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In this paper we show an approach to the customization of GermaNet to the German HPSG grammar lexicon developed in the Verbmobil project. GermaNet has a broad coverage of the German base vocabulary and fine-grained semantic classification; while the HPSG grammar lexicon is comparatively small und has a coarse-grained semantic classification. In our approach, we have developed a mapping algorithm to relate the synsets in GermaNet with the semantic sorts in HPSG. The evaluation result shows that this approach is useful for the lexical extension of our deep grammar development to cope with real-world text understanding.
The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) consists of Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT), Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN), and a database. There is also an online manual which includes the CHILDES bibliography, the database, and the CHAT conventions as well as the CLAN instructions. The first three parts of this paper concern the CHAT format of transcription, grammatical coding, and analyzing transcripts by using the CLAN programs. The fourth part shows examples of transcribed and coded data.
MED (Media EDitor) is a program designed to facilitate the transcription of digitized soundfiles into textfiles. It was written by Hans Drexler and Daan Broeder, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [...] The aim of MED is to facilitate the transcription of sound into text using a single program. It works on the principle of the coexistence and interaction of two basic elements, the waveform display window and the text window. [...] This means that you no longer need to use both a sound editor and a word processor at the same time in order to transcribe digitized speech files. Instead, you can directly type the sound you hear (and see) via MED into the text window. Furthermore, you can directly link sound portions of the waveform display window to text portions of the text window, so that you can easily locate and listen to the original source of your transcription once the links have been set. In this function the waveform display window and the text window virtually interact with each other.
Auto - bil, Reha - rehab, Mikro - mick, Alki - alkis : Kurzwörter im Deutschen und Schwedischen
(2001)
Das Kurzwort wird nach BELLMANN 1980 und KOBLER-TRILL 1994 definiert als eine sowohl graphisch als auch phonisch realisierte gekürzte Form, die aus einem längeren sog. Basislexem (einschließlich eines Wortgruppenlexems) hervorgeht (im Folgenden auch Vollform genannt). Dabei besteht zwischen Kurzwort und Basislexem, die weiterhin nebeneinander bestehen, eine Synonymie-Beziehung, d.h. beide referieren auf das gleiche Objekt (vgl. Limo und Limonade, Kripo und Kriminalpolizei).
Die deutsche Wechselflexion besteht hauptsächlich im e -> i- und im a -> e-Wechsel in der 2. und 3. Person Singular im Präsens starker Verben (z.B. ich gebe vs. du gibst/sie gibt oder ich fahre vs. du fährst/sie fährt). Dieser binnenflektierende, modulatorische Person/Numerus-Ausdruck galt bisher als konservativer Zug des Deutschen und wurde von der Linguistik kaum beachtet, möglicherweise weil sein Erhalt theoretisch schwer zu begründen ist. Manche Linguisten haben sogar schon seinen Abbau prognostiziert. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses marginalisierte Phänomen synchron wie diachron dargestellt und mit dem Luxemburgischen verglichen. Beide Sprachen verfügen über einen stabilen Bestand an über fünfzig häufig verwendeten Wechselflexionsverben. Im Gegensatz zum Deutschen hat sich die luxemburgische Wechselflexion von den starken Verben gelöst und wurde sekundär auch auf schwache und athematische Verben übertragen. Dabei kommt es zu über zwanzig verschiedenen Vokalalternanzen. Dieser massive Aus- und Umbau der luxemburgischen Wechselflexion wird dokumentiert und, zusammen mit der deutschen Wechselflexion, einer theoretischen Fundierung unterzogen.
The development of "junk" : irregularization strategies of HAVE and SAY in the Germanic languages
(2001)
Although it is a wellknown fact that the most frequent verbs are the most irregular ones (if not suppletive), it is rarely asked how they became irregular. This article deals with the irregularization process of two originally regular (weak) verbs, HAVE and SAY in the Germanic languages, e.g. have, but has/'s and had/'d (instead of regular *haves/*haved) or say [sei], but says [sez] and said [sed] in English. Other verbs, such as DO, GO, STAND, BE, COME, and so on, also tend to irregularizations again and again without any apparent reason. In contrast to HAVE and SAY these verbs have always been rather irregular, at least dating from their first written records.
