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"Ich mag so Wasserpfeifeladen" : the interaction of grammar and information structure in Kiezdeutsch
(2008)
Seit Frege (1891, 1892) werden generelle Termini wie „Tisch“, „Einhorn“ u.ä. logisch als Prädikate analysiert, d.h. sie werden als Begriffswörter angesehen, deren wesentliches Merkmal ihr Status als ungesättigter Ausdruck ist. Als solcher eröffnen sie eine Leerstelle für einen Argumentausdruck. Dieser muß einen Gegenstand denotieren; der so gesättigte Begriffsausdruck bezeichnet dann einen Wahrheitswert. Nach dieser Analyse werden generelle Termini somit als Bezeichnungen für Funktionen analysiert, deren Definitionsbereich Gegenstände und deren Wertebereich Wahrheitswerte sind. Ebenso wie intransitive Verben gelten sie damit als Ausdrücke, die zusammen mit einem Eigennamen einen assertorischen Satz bilden.
Partizipien und Adjektive gehören zu Sprachmitteln, die bei der Personendarstellung zur Beschreibung des Äußeren, der Interessen und der geistigen Welt in spezifischen Textsorten (hier: in Kontaktanzeigen lesbischer Frauen im Alter über 50 Jahre) verwendet werden. Im Vergleich zum Adjektiv kann das Partizip die zeitliche Dimension einer Eigenschaft oder der Lebenserfahrung ausdrücken; auf diese Weise können Sprechende den Wert der jeweiligen Eigenschaft oder Lebenserfahrung hervorheben. Das Partizip wird in bestimmten Kontexten bevorzugt, denn es kann die persuasive und appellative Funktion des Textes intensivieren. Die Autorin dieses Beitrags analysiert Motive und Strategien des Partizip-Usus' aus pragmalinguistischer Perspektive in 100 Kontaktanzeigen in der deutschen Frauenzeitschrift 'EMMA'.
Rawang [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by people who live in the far north of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys; population unknown, although Ethnologue gives 100,000. In the past they had been called ‘Nung’, or (mistakenly) ‘Hkanung’, and are considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin by the Myanmar government. They are closely related to people on the other side of the Chinese border in Yunnan classified as either Dulong or Nu (see LaPolla 2001, 2003 on the Dulong language and Sun 1988, Sun & Liu 2005 on the Anong language). In this paper, I will be discussing a particular morphological phenomenon found in Rawang, using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect of Rawang, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and inter-group communication.
A contrast to a trace
(2001)
For movement, such as quantifier raising, the three different structures illustrated in (1) are discussed in the recent literature.
(1) A girl danced with every boy
a. [every boy]x a girl danced with x (copy + replace)
b. [every boy]x a girl danced with [every boy] (copy)
c. [every boy]x a girl danced with [thex boy] (copy + modify)
In this paper, I'll call the proposal illustrated by (1a) the copy+replace theory since the movement is analyzed as first copying the moving phrase followed by replacing the moving phrase with a trace in the base position of movement. Chomsky (1993) and Fox (1999) argue against the copy+replace theory (1a) on the basis of Condition C data that show that moved material can behave as if it occupied the base position of movement. This behavior would, for example, be expected on the copy theory of movement illustrated by (1b), which also seems conceptually simpler than the copy+replace theory since it involves only copying without replacement. This conceptual advantage, however, is probably only apparent since a theory of the interpretation of structures like (1b) would probably be more complicated than for (1a). Standard assumptions about interpretation, at least, don't predict the right meaning when applied to (1b). For this reason, Chomsky and Fox propose what I'll call the copy+modify-theory illustrated in (1c). This proposes that copying is followed by a trace modification operation that replaces the determiner of the moved DP with something else. I assume that this is an indexed definite determiner, the interpretation of which is to be clarified below.
A new semantics for number
(2003)
A pragmatic explanation of the stage level/individual level contrast in combination with locatives
(2004)
One important difference between stage level predicates (SLPs) and individual level predicates (ILPs) is their behavior with respect to locative modifiers. It is commonly assumed that SLPs but not ILPs combine with locatives. The present study argues against a semantic account for this behavior (as advanced by e.g. Kratzer 1995, Chierchia 1995) and proposes a genuinely pragmatic explanation of the observed stage level/individual level contrast instead. The proposal is spelled out using Blutners (1998, 2000) optimality theoretic version of the Gricean maxims. Building on the observation that the respective locatives are not event-related but frame-setting modifiers, the preference for main predicates that express temporary properties is explained as a side-effect of “synchronizing” the main predicate with the locative frame in the course of finding an optimal interpretation. By emphasizing the division of labor between grammar and pragmatics, the proposed solution takes a considerable load off of semantics.
