified by various text types applied to second language teaching and translation didactics. Based on examples of texts from the fields of Science, Technology, Literature and Language Teaching, the authors attempt to assess both successful and unsuccessful instances of the application of iconical resources in text production. Some didactic consequences are discussed.
Formalized as a systematic interaction between a tier of co-arguments and a tier of co-dependents, the concept of diathesis offers a considerable theoretical advantage in stating linguistic generalizations. Based on Slavic data, this paper argues for the general notion of dependents in HPSG, in addition to arguments and subcategorized elements (valence). It attempts to provide a systematic inventory of ARG-ST / DEPS mappings which results in a diathetic paradigm. The approach offers an insightful cross-linguistic and cross-constructional perspective.
Abstract: A functional typology of copular be in Russian allows us to systematically relate variants of predication with and without copula. The analysis sketched in this article does not need empty categories; neither does it have to stipulate categories, category changes or constituents that are not morphologically signalled. With regard to HPSG formalization, the presented approach independently motivates the use of features and mechanisms that are already available in this framework.
In my paper, I show that the so-called German right dislocation actually comprises two distinct constructions, which I label 'right dislocation proper' and 'afterthought'. These differ in their prosodic and syntactic properties, as well as in their discourse functions. The paper is primarily concerned with the right dislocation proper (RD). I present a semantic analysis of RD based on the 'separate performative' account of Potts (2004, 2005) and Portner (forthc.). This analysis allows a description of the semantic contribution of RD to its host sentence, as well as explaining certain semantic constraints on the kind of NP in the RD construction.
Although there are many dialect speakers in Bavaria, the dialect - mainly because of its non-standardized spelling - is usually not used in common print media or on nationwide television. Nevertheless, the Bavarian dialect appears on Bavarian television (BR) and in cinema films. However, the Bavarian used on television or in films is frequently not a genuine dialect; instead it is a synthetic language which resembles the German standard and merely refers to the dialect. This is mainly due to the needs of non-dialect speakers, who would definitely have comprehension problems with the genuine dialect. Furthermore, the Bavarian dialect is often used on online platforms, such as Facebook or YouTube. In these conversational situations, face-to-face communication is replaced by written texts. In the case of dialect speakers, these texts can appear as written dialect; due to the non-standardized spelling, the texts are strongly individualized.
Ich spreche im Folgenden über ein Thema, das 'Hermeneutik nach Luther' heißen soll. Als Hermeneutik verstehe ich dabei im Anschluss an Friedrich Schleiermacher - also im Anschluss an einen protestantischen Theologen, der seine eigene Hermeneutikkonzeption vorwiegend mit Bezug auf die Auslegung des Neuen Testamentes entwickelt hat, das heißt in einem dezidiert christlichen und zugleich mehrfachen, noch näher zu klärenden nach-Luther'schen Sinn - die "Kunst des Verstehens". Die Bestimmung verdeutlicht, dass das Verstehen nichts Selbstverständliches ist. Verstehen versteht sich nicht von selbst. Es muss selbst verstanden werden. Hermeneutik bezeichnet nach diesem Verständnis eine Aufgabe, und zwar, wie Schleiermacher zu betonen nicht müde wird, eine niemals abgeschlossene, immer weiter fortzusetzende Aufgabe.
Ao apelo da Universidade de Coimbra para que, no âmbito da sua semana Cultural, as Faculdades e outros organismos que nela se acolhem glosem o tema da “Imaginação”, responde o Instituto de Estudos Alemães com o colóquio Imaginação do mesmo: a diferença na repetição. No texto que enquadra o conjunto de contributos que hoje aqui se apresentam, se afirma, a dado passo, que “Há inovação e transformação não na impossível invenção de uma origem, mas sim na capacidade de articulação produtiva”. Pode esta ser uma boa síntese daquilo que a moderna descendência da espécie homo leva a cabo, enquanto homo sapiens (sapiens) e, portanto, homo loquens, no exercício da faculdade que é, a um tempo, o seu mais poderoso instrumento de cognição e o mais eficaz e económico veículo de comunicação – competição e cooperação são, recordo, os principais pilares em que assenta o processo da sua sobrevivência enquanto espécie.
Criadas as línguas, de que espaço de manobra dispõe o “homem que fala”, que é também um homo socialis, para as recriar, reinventar, adaptando-as às sempre renovadas coordenadas sociológicas em que se situa e de que ele próprio é o arquitecto?
Bilimsel Metin Üretimi
(2014)
Rezension zu Canan Şenöz Ayata: Bilimsel Metin Üretimi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık Eğitim, 2014.
This paper builds on Zwicky's (1986) notion of shape condition, that is, a rule that specifies the phonological shape of inflected forms "by reference to triggers at least some of which lie outside the syntactic word". Zwicky observes that "many rules traditionally classified as external sandhi rules are [shape conditions]". They are not phonological rules in the usual sense, since they only apply to specific lexical items and are active within syntactic rather than phonological domains.
Shape conditions are problematic in many standard grammar architectures. On the one hand, they seem to be constraints on lexical entries, while on the other hand, they make reference to the syntactic context. Hayes (1990) has sketched a theory of "precompiled phrasal phonology" in which allomorph choice is conditioned by subcategorization frames in lexical entries. However, his approach is not formalized in any detail, and moreover makes the implicit claim that the relation between a shape condition target and its triggers can be equated with the syntactic relation between a lexical head and its complement. Although this assumption holds good for the Hausa phenomena he addresses, we do not believe that it holds in general.
HPSG appears to offer promising framework for formalizing something like Hayes' approach, but the standard machinery also makes it hard to distinguish a shape condition trigger from a complement. In order to overcome this difficulty, we develop the notion of phonological context: a feature of signs which allows us to condition allomorphic alternation in terms of (i) the phonological edges, and (ii) the syntactic properties of an expression's immediate syntactic sisters. We show how our analysis deals with four illustrative cases: the indefinite article alternation in English, syncretic liaison forms for possessive pronouns in French, Hausa verb-final vowel shortening, and soft mutation in Welsh nouns.
Glue semantics for HPSG
(2002)
The glue approach to semantic interpretation has been developed principally for Lexical Functional Grammar. Recent work has shown how glue can be used with a variety of syntactic theories and this paper outlines how it can be applied to HPSG. As well as providing an alternative form of semantics for HPSG, we believe that the benefits of HPSG glue include the following: (1) simplification of the Semantics Principle; (2) a simple and elegant treatment of modifier scope, including empirical phenomena like quantifier scope ambiguity, the interaction of scope with raising, and recursive modification; (3) an analysis of control that handles agreement between controlled subjects and their coarguments while allowing for a property denotation for the controlled clause; (4) re-use of highly efficient techniques for semantic derivation already implemented for LFG, and which target problems of ambiguity management also addressed by Minimal Recursion Semantics.
This paper presents a new account of the generalization that focused elements cannot be elided, framed within Unalternative Semantics, a framework that does away with syntactic F-marking. We propose the mirror image of the generalization: what is elided cannot introduce alternatives. We implement this as a focus restriction in UAS and then go on to show how to account for MAXELIDE effects using the same technique, without making reference to any transderivational constraints.
Does chain hybridization in Irish support movement-based approaches to long-distance dependencies?
