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Auto - bil, Reha - rehab, Mikro - mick, Alki - alkis : Kurzwörter im Deutschen und Schwedischen
(2001)
Das Kurzwort wird nach BELLMANN 1980 und KOBLER-TRILL 1994 definiert als eine sowohl graphisch als auch phonisch realisierte gekürzte Form, die aus einem längeren sog. Basislexem (einschließlich eines Wortgruppenlexems) hervorgeht (im Folgenden auch Vollform genannt). Dabei besteht zwischen Kurzwort und Basislexem, die weiterhin nebeneinander bestehen, eine Synonymie-Beziehung, d.h. beide referieren auf das gleiche Objekt (vgl. Limo und Limonade, Kripo und Kriminalpolizei).
This paper focuses on different subtypes of constructions involving temporally bounded quantification, e.g. sequences like David visited Rome three times followed by temporal phrases as different as (i) last year, which defines a time interval; (ii) in less that two months, which defines an amount of time; and (iii) per month, which refers to a time unit. As for the first two types of temporal phrases, data will be presented which shows that they have specific linguistic properties in these quantifying contexts, and do not behave exactly as the locating or duration adverbials they are superficially identical with. The third type of phrases will receive special attention. Structures with frequency adverbials like n times per month will be analysed compositionally, separating the quantified component n times from the temporally binding phrase per month (whose role is comparable to that of adverbials (i) and (ii) in the relevant constructions). The data presented is mainly from Portuguese, although the issues at stake – the linguistic properties of temporally bounded quantification – are obviously relevant to parallel constructions in other languages.
The paper presents the possibilities for analyzing deverbal derivatives from verbs ending in -ier(en); in many cases these exist as doublets, with the suffix -ung and/or the suffix -(at)ion. Based on selected examples of these doublets, the paper demonstrates how both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries fail to take sufficient account of the semantic differences between such competing forms. The author also presents research questions connected with this issue, and outlines a methodology for addressing these questions based on metalexicographic and corpus analysis; this methodology is demonstrated using the example of the doublet Diskrimination and Diskriminierung
Functions of English "man"
(2006)
This paper discusses the semantics of the English particle man. It is shown that this particle does different things when used sentence-initially and sentence-finally. The sentenceinitial use is further shown to separate into two distinct intonational types with different semantic content. A formal semantics is proposed for these types.
We propose a compositional analysis for sentences of the kind "You only have to go to the North End to get good cheese", referred to as the Sufficiency Modal Construction in the recent literature. We argue that the SMC is ambiguous depending on the kind of ordering induced by only. So is the exceptive construction – its cross-linguistic counterpart. Only is treated as inducing either a 'comparative possibility' scale or an 'implication-based' partial order on propositions. The properties of the 'comparative possibility' scale explain the absence of the prejacent presupposition that is usually associated with only. By integrating the scalarity into the semantics of the SMC, we explain the polarity facts observed in both variants of the construction. The sufficiency meaning component is argued to be due to a pragmatic inference.
Als unikale Elemente werden Wörter bezeichnet, die nur innerhalb einer festen Verbindung (Phrasem) existieren, wie etwa abhanden oder vorstellig, die nur in den Phrasemen abhanden kommen bzw. vorstellig werden zu finden sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Darstellung ausgewählter unikaler Elemente in gängigen Print- und Online-Wörterbüchern mit dem tatsächlichen Gebrauch der betreffenden Elemente in Texten kontrastiert. Aus dieser Untersuchung geht hervor, dass nicht alle als unikal eingestuften Elemente nur in einem Phrasem auftreten. Manche gehen auch Verbindungen mit anderen Wörtern ein. Die in dieser Studie gewonnenen Einsichten können dazu beitragen, die lexikografische Darstellung der unikalen Elemente in künftigen Wörterbuchgenerationen zu verbessern.