It is often assumed that the goal of typology is to define the notion ‘possible human language’. This view, which I call the Universalist Typology view is shared, for example, by virtually all contributors to Bynon & Shibatani’s 1995 volume Approaches to Language Typology, and by Moravscik in her review of this volume in Linguistic Typology 1 (p.105). In the following I claim that this assumption is fundamentally mistaken. To clarify the theoretical status of what is meant by ‘possible human language’, I argue here for a distinction between typological theory (theoretical typology) and grammatical theory (theoretical syntax and theoretical morphology) as distinct subdisciplines of linguistics.
The role of migration and language contact in the development of the Sino-Tibetan language family
(2001)
Das Fersental (Valle del Fèrsina) liegt etwa fünfzehn Kilometer östlich von Trient in der Provinz Trient / Trento in Oberitalien und bildet eine germanophone Sprachinsel im hauptsächlich italienisch-sprachigen Trentino. Gesprochen wird die Minderheitensprache „Mòchenisch“ [...] oder Deutsch-Fersentalerisch heute in drei Orten des Fersentals [...]. Die Grammatik bietet eine Übersicht über Lautungen, Formen und Satzbau des Mòchenischen.
This paper is part of a research project on OT Syntax and the typology of the free relative (FR) construction. It concentrates on the details of an OT analysis and some of its consequences for OT syntax. I will not present a general discussion of the phenomenon and the many controversial issues it is famous for in generative syntax.
Unter “Kasussynkretismus” versteht man den Wegfall von morphologischen Unterscheidungen im Kasussystem einer Sprache. Hier will ich über den Synkretismus sprechen, der im Deutschen im Femininum stattgefunden hat. Im Gegensatz zum Maskulinum, aber ebenso wie im Neutrum, unterscheidet das Deutsche systematisch nicht zwischen der Nominativform und der Akkusativform.
Wie in anderen Regionen ist auch in der Schweiz seit den 1950er Jahren eine Bewegung weg von der Untersuchung der 'reinen' Dialekte in ländlicher Umgebung hin zu einer Untersuchung von aktueller Sprachverwendung im urbanen Umfeld zu beobachten. Schweizer Dialektologie ist somit heute deutlich als 'social dialectology' zu verstehen. Die traditionelle Dialektologie hat sich an der sprachlichen Vielfalt der Städte gestört, weil diese dem Bemühen entgegenstanden, die diatopische Verteilung sprachlicher Varianten möglichst genau zu beschreiben. Die Sprache der Städte blieb deshalb am Rande des sprachwissenschaftlichen Interesses. Es zeigt sich jedoch deutlich (Siebenhaar i. Dr.), dass gerade in der Schweiz, wo die Mundarten auch in den Städten nicht durch die Standardsprachen verdrängt wurden, schon früh ein Interesse an der mundartlichen Variation aufgekommen ist.
I discuss the status of WH-words for interrogative interpretations, and show that the derivation of constituent questions evolves from a specific interplay of syntactic and semantic representations with pragmatics. I argue that WH-pronouns are not ‘interrogative’. Rather, they are underspecified elements; due to this underspecification, WH-words can form a constitutive part not only of interrogative, but also of exclamative and declarative clauses. WH-words introduce a variable of a particular conceptual domain into the semantic representation. Accordingly, they have to be specified for interpretation. Different WH-contexts give rise to different interpretations. In a cross-linguistic overview, I discuss the characteristic elements contributing to the derivation of interrogatives. I argue that specific particles or their phonologically empty counterparts in the head of CP contribute the interrogative aspect. The speech act of ‘asking’ is then carried out via an intonational contour that identifies a question. By default, this intonational contour operates on interrogative sentences; however, other sentence formats – in particular, those of declarative sentences – are possible as well. The distinction of (a) grammatical (syntactic, semantic and phonological) sentence formats for interrogative and declarative sentences, and (b) intonational contours serving the discrimination of speech acts like questions and assertions, can be related to psychological and neurological evidence.
What role does language play in the development of numerical cognition? In the present paper I argue that the evolution of symbolic thinking (as a basis for language) laid the grounds for the emergence of a systematic concept of number. This concept is grounded in the notion of an infinite sequence and encompasses number assignments that can focus on cardinal aspects ("three pencils"), ordinal aspects ("the third runner"), and even nominal aspects ("bus #3"). I show that these number assignments are based on a specific association of relational structures, and that it is the human language faculty that provides a cognitive paradigm for such an association, suggesting that language played a pivotal role in the evolution of systematic numerical cognition.