(2010)
Huybregts (2009) makes the claim that hybrid A'-chains in Irish favor derivational theories of syntax over representational ones such as HPSG. In this paper, we subject this assertion to closer scrutiny. Based on a new technical proposal, we will reach the conclusion that, in principle, both derivational and representational accounts can accomodate hybrid dependencies. Thus, no argument against either approach can be made on the basis of the Irish data, disconfirming Huybregts's (2009) claim.
In this paper, focusing on the relevance-theoretic view of cognition, I discuss the idea that what is communicated through an utterance is not merely an explicature upon which implicature(s) are recovered, but rather a propositional complex that contains both explicit and implicit information. More specifically, I propose that this information is constructed on the fly as the interpreter processes every lexical item in its turn while parsing the utterance in real time, in this way creating a string of ad hoc concepts. While hearing an utterance and incrementally constructing a context, the propositional complex communicated by an utterance is pragmatically narrowed and simultaneously pragmatically broadened in order to incorporate only the set of optimally relevant propositions with respect to a specific point in the interpretation. The narrowing of propositions from the initial context at each stage allows relevant propositions to be carried on to the new level, while their broadening adds to the communicated propositional complex new propositions that are linked to the lexical item that is processed at every step of the interpretation process.
Türkiye'de Akademik Açık Erişim Dergi Yayıncılığı ve Çeviribilim Alanındaki Açık Erişim Dergiler
(2014)
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin akademik açık erişim dergi yayıncılığında geldiği noktayı ortaya koymak, 70'li yıllardan itibaren dilbilim ve filolojiden ayrılarak kendi bilimsel çerçevesini çizen ve kendi bilimsel iletişim sistemini oluşturan Çeviribilim alanının, bilimsel iletişim sisteminin en önemli araçlarından biri olan akademik açık erişim dergicilik konusunda aldığı mesafeyi görmek, bu konuda mevcut eksiklikleri tespit etmek ve bunlara çözüm önerilerinde bulunmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla ulusal ve uluslararası açık erişim veritabanları incelenerek elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilmeye çalışıldı. Çalışmanın birinci aşamasında Türkiye'nin akademik açık erişim dergicilik konusundaki mevcut durumu değerlendirilirken ikinci aşamada Çeviribilim alanının durumu ele alındı. Son aşamada ise elde edilen verilerden anlamlı sonuçlar çıkarılarak genel bir değerlendirme yapıldı ve çeşitli öneriler sunuldu.
This paper surveys a range of constructions in which prosody affects discourse function and discourse structure.We discuss English tag questions, negative polar questions, and what we call “focus” questions. We postulate that these question types are complex speech acts and outline an analysis in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) to account for the interactions between prosody and discourse.
Dynamic semantic accounts of presupposition have proven to quite successful improvements over earlier theories. One great advance has been to link presupposition and anaphora together (van der Sandt 92, Geurts 95), an approach that extends to integrate bridging and other discourse phenomena (Asher and Lascarides 1998a,b). In this extended anaphoric account, presuppositions attach, like assertions, to the discourse context via certain rhetorical relations. These discourse attachments constrain accommodation and help avoid some infelicitous predictions of standard accounts of presupposition. Further, they have interesting and complex interactions with underspecified conditions that are an important feature of the contributions of most presupposition triggers.
Deictic uses of definites, on the other hand, seem at first glance to fall outside the purview of an anaphoric theory of presupposition. There seems to be little that a discourse based theory would have to say. I will argue, however, that a discourse based account can capture how these definites function in conversation. In particular such accounts can clarify the interaction between the uses of such deictic definites and various conversational moves. At least some deictic uses of definites generate presuppositions that are bound to the context via a rhetorical function that I'll call unchoring, which if successful entails a type of knowing how. If this anchoring function is accepted, then the acceptors know how to locate the referent of the definite in the present context. I'll concentrate here just on definites that refer to spatial locations, where the intuitions about anchoring are quite clear. But I think that this view extends to other deictic uses of definites and has ramifications for an analysis of de re attitudes as well.
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
This paper explores how refugee families in Germany draw on me-diational repertoires to accomplish a range of digital literacy prac-tices on their smartphones. We introduce the concept of ‘mediation-al repertoire’, i.e. a socially and individually structured configuration of semiotic and technological resources for communication, and use it in an ethnographic case study with participants from Syria and Af-ghanistan in a refugee residence in Hamburg in 2017/18. The collect-ed data includes nine semi-directed interviews, video demonstra-tions of smartphone usage, and ethnographic fieldnotes. Qualitative analysis draws on mediagrams, i.e. visualizations of mediational re-pertoires in two families. Findings suggest that individual mediation-al repertoires in these families differ especially by generation and other factors, such as literacy competence, type of social relation-ship and purpose of online use, including smartphone-based lang-uage-learning.
Die letzten Jahre haben für unseren Fremdsprachenunterricht, sowohl an Schulen und Hochschulen als auch an sonstigen Bildungseinrichtungen, Neuorientierungen in vielerlei Hinsicht erbracht. Hauptanstoß für diese neuen Ansätze hat ohne Zweifel der vom Europarat veröffentlichte Gemeinsame europäische Referenzrahmen für Sprachen (GeR) 2001 gegeben, im schulischen Kontext in Deutschland zudem die Entwicklung von Bildungsstandards, so u. a. für Englisch und Französisch als 1. Fremdsprache (s. KULTUSMINISTERKONFERENZ 2004 sowie TESCH et al. 2008). Wie so oft führen Neuorientierungen im Bildungswesen jedoch auch zu Verunsicherungen: Müssen wir jetzt unseren Unterricht, unsere Curricula und unsere Leistungsmessung komplett umgestalten? Welche konkreten Auswirkungen haben diese neuen Ansätze für Lehrkräfte und für Lernende? Der Aufsatz möchte dazu beitragen, ein wenig Klarheit zu schaffen. Was heißt eigentlich Kompetenzorientierung? Welche konkreten Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung unseres Unterrichts bietet dieser neue Ansatz?
This paper tries to give a definition of stereotype and prejudice, taking as a base definitions from Cognitive and Social Psychology and Linguistics. The author comes to the conclusion that stereotypes and prejudice are natural mental stages, necessary for the processing of cognitive input. As a part of human cognition, prejudice must be prevented from becoming socially dangerous. It has to be diminished and modificated by personal contact between individuals of different cultures.
The paper focuses on experience gained at the university of Hildesheim (Germany) where a modular course programme has been introduced which concentrates on less frequently learnt European languages, such as Dutch, Danish, Portuguese and Italian, putting into practice relevant results of research in the field of Contrastive Linguistics. The paper ends with a presentation of the outline of a Turkish reading course for German learners, raising the question to what extent experience gained by comparing and teaching Indo-European languages can be applied to fundamentally different languages like German and Turkish.
Non-restrictive relative clauses (NRRCs) can modify constituents which undergo 'pragmatic enrichment' when they appear in answers to questions. For example, in an interchange like: 'A: What did Jo think? B: That you should say nothing, which is surprising.' What B says is surprising is that 'Jo thinks ...' On the face of it, this might seem problematic for approaches to NRRCs which assume 'syntactic integration' and to support an 'orphan' analysis, where NRRCs are combined with purely conceptual representations. In this paper we examine a range of elliptical and anaphoric phenomena, and show that this conclusion is misplaced. In fact, the phenomena argue strongly in favour of a syntactically integrated analysis.
