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The aim of this article is to show how linguistic and literary studies can benefit from the joint analysis of linguistic structures in poetry. Firstly, the analysis of poetry has an important impact on linguistic theory as it leads our attention to specific structures and meanings that so far have not been considered. Secondly, a close linguistic analysis can reveal hitherto overlooked facets of meaning which have a great significance for the overall interpretation of a poem. We focus on Bare Root Infinitives (BRIs) in German. As they lack the features for tense, mood, person and number, they are more flexible in meaning than finite forms. When looking at poetry, besides the well-known deontic and bouletic meanings (cf. Reis 1995, 2003; Gärtner 2014) a third meaning that we call reactive meaning stands out. Remarkably, this reactive meaning can also be found in everyday language. Its specific semantic properties show that a semantic analysis of BRIs in the style of Kaufmann (2012) is adequate: modality, but not non-referentiality, is a grammatically given semantic property of BRIs. The specific case study of the poem ‘muster fixieren’ (‘fixing patterns’) by Nico Bleutge reveals how the restricted context of the poem interacts with the different interpretations of BRIs, resulting in a complex interpretation of the text.
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
Este trabalho se propõe a utilizar os princípios inerentes à Linguística de Corpus – listas de palavras, palavras-chave e linhas de concordância – com o intuito de fazer uma análise comparativa do texto Trauer und Melancholie, escrito por Freud em 1917, e suas cinco retraduções publicadas em português no Brasil. Devido à insatisfação em relação às traduções indiretas dos escritos freudianos, desde a década de 1990 têm surgido propostas de retraduções que visam recuperar nos textos em português a terminologia e o estilo que o pai da Psicanálise utilizou em alemão. A fim de verificar até que ponto as escolhas tradutórias estão diretamente ligadas ao texto-fonte, partimos de dados empíricos levantados por ferramentas computacionais. As análises quantitativas e qualitativas revelaram que as retraduções diretas foram influenciadas pelas anteriores – indiretas –, mostrando que outros fatores, além do texto de partida, afetam o texto traduzido, ainda que os tradutores não se deem conta disso.
Data on lingual movement, dorsopalatal contact and F2 frequency presented in previous papers of ours (Recasens, 2002; Recasens and Pallarès, 2001; Recasens, Pallarès and Fontdevila, 1997) suggest that the degree of articulatory constraint (DAC) model accounts to a large extent for the extent and direction of tongue dorsum coarticulation in VCV and CC sequences. A goal of this investigation is to verify the predictions of this model with respect to jaw V-to-V effects in VCV sequences using articulatory movement data collected with electromagnetic articulometry (EMA).
This study is an electropalatographic investigation of clusters composed of /n/ or /l/ followed by the (alveolo)palatal consonants /ʎ, ɲ/ or by dental /t/ in three Catalan dialects, i.e., Majorcan, Valencian and Eastern. Data show that articulatory blending through superposition occurs in the palatalizing environment except when C1 is highly constrained (e.g., dark /l/) or C2 is purely palatal and therefore, produced at a distant articulatory location from C1. Contrary to previous descriptions in the literature, data for /nt, lt/ reveal that blending through superposition rather than assimilation is at work. The implications of these data for theories of speech production are discussed.
Manual development of deep linguistic resources is time-consuming and costly and therefore often described as a bottleneck for traditional rule-based NLP. In my PhD thesis I present a treebank-based method for the automatic acquisition of LFG resources for German. The method automatically creates deep and rich linguistic presentations from labelled data (treebanks) and can be applied to large data sets. My research is based on and substantially extends previous work on automatically acquiring wide-coverage, deep, constraint-based grammatical resources from the English Penn-II treebank (Cahill et al.,2002; Burke et al., 2004; Cahill, 2004). Best results for English show a dependency f-score of 82.73% (Cahill et al., 2008) against the PARC 700 dependency bank, outperforming the best hand-crafted grammar of Kaplan et al. (2004). Preliminary work has been carried out to test the approach on languages other than English, providing proof of concept for the applicability of the method (Cahill et al., 2003; Cahill, 2004; Cahill et al., 2005). While first results have been promising, a number of important research questions have been raised. The original approach presented first in Cahill et al. (2002) is strongly tailored to English and the datastructures provided by the Penn-II treebank (Marcus et al., 1993). English is configurational and rather poor in inflectional forms. German, by contrast, features semi-free word order and a much richer morphology. Furthermore, treebanks for German differ considerably from the Penn-II treebank as regards data structures and encoding schemes underlying the grammar acquisition task. In my thesis I examine the impact of language-specific properties of German as well as linguistically motivated treebank design decisions on PCFG parsing and LFG grammar acquisition. I present experiments investigating the influence of treebank design on PCFG parsing and show which type of representations are useful for the PCFG and LFG grammar acquisition tasks. Furthermore, I present a novel approach to cross-treebank comparison, measuring the effect of controlled error insertion on treebank trees and parser output from different treebanks. I complement the cross-treebank comparison by providing a human evaluation using TePaCoC, a new testsuite for testing parser performance on complex grammatical constructions. Manual evaluation on TePaCoC data provides new insights on the impact of flat vs. hierarchical annotation schemes on data-driven parsing. I present treebank-based LFG acquisition methodologies for two German treebanks. An extensive evaluation along different dimensions complements the investigation and provides valuable insights for the future development of treebanks.