The aim of this paper is to give a unified account of the way that German demonstrative pronouns (henceforth: D-pronouns) like der, die and das behave (a) in sentences where they receive a coreferential interpretation, and (b) in sentences where they receive a covarying interpretation because they are in some way dependent on a quantificational expression – either via direct binding or indirectly, because the value they receive varies with the value that is assigned to the variable bound by an indefinite determiner.
Two hypotheses have been proposed in order to account for velar softening, i.e., a process through which /k/ changes to an affricate. Whereas one hypothesis states that for the process to apply the velar stop has to be realized as an (alveolo) palatal stop (articulation-based hypothesis), the other claims that velar softening is triggered by acoustic similarity between the input and output segments (acoustic equivalence hypothesis). The present paper investigates the acoustic equivalence hypothesis by comparing several acoustic properties of /k/ in various vowel contexts with those of /ts , ts , tc / for three languages differing in stop burst aspiration, i.e., German, Polish and Catalan. Results suggest that the acoustic equivalence hypothesis could account for velar softening in aspirated velar stops but not in unaspirated velar stops. The results also provide an explanation as to why aspirated velar stops are prone to undergo softening more easily when followed by front vocalic segments than in other contexts and positions
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2.1 introduces the basic classes of adjectives that constitute the factual core of the paper. Section 2.2 summarizes in greater detail the X° and the XP movement approaches to word order variation within the DP. Section 3 briefly discusses problems for both approaches. Sections 4.1, 5.1, and 5.2 draw from Alexiadou (2001) and contain a discussion of Greek DS and its relevance for a re-analysis of the word order variation in the Romance DP. Section 4.2 introduces refinements to Alexiadou & Wilder (1998) and Alexiadou (2001). Section 5.3. discusses certain issues that arise from the analysis of postnominal adjectives in Romance as involving raising of XPs. Section 6 discusses phenomena found in other languages, which at first sight seem similar to DS. However, I show that double definiteness in e.g. Hebrew, Scandinavian or other Balkan languages constitutes a different type of phenomenon from Greek DS, thus making a distinction between determiners that introduce CPs (Greek) and those that are merely morphological/agreement markers (Hebrew, Scandinavian, Albanian).
Semantic research over the past three decades has provided impressive confirmation of Donald Davidsons famous claim that “there is a lot of language we can make systematic sense of if we suppose events exist” (Davidson 1980:137). Nowadays, Davidsonian event arguments are no longer reserved only for action verbs (as Davidson originally proposed) or even only for the category of verbs, but instead are widely assumed to be associated with any kind of predicate (e.g. Higginbotham 2000, Parsons 2000).1 The following quotation from Higginbotham and Ramchand (1997) illustrates the reasoning that motivates this move: "Once we assume that predicates (or their verbal, etc. heads) have a position for events, taking the many consequences that stem therefrom, as outlined in publications originating with Donald Davidson (1967), and further applied in Higginbotham (1985, 1989), and Terence Parsons (1990), we are not in a position to deny an event-position to any predicate; for the evidence for, and applications of, the assumption are the same for all predicates. (Higginbotham and Ramchand 1997:54)" In fact, since Davidson’s original proposal the burden of proof for postulating event arguments seems to have shifted completely, leading Raposo and Uriagereka (1995), for example, to the following verdict: "it is unclear what it means for a predicate not to have a Davidsonian argument (Raposo and Uriagereka 1995:182)" That is, Davidsonian eventuality arguments apparently have become something like a trademark for predicates in general. The goal of the present paper is to subject this view of the relationship between predicates and events to real scrutiny. By taking a closer look at the simplest independent predicational structure – viz. copula sentences – I will argue that current Davidsonian approaches tend to stretch the notion of events too far, thereby giving up much of its linguistic and ontological usefulness. More specifically, the paper will tackle the following three questions: 1. Do copula sentences support the current view of the inherent event-relatedness of predicates? 2. If not, what is a possible alternative to an event-based analysis of copula sentences? 3. What does this tell us about Davidsonian events? The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 first reviews current event-based analyses of copula sentences and then gives a brief summary of the Davidsonian notion of events. Section 3 examines the behavior of copula sentences with respect to some standard (as well as some new) eventuality diagnostics. Copula expressions will turn out to fail all eventuality tests. They differ sharply from state verbs like stand, sit, sleep in this respect. (The latter pass all eventuality tests and therefore qualify as true “Davidsonian state” expressions.) On the basis of these observations, section 4 provides an alternative account of copula sentences that combines Kim’s (1969, 1976) notion of property exemplifications with Ashers (1993, 2000) conception of abstract objects. Specifically, I will argue that the copula introduces a referential argument for a temporally bound property exemplification (= “Kimian state”). The proposal is implemented within a DRT framework. Finally, section 5 offers some concluding remarks and suggests that supplementing Davidsonian eventualities by Kimian states not only yields a more adequate analysis for copula expressions and the like but may also improve our treatment of events.
