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With the rise of minimalism, many concepts related to the geometrical relations of phrase structure held fast to in earlier approaches have been reconsidered. This article deals with distinguishing (relational and technical) properties of specifiers and adjuncts in a Bare Phrase Structure framework (X'-Theory). I extend specific aspects of X-structure relevant to the discussion of specifiers vs. adjuncts. I argue that unique specifiers can be derived from the system and that adjunction, possibly multiple, results from Direct Merge only. The final product is a series of relationships in line with recent thoughts and minimalist premises, but formally more similar to earlier conceptions of the X'-schema.
I address conceptual, empirical and theoretical arguments against multiple specifiers and related issues next, that is beyond the predictions immediately following from the tripartitional view of clause structure proposed in Grohmann (2000). After laying out my motivations to critically consider the issue, I present a set of data that casts serious doubt over the justifications offered to replace Agr with v as the accusative casemarker. Having conceptual and empirical back-up, I then tackle the theoretical validity of specifiers, and ways to distinguish unique specifiers from (multiple) adjuncts. I introduce a version of Bare Phrase Structure that does so, yet keeps the spirit of defining structural identification over relational rather than categorial properties.
Wortformen wie Berliner und Potsdamer treten in pränominaler attributiver Funktion auf: eine Position, in der sowohl Adjektive als auch Substantive stehen können. Substantive kommen in der Position vor als sächsische Genitive (Leos Auto), als vorangestellte Genitivattribute (des Vaters Pflicht) oder als Bestandteile einer engen Apposition (Bundeskanzler Schröder). Adjektive stehen an dieser Stelle als adjektivische Attribute (rotes Auto). Gegen jede dieser Interpretationen von Berliner sprechen jeweils formale Argumente, die im wesentlichen darauf hinauslaufen, daß Berliner in Berliner Ballen niemals flektiert wird - weder wie ein Substantiv noch wie ein Adjektiv.
Welcher Wortart sind Wortformen wie Berliner in Berliner Ballen also zuzuordnen? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage folgen zunächst einige (kommentierte) Literaturstellen, anschließend werde ich die Bezeichnung 'Stadtadjektive' einführen, ich nehme also zum Zwecke der Benennung eine Entscheidung vorweg. Darauf folgt die Untersuchung: das Verhalten der Stadtadjektive in Bezug auf Flexion, Derivation, Komposition und Syntax.
This paper focuses on definite descriptions. It will be shown that a definite description refers to a given discourse referent if the descriptive content is completely deaccented. But if there is a focussed element within the descriptive content it introduces a novel referent. This amounts to allowing two readings for definite descriptions without, however, allowing two readings for the definite article.
Rezension zu Harald Burger, Phraseologie: Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 1998 (224 S., DM 69,00 ISBN 3-503-04916-9)
Rezension zu Ulrike Schilling: Kommunikative Basisstrategien des Aufforderns. Eine kontrastive Analyse gesprochener Sprache im Deutschen und im Japanischen. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag 1999 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 204, 335 S. ISBN 3-484-31204-1)
A contrast to a trace
(2001)
For movement, such as quantifier raising, the three different structures illustrated in (1) are discussed in the recent literature.
(1) A girl danced with every boy
a. [every boy]x a girl danced with x (copy + replace)
b. [every boy]x a girl danced with [every boy] (copy)
c. [every boy]x a girl danced with [thex boy] (copy + modify)
In this paper, I'll call the proposal illustrated by (1a) the copy+replace theory since the movement is analyzed as first copying the moving phrase followed by replacing the moving phrase with a trace in the base position of movement. Chomsky (1993) and Fox (1999) argue against the copy+replace theory (1a) on the basis of Condition C data that show that moved material can behave as if it occupied the base position of movement. This behavior would, for example, be expected on the copy theory of movement illustrated by (1b), which also seems conceptually simpler than the copy+replace theory since it involves only copying without replacement. This conceptual advantage, however, is probably only apparent since a theory of the interpretation of structures like (1b) would probably be more complicated than for (1a). Standard assumptions about interpretation, at least, don't predict the right meaning when applied to (1b). For this reason, Chomsky and Fox propose what I'll call the copy+modify-theory illustrated in (1c). This proposes that copying is followed by a trace modification operation that replaces the determiner of the moved DP with something else. I assume that this is an indexed definite determiner, the interpretation of which is to be clarified below.
This paper emphasizes the importance of intonational studies, focusing on the final intonational contour in interrogative sentences in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Following considerations about intonation in general we present some observations about effects of intonation in such sentences at both syntactic and pragmatic levels.
This paper presents results of research into syntactic negation in both German and Brazilian Portuguese dialogues. After some considerations on the nature of negation, its occurrence in a corpus is investigated based on semantic negation categories established from works by Polenz and Engel. Based on Ilari's works, possible syntactic negation forms are presented as formulae that express the relationships between their components. Use frequency of syntactic negation in the semantic categories in each language is presented, as well as possible sources of interference in the use of such elements by foreign speakers, along with considerations about negation, culture and language.