The paper focuses on business negotiation in settings in which participants from different mothertongue backgrounds choose French, English andfor German as one of their languages of communication. A general scheme of the action-pattem of buying and selling will be sketched out which allows us to analyze specific Courses of verbal actions according ta their communicative functions within the negotiation process. In particular, the discourse of business communication is to be specified as a decision making process on the part of the buyer which is executed in a step-by-step order, and which is Open to the application of a bundle of the seller's strategies, tactics, and communicative techniques. In international negotiations, effects of unobserved miscommunication are, among others, far-stretched communicative circles, prolongation of negotiation time, non-functional explanations and several other repetitive structures. 1. Languages of trade and commerce - languages of communication 2. Communication in a Buy-Sell-Context is patterned 2.1. Entering the Pattern 2.2. The Main Phase 2.3. The Bidding Phase 2.4. The Specifc Conditions 2.5. Negotiating the Contract 3. The Central Point 3.1. The Buyer's Decision-Making Process 3.2 Decision-Making and Role-Playing 3.3. Intercultural Difference of the Decision-Making Process 4. Bridging the Buyer's Gap of Knowledge 5. The Language of Trade and Commerce 6. The Needs of Further Research: Data References
This paper is about the semantics of wh-phrases. It is argued that wh-phrases should not be analyzed as indefinites as, for example, Karttunen (1977) and many others have done, but as functional expressions with an indefinite core -their function being to restrict possible focus/background structures in direct or congruent answers. This will be argued for on the basis of observations made with respect to the distribution of term answers in well-formed question/answer sequences. This claim having been established, it will be integrated in a categorial variant of Schwarzschild's (1999) information-theoretic approach to F-marking and accent placement, and – second – its consequences with respect to the focus/background structure of wh-questions will be outlined.
Anders als in den indogermanischen Sprachen kann im Ungarischen nicht nur das finite Verb Personalkennzeichen tragen, sondern auch der Infinitiv, bestimmte Partizipformen, Nomina, Pronomina und einige weitere Wortbildungen. Nach der mir zur Verfügung stehenden Literatur ist bisher nicht oder nur indirekt versucht worden, das Spektrum dieser, immer suffixalen Personalmarkierung in einer Zusammenschau zu erfassen und auf seine Funktion hin zu untersuchen. So findet sich in Grammatiken und Handbüchern des Ungarischen häufig nur die allgemeine Unterscheidung von verbalen und 'possessiven' Personalendungen – eine Sicht, die allein auf der formalen Seite dieser Suffixe beruht und terminologisch eine unzulässige Verkürzung darstellt. Wie TOMPA (1968:178) richtig vermerkt, müssen die nichtverbalen Personalzeichen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer spezifischen Funktion differenziert werden. [...] Diese Arbeit wird noch einen Schritt weitergehen und jede einzelne Kombinationsmöglichkeit einer bestimmten Stammkategorie mit Personalsuffixen getrennt behandeln, wobei kein Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhoben werden kann. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist ein zweifaches: Zum einen geht es um eine Bestandsaufnahme der wichtigsten Verwendungen der Personalendungen und der mit ihnen gebildeten Konstruktionen ("Verteilung der Personalaffixe"), zum anderen um eine funktionale und auch formale Analyse dieses affixalen Personalausdrucks ("Leistung der Personalaffixe"). Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile: Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung in einige morphologische und phonologische Charakteristika des Ungarischen (Kap. l) gibt der umfangreichste Teil der Arbeit einen Überblick über die Bildung und Verwendung personalsuffigierter Kategorien (Kap. 2). An diese Bestandsaufnahme schließt sich eine Analyse der Leistung (und auch der Form) des affixalen Personalausdrucks an (Kap. 3.) und ein kurzes Fazit der beobachteten Phänomene (Kap. 4).