An den Studiengängen der Abteilung für Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache unserer Universitäten nimmt das Fach „Deutsche Grammatik“ einen wichtigen Platz ein. Zu beobachten ist dabei, dass die Studierenden der grammatischen Strukturen des Deutschen sowohl in morphosyntaktischer und funktioneller Hinsicht nicht auf erforderlichem Niveau beherrschen. Dabei soll besondere Kraft darauf verwendet werden, die morphosyntaktischern Kenntnisse in aktive Sprachfähigkeit umzusetzen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, Gedanken und Vorschläge zu entwickeln, wie der Unterricht hinsichtlich unserer Zielgruppe fruchtbar, besonders für die funktionelle Beherrschung der deutschen Grammatik gestaltet werden kann.
We present an architecture for the integration of shallow and deep NLP components which is aimed at flexible combination of different language technologies for a range of practical current and future applications. In particular, we describe the integration of a high-level HPSG parsing system with different high-performance shallow components, ranging from named entity recognition to chunk parsing and shallow clause recognition. The NLP components enrich a representation of natural language text with layers of new XML meta-information using a single shared data structure, called the text chart. We describe details of the integration methods, and show how information extraction and language checking applications for realworld German text benefit from a deep grammatical analysis.
Die Bezeichnung von Anzahlen durch Numeralia und andere sprachliche Mittel ist ein universelles Charakteristikum natürlicher Sprachen, ein Sachverhalt, der bereits auf die große Bedeutung des Zahlkonzepts für das menschliche Denken hinweist: Der Begriff der Zahl, der in der Auffassung diskreter Objekte wurzelt, bildet nach neueren kognitionswissenschaftlichen Ansätzen neben dem Begriff des Raumes - der kontinuierlichen Einheit - das grundlegende Mittel zur Erfassung der Wirklichkeit.
This paper proposes an annotating scheme that encodes honorifics (respectful words). Honorifics are used extensively in Japanese, reflecting the social relationship (e.g. social ranks and age) of the referents. This referential information is vital for resolving zero
pronouns and improving machine translation outputs. Annotating honorifics is a complex task that involves identifying a predicate with honorifics, assigning ranks to referents of the
predicate, calibrating the ranks, and connecting referents with their predicates.
Research on a variety of structurally different languages suggests that information is assigned to grammatical form in way of preferred representations of arguments. These preferences can be captured by four interacting constraints which are based on the analysis of spoken and written discourse. These constraints represent measurable discourse preferences: pragmatically unmarked utterances seem to follow them blindly and widely. Consequently, the preferences motivating these constraints seem to represent the default structuring of discourse in immediate relation to elementary grammatical form. Discourse is no longer viewed as acting upon grammatical form, but as being ‘grammatical’ itself.
A two-week perturbation EMA-experiment was carried out with palatal prostheses. Articulatory effort for five speakers was assessed by means of peak acceleration and jerk during the tongue tip gestures from /t/ towards /i, e, o, y, u/. After a period of no change speakers showed an increase in these values. Towards the end of the experiment the values decreased. The results are interpreted as three phases of carrying out changes in the internal model. At first, the complete production system is shifted in relation to the palatal change, afterwards speakers explore different production mechanisms which involves more articulatory effort. This second phase can be seen as a training phase where several articulatory strategies are explored. In the third phase speakers start to select an optimal movement strategy to produce the sounds so that the values decrease.