The paper characterizes three different domains in the German middle field which are relevant for the interpretation of an indefinite. It is argued that the so-called 'strong' reading of an indefinite is the basic one and that the 'weak' reading needs special licensing which is mirrored by certain syntactic requirements. Some popular claims about the relation between the position and the interpretation of indefinites as well as some claims about scrambling are discussed and rejected. From the findings also follows that the strong reading of an indefinite is independent of its information status.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung des Phänomens "Agrammatismus" für die deutsche Sprache. Den Kernbereich der Studie bildet die Analyse eines Fallbeispiels. Wegen der variablen Erscheinungsformen des Agrammatismus (z.B. Saffran 1982, Miceli et al. 1989, Nespoulous & Dordain 1991, Fromkin 1995) werden Gruppenstudien in der jüngeren Forschung weitgehend abgelehnt (z.B. Seewald 1998: 62, Tyler 1987: 161). Mit der Analyse eines Einzelfalls soll der daraus resultierenden Forderung nach weiteren Einzelfallstudien entsprochen werden (Tesak 1990: 18, Tesak 1991: 177). In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen besonders sprachspezifische Fehlermuster herausgearbeitet werden, wie sie in sprachvergleichenden Studien nachgewiesen werden konnten (z.B. Kehayia 1991, Lorch 1986, Menn & Obler 1990). Diese zeigen sich nach Menn & Obler (1990: 1370ff.) hauptsächlich in der Verteilung von Auslassungen und Substitutionen auf freie und gebundene Morpheme (siehe Kap. 1.2.1., S. 5). Die deutsche Sprache verfügt über die Möglichkeit, grammatische Funktionen bzw. grammatische Relationen sowohl durch freie als auch durch gebundene Morpheme zu realisieren (Comrie 1987: 111-137). Deshalb ist sie besonders geeignet, die beobachteten Abhängigkeiten zwischen Fehlermustern und Grammatik zu überprüfen. Als theoretische Grundlage für die Analyse der agrammatischen Sprache werden in Kap. I nach einer einführenden Begriffsdefinition (Kap. 1.1.) die Symptome des Agrammatismus im einzelnen dargestellt (Kap. 1.2.). Dabei stehen sowohl die bis heute dokumentierten Leistungsdissoziationen als auch sprachspezifische Fehlermuster zur Diskussion. Anschließend werden die aus der Variabilität der agrammatischen Erscheinungsformen resultierenden unterschiedlichen Erklärungsansätze zum zugrundeliegenden Defizit erläutert (Kap. 1.3 .). Die aus dem aktuellen Forschungsstand abzuleitenden Fragestellungen (Kap. 1.4.) bilden die Basis für die in Kap. 2. folgende Analyse des Fallbeispiels. Bei der Entwicklung der Fragestellungen werden neben sprachspezifischen Merkmalen des Agrammatismus im Deutschen die Eigenschaften berücksichtigt, die in der Literatur allgemein kontrovers diskutiert werden. In Kap. 3 erfolgt abschließend eine zusammenfassende Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die eine Einordnung der Fallstudie in den aktuellen Forschungsstand enthält, sowie einen wertenden Vergleich der aus der Einzelfallanalyse gewonnenen Daten mit den m Kap. 1.3. vorgestellten Erklärungsansätzen für die zugrundeliegende Störung.
Auto - bil, Reha - rehab, Mikro - mick, Alki - alkis : Kurzwörter im Deutschen und Schwedischen
(2001)
Das Kurzwort wird nach BELLMANN 1980 und KOBLER-TRILL 1994 definiert als eine sowohl graphisch als auch phonisch realisierte gekürzte Form, die aus einem längeren sog. Basislexem (einschließlich eines Wortgruppenlexems) hervorgeht (im Folgenden auch Vollform genannt). Dabei besteht zwischen Kurzwort und Basislexem, die weiterhin nebeneinander bestehen, eine Synonymie-Beziehung, d.h. beide referieren auf das gleiche Objekt (vgl. Limo und Limonade, Kripo und Kriminalpolizei).
Maschinelles Lernen wird häufig zur effzienten Annotation großer Datenmengen eingesetzt. Die Forschung zu maschinellen Lernverfahren beschränkt sich i.a. darauf unterschiedliche Lernverfahren zu vergelichen oder die optimale größe der Trainingsdaten zu bestimmen. Bisher wurde jedoch nicht untersucht, in wie weit sich linguistisches Wissen bei der Aufgabendefinition positiv auswirken kann. Dies soll hier anhand des Lernens von Base-Nominalphrasen mit drei unterschiedlichen Definitionen untersucht werden. Die Definitionen unterscheiden sich im Grad der linguistisch motivierten Erweiterungen, die zu einer eher praktisch motivierten ersten Definition hinzu kamen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich die Anzahl der falsch klasssifizierten Wörter um ein Drittel reduzieren lässt.
Case and event structure
(2001)
I argue in this paper for a novel analysis of case in Icelandic, with implications for case theory in general. I argue that structural case is the manifestation on the noun phrase of features which are semantically interpretable only on verbal projections; thus, Icelandic case does not encode features of noun phrase interpretation, but it is not uninterpretable either; case is properly seen as reflecting (interpretable) tense and aspect features. Accusative case in Icelandic is available when the two subevents introduced in a transitive verb phrase are identified with each other, and dative case is available when the two parts are distinct (thus Icelandic case manifests aktionsart or inner aspect, in partial contrast to Finnish). This analysis bears directly on the theory of feature checking in the Minimalist Program; specifically, it paves the way for a restrictive theory of feature checking in which no features are strictly uninterpretable: all formal features come in interpretable-uninterpretable pairs, and feature checking is the matching of such pairs, driven by legibility conditions at Spell-Out.
We will see how it is reasonable to speak of a minimum distance that an element must cross in order to enter into a well-formed movement dependency. In the course of the discussion of this notion of anti-localiry, a theoretical framework unfolds which is compatible with recent thoughts on syntactic computation regarding local economy and phrase structure, as well as the view that certain pronouns are grammatical formatives, rather than fully lexical expressions. The upshot will be that if an element does not move a certain distance, the derivation crashes at PF, unless the lower copy is spelled out as a pronominal element. The framework presented has a number of implications for the study of clause-typing, of which some will be discussed towards the end.
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.