A little discussed feature of English are non-restrictive relative clauses in which the antecedent is normally not an NP and the gap follows an auxiliary, as in Kim will sing, which Lee won't. These relative clauses resemble clauses with auxiliary complement ellipsis or fronting. There are a variety of analyses that might be proposed, but there are reasons for thinking that the best analysis is one where which is a nominal filler associated with a gap which is generally non-nominal: a filler-gap mismatch analysis in other words.
This paper presents an account of English non-restrictive ('appositive') relative clauses (NRCs) in the framework of 'construction based' HPSG. Specifically, it shows how the account of restrictive relative clause constructions presented in Sag (1997) can be extended to provide an account of the syntax and semantics of NRCs and of the main differences between NRCs and restrictive relatives. The analysis reconciles the semantic intuition that NRCs behave like independent clauses with their subordinate syntax. A significant point is that, in contrast with many other approaches, it employs only existing, independently motivated theoretical apparatus, and requires absolutely no new structures, features, or types.
This dissertation provides an analysis of Finnish prosody, with a focus on the sentence or phrase level. The thesis analyses Finnish as a phrase language. Thus, it accounts for prosodic variation through prosodic phrasing and explains intonational differences in terms of phrase tones.
Finnish intonation has traditionally been described in terms of accents associated with stressed syllables, i.e. similarly as prototypical intonation languages like English or German. However, accents are usually described as uniform instead of forming an inventory of contrasting accent types. The present thesis confirms the uniformity of Finnish tonal contours and explains it as based on realisations of tones associated with prosodic phrases instead of accents. Two levels of phrasing are discussed: Prosodic phrases (p-phrases) and intonational phrases (i-phrases). Most prominently, the p-phrase is marked by a high tone associated with its beginning and a low tone associated with its end; realisations of these tones form the rise-fall contours traditionally analysed as accents. The i-phrase is associated with a final tone that is either low or high and additionally marked by voice quality and final lengthening. While the tonal specifications of these phrases are thus predominantly invariant, variation arises from different distributions of phrases.
This analysis is based on three studies, two production experiments and one perception study. The first production study investigated systematic variation in information structure, first syllable vowel quantity and the target word's position in the sentence, while the second production experiment induced variation in information structure, first and second syllable type and number of syllables. In addition to fundamental frequency, the materials were analysed regarding duration, the occurrence of pauses and voice quality. The perception study investigated the interpretation of compound/noun phrase minimal pairs with manipulated fundamental frequency contours using a two-alternative forced-choice picture selection task. Additionally, a pilot perception study on variation in peak height and timing supported the assumption of uniform tonal contours.
The claim advanced in this paper is that the presence of a left-dislocated element together with a resumptive clitic in Bulgarian is a special case of argument saturation with implications for the focus structure of the clause, while contrast involves discontinuous focus (contrastive topics/foci) with no clitics present in the derivation. Contrastive topic/focus constructions in Bulgarian can be united on the view that they involve (sets of) ordered pairs where the higher element is valuing a contrastive feature (cf. OCC in Chomsky 2001) while the element in the VP is a non-contrastive topic or focus. The contrastive feature participates in wh-structures but not in clitic-left-dislocated structures where pairing between arguments is 'accidental'.
This paper describes Estonian version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Estonian. A short description of Estonian, some challenges in the adapting MAIN to Estonian, the first experiences of using the Estonian MAIN and a summary of the first results are presented.
In this work, I provide an analysis of adjectival depictive constructions which accounts for most of their fundamental properties. First, I focus on the restrictions having to do with the integration of the depictive and the verbal predicate: they are based on aspectual compatibility between the two predicates, which, in turn, will depend on the ability, on the part of the depictive, to make reference to some (sub)event in the event structure of the verbal predicate. Facts not captured by previous approaches in the literature will be straightforwardly accounted for, among them the possibility to have I-L depictive constructions, and the impossibility to combine a depictive with some non-stative verbal predicates. Second, it will be shown that the informational import of the depictive in the sentence can be equivalent to that of the verbal predicate: both can be the primary lexical basis of predication. This is reflected in the sentence in various ways, having to do with aspectual modifiers, and in the properties of the sentential subject. In this connection, we will reconsider the notion of subject, arguing that no subject-predicate relation takes place in the lexical domain of sentences, and hence that the argument the depictive is oriented to, the common argument, cannot be a subject of the depictive. Finally, a minimalist analysis is proposed for the syntax of the construction, in terms of direct syntactic merge of predicative constituents and sidewards (q-to-q) movement for the common argument, from the lexical domain of the depictive to the lexical domain of the verb. As to morphosyntactic properties, a syntactic Double Agree relation is assumed to hold between T/v, as probes, on the one hand, and the common argument and depictive, as simultaneous goals, on the other, which would allow for the deletion of Case features on both goals. The assumed presence of Structural Case on the adjectival depictive will be responsible for the well-known restriction on the orientation of depictives to the sentential subject or object.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a construção de imagens discursivas de aprendizes em sumários e em atividades contidas em livros didáticos de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), e de que modo essas construções antecipam que tipo de inserção esse aprendiz teria de/poderia ocupar nessa comunidade de produção/circulação de textos na língua alvo. Nesse sentido, o quadro teórico se constrói a partir da articulação entre a perspectiva polifônica da linguagem (BAKHTIN 2011), a noção de práticas discursivas (FOUCAULT 2004; MAINGUENEAU 2008) e o disciplinamento de saberes (FOUCAULT 2002), considerando a relevância de tal articulação para uma crítica à Linguística Aplicada a partir de Rocha e Daher (2015). Por meio das análises de livros didáticos de ALE, observamos a construção de imagens de aprendiz que parece retirá-lo das situações de interação, considerando-o mero espectador, que se ocupará de repetir sentenças e estruturas determinadas por uma simulação artificial de situações comunicativas, mais do que permitir a ele espaços de interação e de inserção nessas situações. Além disso, os materiais comunicam uma imagem de aprendiz-consumidor-turista, interessado em aprender a língua para fazer viagens, realidade essa distante da brasileira.
Este trabalho teve a intenção de investigar sobre o processo de tomada de decisão quanto às funções comunicativas das partículas modais (doravante PM), frente a diferentes contextos. Nesse sentido, aplicamos um questionário online em alemão. Para a coleta de dados foi solicitado a 62 participantes alemães nativos e não nativos que selecionassem dentre um conjunto de orações (contendo ou não PMs) as que proporcionariam interpretações adequadas para contextos pré-estabelecidos. Os resultados apontam que os participantes nativos tiveram maior facilidade em selecionar as opções esperadas nas tarefas apresentadas, porém as reflexões sobre as decisões tomadas foram desafiadoras para ambos os grupos. Portanto, a análise de dados indica deficiências na compreensão da função e complexidade modal das PMs. Assim, além de investigar as decisões tomadas pelos dois grupos, procuramos oferecer ferramentas para o ensino das PMs em aulas de alemão.