Der Beitrag behandelt zunächst die Frage, welche Vorteile elektronische Wörterbücher gegenüber traditionell gedruckten Wörterbüchern besitzen. Danach werden drei Online-Programme zur automatischen Übersetzung (Babelfish, Google Übersetzer, Bing Translator) vorgestellt. Beispieltexte werden mit diesen Programmen übersetzt, danach wird die jeweilige Qualität der Übersetzungen beurteilt. Schließlich diskutiert der Beitrag noch die Folgen, die durch die Möglichkeiten automatischen Übersetzens für die Auslandsgermanistik zu erwarten sind. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Programme für das automatische Übersetzen künftig durchaus ernstzunehmende Auswirkungen auf die philologischen Wissenschaften haben können.
Der Übersetzungsprozess der Technischen Dokumentation wird zunehmend mit Maschineller Übersetzung (MÜ) unterstützt. Wir blicken zunächst auf die Ausgangstexte und erstellen automatisch prüfbare Regeln, mit denen diese Texte so editiert werden können, dass sie optimale Ergebnisse in der MÜ liefern. Diese Regeln basieren auf Forschungsergebnissen zur Übersetzbarkeit, auf Forschungsergebnissen zu Translation Mismatches in der MÜ und auf Experimenten.
Twenty years ago (1983), I severely criticized Halle and Kiparsky’s review (1981) of Garde’s history of Slavic accentuation (1976). I concluded that Halle and Ki-parsky’s theoretical framework “rests upon an unwarranted limitation of the available evidence, obscures the chronological perspective, and yields results which are partly not new and partly incorrect. It is harmful because it does not give the facts their proper due and thereby blocks the road to empirical study, giving a free hand to unrestrained speculation” (1983: 40). As Halle has recently returned to the subject (2001), it may be interesting to see if there has been some progress in his thinking over the last two decades. In the following I shall try to avoid repeating what I have said in my earlier discussion.
Coherence in hypertext
(1999)
At first sight hypertext does not look !ike a good subject for research on coherence. Hypertext is non-linear text, and coherence is typically defined for linear text. So coherence does not seem to be involved in hypertext at all. But on closer inspection it emerges that some of the basic structural problems with hypertexts are classical problems of coherence.
Research on dialectal varieties was for a long time concentrated on phonetic aspects of language. While there was a lot of work done on segmental aspects, suprasegmentals remained unexploited until the last few years, despite the fact that prosody was remarked as a salient aspect of dialectal variants by linguists and by naive speakers. Actual research on dialectal prosody in the German speaking area often deals with discourse analytic methods, correlating intonations curves with communicative functions (P. Auer et al. 2000, P. Gilles & R. Schrambke 2000, R. Kehrein & S. Rabanus 2001). The project I present here has another focus. It looks at general prosodic aspects, abstracted from actual situations. These global structures are modelled and integrated in a speech synthesis system. Today, mostly intonation is being investigated. However, rhythm, the temporal organisation of speech, is not a core of actual research on prosody. But there is evidence that temporal organisation is one of the main structuring elements of speech (B. Zellner 1998, B. Zellner Keller 2002). Following this approach developed for speech synthesis, I will present the modelling of the timing of two Swiss German dialects (Bernese and Zurich dialect) that are considered quite different on the prosodic level. These models are part of the project on the "development of basic knowledge for research on Swiss German prosody by means of speech synthesis modelling" founded by the Swiss National Science Foundation.
A model is proposed that interprets a variety of connected speech processes as resulting from prosodic modulations at different tiers of functional speech motor control along the hypo-hyper dimension [10]. The general background of the model is given by the trichotomy of A-, B- and C-prosodic phenomena [15] that together constitute the acoustic makeup of any speech utterance (with regard to their respective time domains at the uttarance/phrase level, the syllabic level and the segmental level).
This paper is an inductive look at the constituents found in a randomly selected Tagalog text, Bob Ong’s Alamat ng Gubat (Makati City, MM: Visual Print Enterprises, 2004). The analysis is based on the full text, but we will only be able to go through the first few lines of the text here, which we will do one by one, and discuss the structures found in each line of the text in bullet format after the relevant line. At the end of the paper we will bring up some important questions about the structures found in Tagalog based on this text.
We present an effort for the development of multilingual named entity grammars in a unification-based finite-state formalism (SProUT). Following an extended version of the MUC7 standard, we have developed Named Entity Recognition grammars for German, Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, English, and Czech. The grammars recognize person names, organizations, geographical locations, currency, time and date expressions. Subgrammars and gazetteers are shared as much as possible for the grammars of the different languages. Multilingual corpora from the business domain are used for grammar development and evaluation. The annotation format (named entity and other linguistic information) is described. We present an evaluation tool which provides detailed statistics and diagnostics, allows for partial matching of annotations, and supports user-defined mappings between different annotation and grammar output formats.