In linguistics and the philosophy of language, the mass/count distinction has traditionally been regarded as a bi-partition on the nominal domain, where typical instances are nouns like "beef" (mass) vs."cow" (count). In the present paper, we argue that this partition reveals a system that is based on both syntactic features and conceptual features, and present experimental evidence suggesting that the discrimination of the two kinds of features has a psychological reality.
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist der Zusammenhang der beiden Bereiche Sprache und außersprachliches Begriffssystem: Wie sind sprachliche und konzeptuelle Module verknüpft, und wie lässt sich ihr Zusammenhang theoretisch erfassen? Ich skizziere zwei alternative Ansätze zur Modellierung dieser Schnittstelle: das „Zwei-Ebenen-Modell“ und das Modell der „Conceptual Semantics“. Vor dem Hintergrund der beiden Ansätze diskutiere ich die Notwendigkeit eines vom konzeptuellen unterschiedenen „semantischen“ Systems, das sprachliche Aspekte der Bedeutung erfasst. Ich entwickele auf dieser Basis ein Modell, in dem die semantische Ebene als integrierter Teil des konzeptuellen Systems CS definiert ist: Semantische Repräsentationen werden durch einen Filter über CS generiert; sie etablieren eine Schnittstellen-Ebene, die CSElemente sprachlichen Strukturen zugänglich macht. Das Modell, das als Elaboration des „Tripartite Parallel Architecture“-Modells (Jackendoff 1997) verstanden werden kann, differenziert sprachliche und nicht-sprachliche Bedeutungsaspekte innerhalb eines komplexen Moduls (“2 in 1”-Ansatz).
In the present paper, I will discuss the semantic structure of nouns and nominal number markers. In particular, I will discuss the question if it is possible to account for the syntactic and semantic formation of nominals in a parallel way, that is I will try to give a compositional account of nominal semantics. The framework that I will use is "twolevel semantics". The semantic representations and their type-theoretical basis will account for general cross-linguistic characteristics of nouns and nominal number and will show interdependencies between noun classes, number marking and cardinal constructions. While the analysis will give a unified account of bare nouns (like dog / water), it will distinguish between the different kinds of nominal terms (like a dog / dogs / water). Following the proposal, the semantic operations underlying the formation of the SR are basically the same for DPs as for CPs. Hence, from such an analysis, independent semantic arguments can be derived for a structural parallelism of nominals and sentences - that is, for the "sentential aspect" of noun phrases. I will first give a sketch of the theoretical background. I will then discuss the cross-linguistic combinatorial potential of nominal constructions, that is, the potential of nouns and number markers to combine with other elements and form complex expressions. This will lead to a general type-theoretical classification for the elements in question. In the next step, I will model the referential potential of nominal constructions. Together with the combinatorial potential, this will give us semantic representations for the basic elements involved in nominal constructions. In an overview, I will summarize our modeling of nouns and nominal number. I will then discuss in an outlook the "sentential aspect" of noun phrases.
Im Rahmen philosophisch-mathematischer Ansätze steht häufig der kardinale Aspekt natürlicher Zahlen im Vordergrund, auf den sprachlich mit Kardinal-Konstruktionen („sieben Zwerge“) referiert wird. Zahlen werden jedoch nicht nur in solchen quantitativen, sondern auch in ordinalen („der dritte Mann“) oder nominalen Kontexten („Bus Nr.129“) gebraucht. Bei einer umfassenden Analyse des Zahlkonzepts sind daher auch diese Komponenten zu berücksichtigen.
I give a unified account of numeral classifiers as lexical items that are reduced to the function of individuation in cardinal counting constructions with transnumeral nouns. I argue that individuation is a lexical-semantic phenomenon that triggers a focus shift from a whole set to its individual elements, but does not affect the conceptual representation. The semantic reduction of numeral classifiers to individuation functions is, on the one hand, reflected by a morpho-syntactic reduction; numeral classifiers do not project to full NPs, but occur as headadjuncts in QPs. On the other hand, it leads to a loss of conceptual features. As a result, nouns that are used as numeral classifiers are conceptually divorced from their NP counterparts. They integrate the nominal concept not as part of their interpretation, but via agreement features that govern the distribution of nouns in classifierconstructions. I show that the selection of conceptual features relevant for the distribution of numeral classifiers and nouns is lexically, not conceptually governed, supporting a model that distinguishes lexical-semantic and conceptual aspects in the generation of meaning.