Neste trabalho são abordados aspectos históricos e semânticos dos termos "doutor" (port.) – "Doktor" (alem.), que apresentam matizes bastante diferenciados nas duas culturas respectivas. Primeiramente é considerado o desenvolvimento do termo "doutor", desde suas origens latinas até o seu uso hodierno em português, em que o termo passa a ser utilizado também como forma respeitosa de tratamento. O uso dessa forma de tratamento para certas categorias profissionais no Brasil é, então, contrastado com a situação vigente na Alemanha, levando-se em conta a legislação e a jurisprudência em ambos os países. As particularidades do tratamento de doutor em cada uma das duas culturas, sobretudo na área do direito, são ilustradas com exemplos. Ao final, são tecidos breves comentários sobre a relevância teórica e prática do assunto para a tradução.
Der Beitrag, der an einen am 22.05.2017 an der Universidade Católica Portuguesa in Lissabon gehaltenen Vortrag anknüpft, setzt sich mit der Entstehung der Fremdsprachendidaktik und Fremdsprachenforschung in Deutschland aus der Philologie seit dem 19. Jahrhundert auseinander. In besonderem Maße wird dabei das Wechselspiel zwischen Unterrichtspraxis und Philologie einerseits sowie Philologie und Fremdsprachendidaktik/Fremdsprachenforschung andererseits fokussiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie im 19. Jahrhundert die Bedürfnisse einer zunehmend institutionalisierten Lehrerbildung zur Etablierung der Neuphilologie an den Universitäten führten, die freilich den Fremdsprachenunterricht nicht direkt in ihren Ausbildungsprogrammen berücksichtigte. Gleichzeitig entwickelte sich aber v.a. auf der Ebene der Schulen ein Diskurs, der als Fremdsprachendidaktik ante litteram bezeichnet werden kann. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhundert führt das zunehmende Interesse etwa einer Angewandten Linguistik an Fragestellungen des Fremdsprachenlernens schließlich über die aus heutiger Sicht als Etappe anzusehende Konstituierung der Sprachlehrforschung zur Ausdifferenzierung einer Fremdsprachendidaktik / Fremdsprachenforschung als eigenständiger wissenschaftlicher Teildisziplin. Dies soll am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen aufgezeigt werden.
Předloţená studie se zaměřuje na verbalizaci emocí v textech psaných v rámci internetového fóra hungrig-online.de. V první ĉásti jsou představeny teoretické informace z oblasti jazykové komunikace emocí. Další ĉást se zabývá ukázkou textu s tematikou partnerských vztahŧ, které ĉasto souvisí s poruchami příjmu potravy. Na základě tohoto textu je vypracován široký rejstřík termínŧ pro emoce. Je zajímavé, které emoce a jak se objevují, a závěry, ke kterým lze dospět. Poté jsou analyzovány všechny příspěvky dalšího uţivatele fóra hungig-online.de, které se týkají tématu partnerských vztahŧ. Diachronní perspektiva nám umoţňuje vysledovat vývoj a uskuteĉněné změny v uţití emoĉního jazyka.
Lassen sich Gedanken sagen? : Mimesis der inneren Rede in Arthurs Schnitzlers "Lieutenant Gustl"
(2009)
Am Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts entsteht ein Text, der die Frage nach der Sag- und Vernehmbarkeit von Gedanken scheinbar mühelos überspringt. Der Selbstbeobachter Arthur Schnitzler präsentiert uns die lückenlose, nur durch Schlaf unterbrochene Gedankenrede eines jungen Militärs zwischen Abend und Morgen. Damit befindet sich „Lieutenant Gustl“, erschienen am Weihnachtstag 1900 in der Wiener „Neuen Freien Presse“, im Fadenkreuz der Studier- und Konstruierbarkeit von ‚innerer Rede’. Im beinahe zeitungssprengenden Umfang von 24 halbseitigen Spalten auf 8 Seiten inszeniert Schnitzler das paradoxe Planspiel, wie es wäre, die Gedanken eines anderen unmittelbar und in situ vernehmen zu können. Es ist, dafür ist der Text in die Literaturgeschichte eingegangen, der erste konsequent durchgehaltene Innere Monolog in der deutschsprachigen Erzählliteratur.
It could be said that learner’s dictionaries are the most reliable expression of lexicography in terms of providing the necessary tools to help the learning process of a foreign language. This paper analyses three English learner’s dictionaries in order to establish its stylistic patterns as well as to compare them with four German learner’s dictionaries. Undoubtly, the lexicography of English learner’s dictionaries is a model. However, we argue that this model can not be transfered to German lexicography since each language has its own particularities which demand specific solutions.