In this paper we show an approach to the customization of GermaNet to the German HPSG grammar lexicon developed in the Verbmobil project. GermaNet has a broad coverage of the German base vocabulary and fine-grained semantic classification; while the HPSG grammar lexicon is comparatively small und has a coarse-grained semantic classification. In our approach, we have developed a mapping algorithm to relate the synsets in GermaNet with the semantic sorts in HPSG. The evaluation result shows that this approach is useful for the lexical extension of our deep grammar development to cope with real-world text understanding.
Das Prager Deutsch wurde schon oft erwähnt, aber wenig beschrieben. In diesem Aufsatz wird die letzte Form dieses Deutschen dargestellt, wie sie in den 30er und 40er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts gesprochen wurde, als deutsche Standardsprache der Länder der böhmischen Krone. Die Unterschiede zum neutralen Standarddeutschen sind sehr gering. Es gibt wenige tschechische Einflüsse, kaum Übereinstimmungen mit dem süddeutschen und österreichischen Substandard, aber Parallelen zum nördlichen Standarddeutschen. Heute ist das Prager Deutsch fast ausgestorben, da es nach 1945 nicht mehr weitergegeben wurde.
Metaphern bestimmen nicht nur unser alltägliches Leben, etwa wenn wir vom Rad der Geschichte oder der Bühne des Lebens sprechen, sie geben auch nützliche Orientierung in vielen Bereichen der Wissenschaft, von den schwarzen Löchern der Physiker bis zur Computermetapher des Gehirns in der Kognitionswissenschaft. Eine solche Metapher ist auch die Deutung der Sprache als Werkzeug.
In der arabischen Welt herrscht eine sehr alte und stabile Situation der Diglossie, d.h. des funktional geregelten Nebeneinanders von zwei historischen Entwicklungsstufen der gleichen Sprache. Das Moderne Hocharabisch ist eine konservierte Form des Klassischen Arabisch. Es genießt hohes Ansehen und dient als Schriftsprache, wird aber nicht muttersprachlich erworben, sondern durch Unterricht erlernt. Im mündlichen und informellen Bereich werden die jeweiligen Dialekte verwendet; sie sind die natürliche Muttersprache der Bevölkerung, genießen jedoch keinerlei Ansehen. Da die Hochsprache in ihrer äußeren Form nicht verändert werden darf, aber auch die Dialekte sich nicht zu modernen geschriebenen Volkssprachen entwickeln dürfen, scheint die Diglossiesituation für alle Zeit festgeschrieben. Dadurch ist das Überleben der Dialekte gesichert, obgleich sie sich untereinander stärker annähern. Die Geringschätzung der Dialekte in der arabischen Welt bedingt auch eine Ablehnung der Dialektologie. Deshalb war die arabische Dialektologie immer eine Domäne westlicher Forscher, doch nun deutet sich auch im Westen ihr Niedergang an.
"Mundarten werden von den Bauern im Kreis der Familie gesprochen, sie haben einen beschränkten Kommunikationsradius, ihre situative Verwendbarkeit ist eingeschränkt, sie stellen im Sinne Bernsteins einen restringierten Code dar." Solche und ähnliche Definitionsaspekte für den Begriff Dialekt finden wir immer wieder. Für Teile des deutschen Sprachgebietes sind sie auch adäquat. Die Mundarten sind dort sozial abgewertet und werden durch regionale Umgangssprachen, als Mischformen zwischen Dialekt und Hochsprache, zurückgedrängt. In der deutschsprachigen Schweiz ist dies keineswegs der Fall: Als Rolf Zinkernagel, Professor am Institut für experimentelle Immunologie der Universität Zürich, am 7. Oktober der Nobelpreis für Medizin zugesprochen wurde, war das eine der Hauptmeldungen in den Abendnachrichten. Das Interview, in dem er seine Freude über die Verleihung ausdrückt und in dem er allgemein Forschungsvorgehen erklärt, wird ganz selbstverständlich in der Mundart geführt.