This study examines the particularities of multilingual discourse, based on the example of recorded conversations in a trilingual family in Canada. It combines two different fields of linguistic research: multilingualism and conversation analysis. The study of multilingualism has developed into a popular field of linguistic research over the past two decades. In general, it focuses on bilingualism as a social and individual phenomenon, and in particular on the alternation between two languages in the speech of bilinguals. For this alternation, the term code-switching is widely used. Usually, the term refers to language alternation both between sentences and within sentence boundaries. From a sociolinguistic perspective code-switching is often interpreted as a means of signaling group membership in bilingual communities, whereas grammatical analyses examine how morphosyntactic units from different languages are combined (and can be combined) within one sentence. Auer (1998: 3) suggests the study of the conversational structure of code-switching as a third perspective on bilingual language usage, one that he claims has been widely neglected by linguistic research in the past. In particular, those cases of language alternation between utterances (sentences) but within the same conversation cannot be described adequately from either a macro-sociolinguistic or a morphosyntactic perspective.
Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax des Nyam, einer westtschadischen Minoritätensprache Nordostnigerias, dar. Es handelt sich um eine Erstbeschreibung, die im Zuge eines von der DFG finanzierten Projekts mit dem Titel „Das Nyam – Dokumentation einer westtschadischen Minoritätensprache“ durchgeführt werden konnte.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine grammatische Beschreibung des Nyam – eine bis dato unbekannte Sprache – vorzulegen. Mit nur ca. 5000 Sprechern ist sie schon im Hinblick auf die geringe Zahl, vor allem aber durch die regionale Dominanz der mit ihr genetisch verwandten Verkehrssprache Hausa, akut in ihrer Existenz bedroht. Zudem befindet sich diese Sprache in einer geographisch exponierten Lage, d.h. sie ist weitgehend von Benue-Kongo-Sprachen umgeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund kann die Dokumentation des Nyam einerseits den Nyam-Sprechern selbst zur Erhaltung ihrer kulturellen Identität und der damit verbundenen Traditionen dienen. Andererseits ist dieser wissenschaftliche Beitrag als Ergänzung zu den noch fehlenden Grammatiken innerhalb der tschadischen Sprachfamilie und im Besonderen der Bole-Tangale-Sprachgruppe zu sehen und kann als Grundstein zukünftiger Forschungen für vergleichende Arbeiten mit den benachbarten Benue-Kongo-Sprachen betrachtet werden.
The semantics of adjectives related to nominals denoting societal roles, such as presidential (from president), have remained understudied. We examine the semantics of what we call role-denoting relational adjectives, providing a formal analysis using the notion of a frame, a unified representation for lexical knowledge, world knowledge, and context. The frames we propose are based on a constructivist philosophical understanding of social roles, leading us to posit a multi-tiered ontology of events and individuals. Using frames and our ontology, we provide a general semantics for role-denoting relational adjectives and roles
Discourses in the historical (or narrative) use of the simple present in English prohibit backshifting, though they allow forward sequencing. Unlike both reference time theories and discourse coherence theories of these temporal inferences, we propose that backshifting has a different source from narrative progression. In particular, we argue that backshifting arises through anaphora to a salient event in the preceding discourse.
This paper is about what Ninan (2014) (following Wollheim 1980) calls the Acquaintance Inference (AI): a firsthand experience requirement imposed by several subjective expressions such as Predicates of Personal Taste (PPTs) (delicious). In general, one is entitled to calling something delicious only upon having tried it. This requirement can be lifted, disappearing in scope of elements that we will call obviators. The paper investigates the patterns of AI obviation for PPTs and similar constructions (e.g., psych predicates and subjective attitudes). We show that the cross-constructional variation in when acquaintance requirements can be obviated presents challenges for previous accounts of the AI (Pearson 2013, Ninan 2014). In place of these, we argue for the existence of two kinds of acquaintance content: (i) that of bare PPTs; and (ii) that of psych predicates, subjective attitudes and overt experiencer PPTs.
For (i), we propose that the AI arises from an evidential restriction that is dependent on a parameter of interpretation which obviators update. For (ii), we argue that the AI is a classic presupposition. We model both (i) and (ii) using von Fintel and Gillies’s (2010) framework for directness and thus connect two strands of research: that on PPTs and that on epistemic modals. Both phenomena are sensitive to a broad direct-indirect distinction, and analyzing them along similar lines can help shed light on how natural language conceptualizes evidence in general.
This paper briefly presents the current situation of bilingualism in the Philippines, specifically that of Tagalog-English bilingualism. More importantly, it describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Tagalog, the basis of Filipino, which is the country’s national language. Finally, the results of a pilot study conducted on Tagalog-English bilingual children and adults (N=27) are presented. The results showed that Story Structure is similar across the two languages and that it develops significantly with age.
Georgian is a language allowing reflexives to be marked by ergative. The subject use of the Georgian reflexive phrase was first documented with causative verbs by Asatiani (1982). The later works such as (Amiridze and Everaert, 2000), (Amiridze, 2003), (Amiridze, 2004) discuss the use with object-experiencer verbs and transitive verbs on non-agentive reading. The present paper offers the first hand data on subject uses of the Georgian reflexive phrase with transitive verbs on their agentive reading in special contexts (such as a twin context, Madame Tussaud context, etc.) which are problematic for the Binding Theory of Chomsky (1981) as well as for the Reflexivity Theory of Reinhart and Reuland (1993). The data could be accounted for within the approach developed in (Reuland, 2001). However, the subject uses of the Georgian reciprocal ertmanet- leave the issue of subject anaphors open.
Bu araştırmada, 2016 yılında U. Ü. bilimsel araştırma projelerini destekleme birimi (BAP) desteğiyle başlatılan bir proje kapsamında yapılan yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunlar ve oyunlaştırılmış uygulamalar geliştirme çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Proje sürecinde yapılan alanyazın taraması ve öğretmenlerle yapılan anket çalışması sonucunda yabancı dil öğrenimi ve öğretimi süreçlerinde 3B dijital oyunların yeterince kullanılmadığı ve öğretmenlerin dijital oyun kullanma ve geliştirme konusunda yeterli kuramsal ve uygulamalı bilgiye sahip olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuç dikkate alınarak yapılan bu çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde öğretmenlere ve materyal geliştiricilere yol göstermek amacıyla dijital oyun geliştirme süreci aşama aşama somut örneklerle ortaya konmuş, bu süreçte kullanılabilecek, materyal geliştirme araçları ayrıntılı olarak tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu proje süreçlerinde elde edilen ve bu çalışmada ortaya konan bilgilerin yabancı dil öğretiminde dijital oyunların yaygınlaşmasına ve yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin kendi dersleri için dijital oyun materyallerini geliştirmelerine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.
Teknoloji alanında sergilenen gelişmeler her dönemde birçok alana olduğu gibi yabancı dil öğretimi alanına da etki etmiş ve bu alandaki ortam, materyal, araç-gereç, yöntem, teknik vb. daha birçok değişkeni biçimlendirmiştir. Yabancı dil öğretiminin tarihsel gelişim sürecinde çağın teknik gelişmelerine paralel olarak ders kitapları, tepegöz saydamları, dia filmler, analog (kasetlerde) ve dijital (CD vb.) ses materyalleri, analog ve dijital filmler, dijital sunu materyalleri, bilgisayar destekli etkileşimli öğrenim uygulamaları gibi geniş bir materyal yelpazesi oluşmuştur. İlk kişisel bilgisayarın üretildiği 1980 yılından itibaren eğlencelik dijital oyunlar da geliştirilmiştir. 36 yıllık bu süreçte eğitsel dijital oyunlar da geliştirilmiş ve yabancı dil öğrenim/öğretim materyalleri yelpazesine eğitsel dijital oyunlar da eklenmiştir. Günümüzde piyasada birçok eğitsel dijital oyun mevcuttur ve bunlar donanım, yazılım, yapı, içerik vb. gibi özelliklerine göre çeşitli gruplara/türlere ayrılmaktadır.