This paper employs empirical methods to examine verbs such as seem, for which the traditional raising to subject analysis relates pairs of sentences which differ by taking an infinitival or sentential complement. A corpus-driven investigation of the verbs seem and appear demonstrates that information structure and evidentiality both play a determinate role in the choice between infinitival or sentential complementation. The second half of the paper builds upon the corpus results and examines the implications for the standard claims concerning these constructions. First, pairs of sentences related by the subject-to-subject raising analysis of verbs are often viewed as equivalent. New evidence from indefinite generic subjects shows that whether an indefinite generic subject occurs in the infinitival or sentential complement construction leads to truth-conditional differences. Further implications are explored for the claim that subjects of the infinitival variant may take narrow-scope: once various confounds are controlled for, the subject of the infinitival construction is shown to most naturally take wide-scope.
Wie hängen die verschiedenen Verwendungsweisen eines sprachlichen Ausdrucks miteinander zusammen? Diese Kernfrage der lexikalischen Semantik war schon immer ein praktisches Problem der Lexikographie und ein theoretisches Zentralthema der traditionellen Semasiologie (vgl. Paul 1894, 68ff.). In der neueren Semantik stand dieses theoretische Problem längere Zeit nicht im Vordergrund der Diskussion. Eine gewisse Stagnation in dieser Frage mag auf linguistischer Seite bedingt gewesen sein durch methodische Vorgaben strukturalistischer Bedeutungsauffassungen (vgl. Lyons 1977, 553; Heringer 1981, 109ff.) und auf philosophischer Seite u.a. durch das notorische Desinteresse der wahrheitsfunktionalen Semantik an lexikalischen Fragen.
Hundsnurscher (1996) hat mit einer umfangreichen Liste von Beispielen für Verwendungsmöglichkeiten des Verbs ziehen auf das bemerkenswerte Bedeutungsspektrum dieses Verbs aufmerksam gemacht und auch schon wichtige Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen Verwendungsweisen gegeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist ein Gegenstück zu meiner Untersuchung des Verwendungsspektrums von schar/in Fritz (1995). Dort bin ich näher auf den bedeutungstheoretischen Status des Begriffs der Verwendungsweise und auf Probleme und Methoden der Unterscheidung von Verwendungsweisen eingegangen, so dass ich im vorliegenden Beitrag die dort explizierten theoretischen und methodischen Annahmen nur andeuten will (vgl. auch Fritz 1998, Ilff.).
This paper examines four German transportation verbs with the prefix weg-, concentrating on their syntax and their semantic and pragmatic interpretations. The empirical data investigated are from across-linguistic Corpus of German and Brazilian Portuguese as foreign languages. The analysis is based on the concept of focus, which is defined as a point on the path along which the patient of the process moves. The focus must be either mentioned or contextually evident. Each transportation verb will be able to establish a typical focus. German prefix-verbs with weg- are characterized by a focus-conflict that can be resolved through different interpretation strategies.
The semantics of gradation
(1989)
The term 'gradation' is meant to cover a range of phenomena which for the time being I shall call quantitative evaluations regarding dimensions or features. I shall actually be looking into the principles governing the way gradation is expressed in language. The quantitative aspect of the adjectives of dimension occupies a key position which can be systematically explained and this aspect will be the crucial point of the discussion. I shall focus on the various grammatical forms of comparison: comparative, equative, superlative and some related constructions, and indications of measurement and adverbial indications of degree.
Reflexive pronouns as central anaphoric elements are subject to general principles determined by Universal Grammar and shared by all languages that use reflexives as part of their grammatical structure. In addition to these general conditions, there are language particular properties, which different languages can exhibit on the basis of different regulations. One variation of this sort is the particular role of Reflexives in German, which can show up as improper Arguments, which are subject to standard syntactic and morphological conditions, but do not represent an argument of the head they belong to. Hence the particular property is the effect of syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions. A simple illustration of the phenomena I will explore in this contribution is based on the following observation.