Der Elfenbeinturm hat Fenster. Browserfenster : Wissenschaftskommunikation in sozialen Medien
(2021)
Alle zwei Jahre halten die Mitglieder des Germanistenverbandes der Tschechischen Republik eine Konferenz ab. Auf der Tagung, die vom 17. bis 18. Mai 2012 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Palacký-Universität in Olomouc – im Kunstzentrum im Alten Konvikt – stattfand, wurden Vorträge unter dem Motto "Deutsch als Sprache der (Geistes)Wissenschaften" präsentiert, die zeigen, dass die deutsche Sprache als Sprache der Geisteswissenschaften in Mitteleuropa immer noch sehr wichtig ist. Der vorliegende Tagungsband, der zwölf Vorträge beinhaltet, die in der linguistischen Sektion der Tagung des Germanistenverbandes präsentiert wurden, möchte diese Schlussfolgerung unterstützen.
Im späten Mittelalter setzt sich die deutsche Sprache immer stärker als Sprache der Medizin durch. Auch wenn deutschsprachige heilkundliche Werke jener Zeit vorrangig für Praktiker ohne akademische Ausbildung bestimmt waren und als Anweisungstexte gebraucht wurden, kann man darin schon Register und Inhaltsverzeichnisse finden, also solche Orientierungsmittel, die in der modernen Zeit zum festen Bestandteil von Fachtexten wurden. Diese Mittel der Textoptimierung unterscheiden sich zwar von den heutigen noch stark, nichtsdestoweniger zeugen sie davon, dass die Autoren deutscher medizinischer Werke ihre Adressaten vor Augen hatten und bemüht waren, ihnen die Rezeption des Fachwissens zu erleichtern.
What role does language play in the development of numerical cognition? In the present paper I argue that the evolution of symbolic thinking (as a basis for language) laid the grounds for the emergence of a systematic concept of number. This concept is grounded in the notion of an infinite sequence and encompasses number assignments that can focus on cardinal aspects ("three pencils"), ordinal aspects ("the third runner"), and even nominal aspects ("bus #3"). I show that these number assignments are based on a specific association of relational structures, and that it is the human language faculty that provides a cognitive paradigm for such an association, suggesting that language played a pivotal role in the evolution of systematic numerical cognition.
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist der Zusammenhang der beiden Bereiche Sprache und außersprachliches Begriffssystem: Wie sind sprachliche und konzeptuelle Module verknüpft, und wie lässt sich ihr Zusammenhang theoretisch erfassen? Ich skizziere zwei alternative Ansätze zur Modellierung dieser Schnittstelle: das „Zwei-Ebenen-Modell“ und das Modell der „Conceptual Semantics“. Vor dem Hintergrund der beiden Ansätze diskutiere ich die Notwendigkeit eines vom konzeptuellen unterschiedenen „semantischen“ Systems, das sprachliche Aspekte der Bedeutung erfasst. Ich entwickele auf dieser Basis ein Modell, in dem die semantische Ebene als integrierter Teil des konzeptuellen Systems CS definiert ist: Semantische Repräsentationen werden durch einen Filter über CS generiert; sie etablieren eine Schnittstellen-Ebene, die CSElemente sprachlichen Strukturen zugänglich macht. Das Modell, das als Elaboration des „Tripartite Parallel Architecture“-Modells (Jackendoff 1997) verstanden werden kann, differenziert sprachliche und nicht-sprachliche Bedeutungsaspekte innerhalb eines komplexen Moduls (“2 in 1”-Ansatz).
This paper advances a purely presuppositional analysis of intonation. I first show that a inspiring recent article by Geurts and van der Sandt (Theoretical Linguistics, 2004) that pursues the same goal cannot account for multiple foci. Then, I show that if it is assumed that destressed rather than focussed material is semantically marked, multiple foci are accounted for correctly.
Twenty years ago I discussed the oldest isoglosses in the South Slavic linguistic area (1982). Subscribing to Van Wijk’s view that the bundle of isoglosses which separates Bulgarian from Serbo-Croatian was the result of an early split in South Slavic and that the transitional dialects originated from a later mixture of Serbian and Bulgarian dialects when the contact between the two languages had been restored (1927), I argued that the shared innovations of Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian must be dated to a period when the dialects were still spoken in the original Trans-Carpathian homeland of the Slavs. I concluded that there is no evidence for common innovations of South Slavic which were posterior to the end of what I have called the Late Middle Slavic period, which I dated to the 4th through 6th centuries AD. At that time, the major dialect divisions of Slavic were already established.
We present a broad coverage Japanese grammar written in the HPSG formalism with MRS semantics. The grammar is created for use in real world applications, such that robustness and performance issues play an important role. It is connected to a POS tagging and word segmentation tool. This grammar is being developed in a multilingual context, requiring MRS structures that are easily comparable across languages.