This paper discusses the assessment of German language learners in classes for beginners in a context gathering monolingual Portuguese speakers and bilingual speakers of Portuguese and Hunsrückisch, a German dialect derived from the contact of an immigration language and Portuguese. One of the challanges faced by the teachers of these heterogeneous classes is to assess learners’ classroom achievement once dialect speakers’ needs are considerably different from novice learners’. It is suggested that teachers make a compromise between the course objectives and the learners’ different proficiencies and needs to assess their language progress, incorporating and valuing students’ multicultural and experiential backgrounds.
This paper discusses a foundation for writing Hunsrückisch as a German immigrant language in contact with Brazilian Portuguese. This foundation brings together the main conclusions obtained by the Group for the Studies of Hunsrückisch Writing (Grupo de Estudos da Escrita do Hunsrückisch – ESCRITHU). This group was formed at the Language Institute at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the goal of proposing not only a system of orthographic norms for a language that exists mostly just in oral forms, but also to encourage research on and linguistic education for speakers of this immigrant language. An already extant literature in Hunsrückisch includes journal and magazine texts such as Sankt Paulusblatt or the Brummbär-Kalendar, published between 1931 and 1935, as well as texts by authors such as Rambo (2002 [1937-1961]), Gross (2001), and Rottmann (1889 [1840]). From these texts various writing formats, guidelines, and goals for an orthographic norm are analyzed, be they for the written expression of the speakers or for useful instruments in the transliteration of ethnotexts within the ALMA-H project (Linguistic- Contactual Atlas of the German Minorities in the La Plata Basin: Hunsrückisch), with which ESCRITHU collaborates.
Das bresilionische Deitsch unn die deitsche Bresilioner : en Hunsrickisch Red fo die Sprocherechte
(2006)
This paper is a contribution of the area of linguistic policies to the discussion of linguistic rights of speakers of minority languages in Brazil. The text, bilingual in Portuguese and Hunsrückisch, one of the varieties of German immigration languages spoken in Brazil, was presented by the authors (as native speakers and translators), in the Legislative Seminar on Creation of the Book of Language Registers, organized by the Institute of National Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), Institute of Investigation and Development in Linguistic Policies (IPOL) and Education and Culture Committee of the Chamber of Representatives, in Brasília, on March 2006. The idea of the Book of Languages contributes to the recognition of Brazilian linguistic diversity, represented by approximately 210 languages, from which 180 are autochthonous (indigenous) and around 30 are allochthonous (of immigration). Its recognition as an immaterial (virtual) cultural heritage is seem as an important act in favor of speakers’ linguistic rights and against linguistic prejudice that comes along with the use of minority languages in contact with the Portuguese language. This work is inserted in this perspective and it comes along with a supportive bibliography and a map of bilingual areas in the south of Brazil.
In order to achieve the goals of social commentary and moral judgement pursued in her novels, Jane Austen describes and evaluates different aspects of her characters’ personalities: social attitude, intellectual qualities and moral traits (Lodge 1966). Mansfield Park (1814) is one of her novels in which this moral awareness is most acute. In order to construct a community of shared values with her readers, Austen skilfully alternates different points of view as sources of evaluation. We propose an analysis of the first chapter of Mansfield Park that addresses this dialogic dimension by focusing on the resources of engagement, the subsystem of Appraisal Theory with which speakers/writers express their commitment to the truth of a proposition and their willingness to open the negotiation space to other voices (Martin & White 2005: 97).
The linguistic subtlety and complexity of Jane Austen’s writing is a challenge to translators, who must try to identify all the concurrent interpretation possibilities and reproduce them in the target language. In this article we compare the English source text with various translations into Spanish, Catalan and German. Our analysis focuses on the lexicogrammatical realisations of engagement such as verba dicendi, epistemic expressions, lexical choices with a distinct attitudinal load, and also on the development of narration – as far as that is possible in a study centering on the first chapter –, since it is often the case that narrator stance is modified as the text unfolds.
We discuss fragments of narrator discourse, direct speech and indirect/free indirect speech and consider the advantages of the framework to uncover changes in the evaluative dimension of meaning that affect the readings the translations will afford in their target society, from character building to the articulation of points of view.
The German word also, similar to English so, is traditionally considered to be a sentence adverb with a consecutive meaning, i.e. it indicates that the propositional content of the clause containing it is some kind of consequence of what has previously been said. As a sentence adverb, also has its place within the core of the German sentence, since this is the proper place for an adverb to occur in German. The sentence core offers two proper positions for adverbs: the so-called front field and the middle field. In spoken German, however, also often occurs in sentence-initial position, outside the sentence itself. In this paper, I will use excerpts of German conversations to discuss and illustrate the importance of the sentence positions and the discourse positions for the functions of also on the basis of some German conversations.
It has often been noticed that one syntactic argument position can be realized by elements which seem to realize different thematic roles. This is notably the case with the external argument position of verbs of change of state which licenses volitional agents, instruments or natural forces/causers, showing the generality and abstractness of the external argument relation. (1) a. John broke the window (Agent) b. The hammer broke the window (Instrument) c. The storm broke the window (Causer) In order to capture this generality, Van Valin & Wilkins (1996) and Ramchand (2003) among others have proposed that the thematic role of the external argument position is in fact underspecified. The relevant notion is that of an effector (in Van Valin & Wilkins) or of an abstract causer/initiator (in Ramchand). In this paper we argue against a total underspecification of the external argument relation. While we agree that (1b) does not instantiate an instrument theta role in subject position, we argue that a complete underspecification of the external theta-position is not feasible, but that two types of external theta roles have to be distinguished, Agents and Causers. Our arguments are based on languages where Agents and Causers show morpho-syntactic independence (section 2.1) and the behavior of instrument subjects in English, Dutch, German and Greek (section 2.2 and 3). We show that instrument subjects are either Agent or Causer like. In section (4) we give an analysis how arguments realizing these thematic notions are introduced into syntax.
Class features as probes
(2008)
In this article, we adress (i) the form and (ii) the function on inflection class features in minimalist grammar. The empirical evidence comes from noun inflection systems involving fusional markers in German, Greek, and Russian. As for (i), we argue (based on instances of transparadigmatic syncretism) that class features are not privative; rather, class information must be decomposed into more abstract, binary features. Concerning (ii), we propose that class features qualify as the very device that brings about fusional infection: They are uninterpretable in syntax and actas probes on stems, with matching inflection markers as goels, and thus trigger morphological Agree operations that merge stem and inflection marker before syntax is reached.
This paper deals with the variable position of adjectives in the Romanian DP. As all other Romance languages, Romanian allows for adjectives to appear in both prenominal and post-nominal position. In addition, however, Romanian has a third pattern: the so-called cel construction, in which the adjective in the post-nominal position is preceded by a determiner-like element, cel. This pattern is superficially similar to Determiner Spreading in Greek. In this paper we contrast the cel construction to Greek DS and discuss the similarities and differences between the two. We then present an analysis of cel as involving an appositive specification clause, building on de Vries (2002). We argue that the same structure is also involved in the context of nominal ellipsis, the second environment in which cel is found.
Verbs, nouns and affixation
(2008)
What explains the rich patterns of deverbal nominalization? Why do some nouns have argument structure, while others do not? We seek a solution in which properties of deverbal nouns are composed from properties of verbs, properties of nouns, and properties of the morphemes that relate them. The theory of each plus the theory of howthey combine, should give the explanation. In exploring this, we investigate properties of two theories of nominalization. In one, the verb-like properties of deverbal nouns result from verbal syntactic structure (a “structural model”). See, for example, van Hout & Roeper 1998, Fu, Roeper and Borer 1993, 2001, to appear, Alexiadou 2001, to appear). According to the structural hypothesis, some nouns contain VPs and/or verbal functional layers. In the other theory, the verbal properties of deverbal nouns result from the event structure and argument structure of the DPs that they head. By “event structure” we mean a representation of the elements and structure of a linguistic event, not a representation of the world. We refer to this view as the “event model”. According to the event model hypothesis, all derived nouns are represented with the same syntactic structure, the difference lying in argument structure – which in turn is critically related to event structure, in the way sketched in Grimshaw (1990), Siloni (1997) among others. In pursuing these lines of analysis, and at least to some extent disentangling their properties, we reach the conclusion that, with respect to a core set of phenomena, the two theories are remarkably similar – specifically, they achieve success with the same problems, and must resort to the same stipulations to address the remaining issues that we discuss (although the stipulations are couched in different forms).
The causative/anticausative alternation has been the topic of much typological and theoretical discussion in the linguistic literature. This alternation is characterized by verbs with transitive and intransitive uses, such that the transitive use of a verb V means roughly "cause to Vintransitive" (see Levin 1993). The discussion revolves around two issues: the first one concerns the similarities and differences between the anticausative and the passive, and the second one concerns the derivational relationship, if any, between the transitive and intransitive variant. With respect to the second issue, a number of approaches have been developed. Judging the approach conceptually unsatisfactory, according to which each variant is assigned an independent lexical entry, it was concluded that the two variants have to be derivationally related. The question then is which one of the two is basic and where this derivation takes place in the grammar. Our contribution to this discussion is to argue against derivational approaches to the causative / anticausative alternation. We focus on the distribution of PPs related to external arguments (agent, causer, instrument, causing event) in passives and anticausatives of English, German and Greek and the set of verbs undergoing the causative/anticausative alternation in these languages. We argue that the crosslinguistic differences in these two domains provide evidence against both causativization and detransitivization analyses of the causative / anticausative alternation. We offer an approach to this alternation which builds on a syntactic decomposition of change of state verbs into a Voice and a CAUS component. Crosslinguistic variation in passives and anticausatives depends on properties of Voice and its combinations with CAUS and various types of roots.
In this paper we compare the distribution of PPs introducing external arguments in nominalizations with PPs introducing external arguments in the verbal domain. We show that several mismatches exist between the behavior of PPs in nominalizations and PPs in the verbal domain. This leads us to suggest that while PPs in the verbal domain are licensed by functional structure alone, within the nominal domain, PPs can also be licensed via an interplay of the encyclopaedic meaning of the root involved and the properties of the preposition itself. This second mechanism kicks in in the absence of functional structure.
The aim of this paper is to address two main counterarguments raised in Landau (2007) against the movement analysis of Control, and especially against the phenomenon of Backward Control. The paper shows that unlike the situation described in Tsez (Polinsky & Potsdam 2002), Landau's objections do not hold for Greek and Romanian, where all obligatory control verbs exhibit Backward Control. Our results thus provide stronger empirical support for a theoretical approach to Control in terms of Movement, as defended in Hornstein (1999 and subsequent work).
In the recent literature the phenomenon of long distance agreement has become the focus of several studies as it seems to violate certain locality conditions which require that agreeing elements in general stand in clause-mate relationships. In particular, it involves a verb agreeing with a constituent which is located in the verb's clausal complement and hence poses a challenge for theories that assume a strictly local relationship for agreement. In this paper we present empirical evidence from Greek and Romanian for the reality of long distance agreement. Specifically, we focus on raising constructions in these two languages and we show that they do not involve movement but rather instantiate long distance agreement. We further argue that subjunctives allowing long distance agreement lack both a CP layer and semantic Tense. However, since the embedded verb also bears phi-features, these constructions pose a further problem for assumptions that view the presence of phi-features as evidence for the presence of a C layer. Finally, we raise the question of the common properties that these languages have that lead to the presence of long distance agreement.
In this paper we investigate Greek, an optional clitic doubling language not subject to Kaynes generalization (Jaeggli 1982), and we argue that in this language, doubled DPs are in A-positions. We propose that Greek clitics are formal features that move, permitting DPs in argument positions. This leads to a typology according to which there are two types of clitic/agreement languages -configurational and nonconfigurational ones-, depending upon whether clitics are instantiations of formal features or not.
A commonly held view in the literature on Scrambling and Clitic Doubling is that both constructions are sensitive to Specificity. For this reason Sportiche (1992) proposes to unify the two, an approach which has become quite standard in the relevant literature ever since. However, the claim that clitic doubling is the counterpart of Germanic scrambling has never been substantiated. In this paper we present extensive evidence from Greek that Clitic Doubling has common formal properties with Germanic Scrambling/Object Shift. Our evidence consists mainly of binding facts observed when doubling takes place, which seem, at first sight, to be completely unexpected. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that these facts are strongly reminiscent of the effects showing up in Germanic scrambling. We propose that these properties can be derived under a theory of clitic constructions along the lines of Sportiche (1992) implemented into the framework of Chomsky (1995). Finally we suggest the that the crosslinguistic distribution of Scrambling as opposed to Clitic Doubling should be linked to a parameter relating to properties of Agr: Move/Merge XP vs. Move/Merge X° to Agr. We show that this parameter unifies the behaviour of subjects and objects within a language and across languages. The paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we present evidence from binding, interpretational and prosodic effects that doubling and scrambling display very similar properties. In section 3 we present Sportiches account and point out some problems for it. In section 4 we present our proposal.
The goal of this paper is to re-examine the status of the condition in (1) proposed in Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (2001; henceforth A&A 2001), in view of recent developments in syntactic theory. (1) The subject-in-situ generalization (SSG) By Spell-Out, vP can contain only one argument with a structural Case feature. We argue that (1) is a more general condition than previously recognized, and that the domain of its application is parametrized. More specifically, based on a comparison between Indo-European (IE) and Khoisan languages, we argue that (1) supports an interpretation of the EPP as a general principle, and not as a property of T. Viewed this way, the SSG is a condition that forces dislocation of arguments as a consequence of a constraint on Case checking.
In this paper we investigate the distribution of PPs related to external arguments (agent, causer, instrument, causing event) in Greek. We argue that their distribution supports an analysis, according to which agentive/instrument and causer PPs are licensed by distinct functional heads, respectively. We argue against a conceivable alternative analysis, which links agentivity and causation to the prepositions themselves. We furthermore identify a particular type of Voice head in Greek anticausative realised by non-active Voice morphology.
Structuring participles
(2008)
In this paper we discuss three types of adjectival participles in Greek, ending in -tos and –menos, and provide a further argument for the view that finer distinctions are necessary in the domain of participles (Kratzer 2001, Embick 2004). We further compare Greek stative participles to their German (and English) counterparts. We propose that a number of semantic as well as syntactic differences shown by these derive from differences in their respective morpho-syntactic composition.
In the recent literature there is growing interest in the morpho-syntactic encoding of hierarchical effects. The paper investigates one domain where such effects are attested: ergative splits conditioned by person. This type of splits is then compared to hierarchical effects in direct-inverse alternations. On the basis of two case studies (Lummi instantiating an ergative split person language and Passamaquoddy an inverse language) we offer an account that makes no use of hierarchies as a primitive. We propose that the two language types differ as far as the location of person features is concerned. In inverse systems person features are located exclusively in T, while in ergative systems, they are located in T and a particular type of v. A consequence of our analysis is that Case checking in split and inverse systems is guided by the presence/absence of specific phi-features. This in turn provides evidence for a close connection between Case and phi-features, reminiscent of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001) Agree.
In many languages, a passive-like meaning may be obtained through a noncanonical passive construction. The get passive (1b) in English, the se faire passive (2b) in French and the kriegen passive (3b) in German represent typical manifestations. This squib focuses on the behavior of the get-passive in English and discusses a number of restrictions associated with it as well as the status of get.
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2.1 introduces the basic classes of adjectives that constitute the factual core of the paper. Section 2.2 summarizes in greater detail the X° and the XP movement approaches to word order variation within the DP. Section 3 briefly discusses problems for both approaches. Sections 4.1, 5.1, and 5.2 draw from Alexiadou (2001) and contain a discussion of Greek DS and its relevance for a re-analysis of the word order variation in the Romance DP. Section 4.2 introduces refinements to Alexiadou & Wilder (1998) and Alexiadou (2001). Section 5.3. discusses certain issues that arise from the analysis of postnominal adjectives in Romance as involving raising of XPs. Section 6 discusses phenomena found in other languages, which at first sight seem similar to DS. However, I show that double definiteness in e.g. Hebrew, Scandinavian or other Balkan languages constitutes a different type of phenomenon from Greek DS, thus making a distinction between determiners that introduce CPs (Greek) and those that are merely morphological/agreement markers (Hebrew, Scandinavian, Albanian).
On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes : the case of (Greek) derived nominals
(2008)
The paper is structured as follows. In section 2, I briefly summarize the facts on English and Greek nominalizations. In section 3, I discuss English nominal derivation in some detail. In section 4, I turn to the question of licensing of AS in nominals. In section 5, I turn to the issue of the optionality of licensing of AS in the nominal system.
Word formation in Distributed Morphology (see Arad 2005, Marantz 2001, Embick 2008): 1. Language has atomic, non-decomposable, elements = roots. 2. Roots combine with the functional vocabulary and build larger elements. 3. Roots are category neutral. They are then categorized by combining with category defining functional heads.
In this paper I investigate a change in the word order patterns of Greek nominalizations that took place from the Classical Greek (CG) period to the Modem Greek (MG) one. Specifically, in CG both the patterns in (A), with its two subtypes, and (B) were possible; the MG system, on the other hand, exhibits only the (B) pattern. The difference between the two systems is that agents can only be introduced in the form of prepositional phrase in MG nominals in a position following the head noun, while they could appear in a prenominal position bearing genitive case in CG. Moreover, the theme genitive, i.e. the objective genitive, could precede the head nominal in CG; this is no longer the case in MG, where the theme genitive follows the head noun obligatorily:
(A) i) Det-(Genagent)-Nprocess-Gentheme 1 ii) Det-Gentheme-Nprocess
(B)Det-Nprocess-Gentheme (Ppagent)
I argue that the unavailability of (A) in MG is linked to the nature and the properties associated with a nominal functional projection contained within process non~inals and to other related changes in the nominal system of Greek.
This paper is a preliminary comparative study of the relation between word order and information structure in three Null Subject Languages ((NSLs) Spanish, Italian and Greek). The aim is twofold: first I seek to examine the differences and the similarities among these languages in this domain of their syntax. Secon, I investigate the possible derivations of the various patterns and attempt to localize the differences among these languages in different underlying syntactic structures.
The goal of this paper is to evaluate two approaches to quantification in event semantics, namely the analysis of quantificational DPs in terms of generalized quantifiers and the analysis proposed in Schein (1993) according to which quantifiers over individuals contain an existential quantifier over sub-events in their scope. Both analyses capture the fact that the event quantifier always takes scope under quantifiers over individuals (the Event Type Principle in Landman (2000)), but the sub-events analysis has also been argued to be able to account for some further data, namely for adverbs qualifying ‘ensemble’ events and for mixed cumulative/ distributive readings. This paper shows that the sub-events analysis also provides a better account of the Event Type Principle if a broader range of data is considered, including cases with non-existential quantifiers over events: unlike the generalized quantifiers analysis, it can successfully account for the interpretation of indefinites in bare habituals and sentences that contain overt adverbs of quantification.
Dialogue acts in Verbmobil 2
(1998)
This report describes the dialogue phases and the second edition dialogue acts which are used in the VERBMOBIL 2 project [...]. While in the first project phase the scenario was restricted to appointment scheduling dialogues, it has been extended to travel planning in the second phase with appointment scheduling being only a part of the new scenario.
It is common knowledge in the field of Philippine linguistics that an ang-marked direct object in a non-actor focus clause must be definite or generic, while a ng-marked object in an actor focus clause typically receives a nonspecific interpretation. However, in contexts like wh-questions, the oblique object in an antipassive may be interpreted as specific, as noted by Schachter & Otanes (1972), Maclachlan & Nakamura (1997), Rackowski (2002), and others. […] In this paper, I propose to account for the specificity effects […] within the analysis of Tagalog syntax put forth by Aldridge (2004). I analyze Tagalog as an ergative language […]. Cross linguistically, antipassive oblique objects receive a nonspecific interpretation, while absolutives are definite or generic. I show in this paper how the Tagalog facts can be subsumed under a general account of ergativity.
This paper deals with complex prefix-particle structures like aberkennen in German. First, it presents a scheme to analyse these double complex words from a synchronic point of view. Second, it is shown for words with ab-, that this type of word formation is typical for Middle and Early Modern High German and reasons for the decrease are discussed.
This paper addresses the form-meaning relation of multimodal communicative actions by means of a grammar that combines verbal input with hand gestures. Unlike speech, gesture signals are interpretable only through their semantic relation to the synchronous speech content. This relation serves to resolve the incomplete meaning that is revealed by gestural form alone. We demonstrate that by using standard linguistic methods, speech and gesture can be integrated in a constrained way into a single derivation tree which maps to a uniform meaning representation.
The present study is about note taking techniques in consecutive translation and their application. In the beginning we analyzed in the relevant literature, consecutive interpretation among translation techniques, note taking, and the function and features of note taking in consecutive translation. Afterwards, we presented the problems that an interpreter might face in consecutive interpretation with concrete examples and provided possible methods and techniques to overcome these. Hereby, we emphasized that note taking techniques are an important feature to remember while translating and its function as a memory supporting tool. In the last section we discussed the roles of a consecutive interpreter and emphasized within this context the usage of the earlier mentioned note taking techniques (use of acronyms, signs, and symbols). Moreover we highlighted that each interpreter has to have his/her own techniques and improve these continuously.
Das lebensbegleitende Lernen – sei es institutionell oder nicht institutionell – dient offen oder verdeckt einer bestimmten Absicht. Von der vorbestimmten Absicht aus betrachtet wird jedes Gelernte einer Prüfung unterzogen. Im Rahmen dieses Referats wird eine literarische Prüfung eines DaF-Seminars mit Vorbedingungen und Nachwirkungen diskutiert. In wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten beschäftigt man sich überwiegend mit der Rolle der Lehrenden, der Lernenden und mit der Unterrichtsgestaltung. All diese Themen sind für den Unterricht, speziell für den Fremdsprachenunterricht, unumstritten. Ebenso von Bedeutung sollte die Bewertung der vermittelten bzw. angeeigneten Fremdsprachenkenntnisse sein. Das Referat wird das Prüfungsverfahren eines fremdsprachlichen Literaturseminars kritisch darstellen. Wichtiges Kriterium bei der Bewertung der Prüfungsergebnisse ist die Reflexion von produktiven Verfahren. Ausgehend vom 'produktiven Verfahren', werden Multiple Choice und offene Fragen – sei es Abfragen von gelernten Inhalten oder allgemeinen Kenntnissen in individuellen Aussagen – kontrastiv diskutiert. Das bevorzugte Prüfungsverfahren wird nach den Gütekriterien Validität, Reliabilität und Objektivität überprüft.
Çeviri, birer eyleyen olarak çevirmenlerin yönlendirdiği bir eylemdir. Bu gerçek, bilgi teknolojilerinin bu uygulama sahasında varlıklarını yoğun biçimde hissettirdikleri günümüz çeviri dünyası içinde de geçerliliğini korumaktadır. İnsanın merkezde bulunduğu her uygulama sahasında olduğu gibi çeviri alanında da nesnel ölçütlerin bulunup uygulanabilmesi, beklenen ve arayışında olunan bir konu olagelmiştir.
Bugün özerk bir araştırma alanı olarak çeviribilim, salt araştırma alanında (pure research) çeviri olgusuna dâhil bütün boyutları betimlemeye ve buradan üst ilkelere ulaşmaya çalışırken, uygulamalı araştırma alanında (applied research) ise çeviri edimi ile ilgili nesnel ölçütler üretmeyi denemektedir. Bu yönüyle çeviribilimciler, çeviri eleştirisi, çeviri politikası, çeviri araçları alanlarında olduğu gibi akademik çeviri eğitiminde de nesnel ölçütleri aramaktadır.
Konu somut olarak çeviri uygulamalarının yaptırıldığı derslere indirgenirse, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin, bugün öznel gerekçelere dayandığı söylenebilir. Bu durum, bu çalışmada seçilen konunun sorunsallaştırılmasını önemli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, çeviri derslerinde metin seçiminin ölçütlerini saptamaya çalışmaktır.
Çeviri eyleminin yüzyıllarla ifade edilen ve Milattan önceki devirlere kadar uzanan tarihine karşın çeviri etkinliğinin öğretilebilir bir olgu olarak ele alınması, bilindiği üzere yeni bir konudur. Bu öğretme işinin eğitme biçimiyle ele alınıp üniversiter eğitim modelleri ile ele alınması ise, görece çok daha yeni bir görüngüdür. Türkiye'de de son birkaç on yıldır çeviri eğitimi veren akademik birimlerin varlığı ile konu tamamı ile akademik mecraya taşınmış ve tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu tartışmalar ise, akademik çeviri eğitimi yoluyla oluşturulması ve/veya geliştirilmesi amaçlanan 'çeviri edinci' kavramı üzerinden yürütülmektedir. Çeviri edinci, akademik çeviri eğitimi açısından merkezi bir konu olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çünkü 'çeviri edinci'nin nasıl tanımlandığı, verilen eğitimin içeriğini ve usulünü belirleyebilecek denli temel bir sorgulamadır. Bu çalışmada 'çeviri edinci' kavramı tanımlanmaya çalışılacak, buradan hareketle akademik çeviri eğitiminin koşulları ve çevirmenin öznitelikleri içeriklendirilmeye çalışılacaktır.
‘Çeviribilim’ olarak adlandırılan araştırma alanında geride bırakılan son birkaç on yıla bakıldığında bilim ve kültürde yaşanan kimi olay ve gelişmelerin Almanya ve Avrupa merkezli ‘çeviri’ araştırmalarına yön verdiği söylenebilir. Bilişim konusundaki gelişmeler, eylem kuramının ve iletişimbilimin dönüşümü, işlevselciliğin yeniden yorumlanması; edimbilimin evrimi, bilişsel felsefedeki yeni gelişmeler, yeni bakış açılarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bakış açılarının birer sonucu olarak ‘çeviribilim’ olarak adlandırılan çeviri odaklı düşünmelerde yeni ağırlık noktaları ve buradan hareketle ‘kuram’ ya da ‘yaklaşım’ biçiminde ifade edilen çalışmalar oluşmuştur. Kuramcıların belli olgulara bakış açıları onların nesneye yaklaşım biçimlerini ve algılarını etkiler. Çeviri olgusuna dönük savlar ortaya koyan kuramcılara bakıldığında ‘olgular bütünü’ ya da ‘karmaşık olgu’ olarak değerlendirilebilecek bir olguya dair farklı yaklaşım ve tutum alışlardan söz edilmektedir. Bu noktada, karmaşık bir dünyayı temsil eden çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ‘çeviri’nin kendine özgü niteliği, 90’lı yıllardan başlayarak günümüze kadar gelen süreçte, ‘çeviribilimin’ psikoloji alanı ile ilişkilendirilmesi sonucunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çerçevede araştırmaların ilgisi, ‘çeviri gerçekliği’nde merkeze oturtulan ‘çevirmen’e yönelmiş, ‘çevirmen’in bir ürün olarak ‘çeviri’yi hangi tutum ve ruhsal duruma dayanarak ortaya koyduğuna ilişkin araştırma yönelimi önem kazanmıştır. “Belli koşullar altında bir çevirmeni belli bir çeviri çıktısına, diğer bir deyişle belli bir çeviri metne götüren olay örgüsü nedir?” ya da “çeviri sırasında hangi zihinsel işlemler gerçekleşiyor?” gibi sorulardan hareket eden yaklaşımların bir üst bakışla ele alınması bu çalışmanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır.
Evidentiality is a grammatical category which has source of information as its primary meaning — whether the narrator actually saw what is being described, or made inferences about it based on some evidence, or was told about it, and so on. Evidentials are a particularly salient feature of Tibeto-Burman languages. This volume features in-depth studies of evidentiality systems in six languages: Rgyalthang, a Kham Tibetan dialect, by Krisadawan Hongladarom; Yongning Na (Naxi group; believed to be closely related to Lolo-Burmese), by Liberty Lidz; Darma (Almora branch of Western Himalayish), by Christina Willis; nDrapa (Qiangic), by Satoko Shirai; Magar (Himalayish), by Karen Grunow-Hårsta, and Tabo (or Spiti), a Tibetan dialect, by Veronika Hein. Each opens new perspectives on the composition and the semantics of evidential systems, on the marking of more than one information source in one sentence, and on the grammaticalized expression of mirativity.
The new insights on evidentiality and related issues from the Tibeto-Burman area are crucial for understanding evidentials in a cross-linguistic perspective.