In this paper I show that the different case marking possibilities on predicate adjectives in depictive secondary predicates in Russian constitute the uninterpretable counterpart of the interpretable tense and aspect features of the adjective. Case agreement entails that the predicate adjective is non-eventive, i.e., it occurs when the event time of the secondary predicate is identical to the event time of the primary predicate. The instrumental case, however, entails that the secondary predicate is eventive: some change of state or transition occurred prior to or during the event time of the primary predicate. I claim that case agreement occurs in conjoined tense phrases in Russian, while the instrumental case occurs in adjoined aspectual phrases. In English, secondary predication is sensitive both to the structural location of its antecedent and to the event structure of the primary predicate. I suggest that depictives with subject antecedents in English are true adjunction structures, while those with direct object antecedents occur in a conjoined aspectual phrase. This hypothesis finds support in the different movement and semantic constraints in conjunction versus adjunction phrases in both English and Russian.
In this paper we will explore the similarities and differences between two feature logic-based approaches to the composition of semantic representations. The first approach is formulated for Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG, Joshi and Schabes 1997), the second is Lexical Ressource Semantics (LRS, Richter and Sailer 2004) and was first defined in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The two frameworks have several common characteristics that make them easy to compare: 1 They use languages of two sorted type theory for semantic representations. 2. They allow underspecification. LTAG uses scope constraints while LRS provides component-of contraints. 3 They use feature logics for computing semantic representations. 4. they are designed for computational applications. By comparing the two frameworks we will also point outsome characteristics and advantages of feature logic-based semantic computation in genereal.
What do corpora reveal about ongoing grammaticalization and transitions between word class categories? Everything, something, or nothing? Using the example of the lexemes nicneříkající, nichtssagend, všeříkající and vielsagend the authors examine the syntactic distribution and semantics of participial adjectives. To what extent do the Czech and German equivalents differ? What (if any) effect does the orthography have (i.e. whether the expressions are written as compounds or as chains of separate words)? Is a new form accompanied by a new function? The text presents an analysis of monolingual corpora (SYN, DeReKo) and a parallel corpus (InterCorp).
This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
Über das Verhältnis von Germanistik und universitärem Spracherwerb geht es in dem Beitrag von Andrea Riedel von der Universität Lissabon. Ihre Überlegungen zielen auf eine Umstrukturierung des universitären DaF-Unterrichts, der so erneuert auch die Germanistik unterstützt und Literatur schon auf Anfängerniveau berücksichtigt.
Relative clauses in Haya
(2010)
This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
This paper sketches the morphosyntactic and prosodic properties of questions in Fipa, discussing three varieties: Milanzi, Nkansi and Kwa. The general word order and morphological patterns relevant to question structures are outlined and different types of wh-question constructions are described and tentatively linked to the prosodic features of Fipa questions.
Tento ĉlánek se zabývá sémantikou německých ĉástic wohl a vielleicht a ĉeské ĉástice snad ve zvolacích větách. Uvádí se argumenty pro analýzu, podle které si v těchto typech vět – na rozdíl od jiných – zachovaly tyto ĉástice svoje pŧvodní "zesilující" významy, a proto by tento kontext měl být povaţován za autonomní. Dále ĉlánek podává vysvětlení pro toto sémantické/pragmatické chování.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the contribution of linguistic research on Portuguese as a heritage language in Germany to the general understanding of heritage language development. From 1955 to 1973, nearly 166,000 Portuguese migrants found work in Germany as so-called ‘guest workers’ (Gastarbeiter). Because the aim of many Portuguese migrant families was to return to Portugal, their children met relatively good conditions for the acquisition of their heritage language. Nonetheless, second-generation heritage speakers (HSs) show some linguistic particularities in comparison to monolingual Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Based on the results of previous research, we show that the following factors shape the linguistic knowledge of this group of bilinguals: (1) Restricted exposure to the heritage language may cause a delay in the development of certain linguistic structures, (2) deviations from the standard norm may be related to the lack of formal education and the primacy of the colloquial register and (3) heritage bilinguals may accelerate ongoing diachronic development. We argue that apparent effects of influence from the environmental language can often have alternative explanations.
U radu se opisuju primjeri češće uporabe akuzativa bez prijedloga u suvremenim hrvatskim medijima i razgovornom jeziku. Primjeri se takve uporabe razvrstavaju u nekoliko skupina: 1. sintagme s nepunoznačnim glagolom i besprijedložnim akuzativom, 2. glagol + *imenska riječ (A) + imenska riječ (A) < glagol + od + imenska riječ (G) + imenska riječ (A), 3. neprijelazni glagol → prijelazni glagol. Među sintagmama s akuzativom promjene se primjećuju i u sljedećoj, 4. skupini: glagol + unutrašnji objekt → glagol + hiponimni objekt (rubni izravni objekt?). Pri opisu se potvrđuje da se akuzativ kao puni, središnji padež, kojim se predmet obuhvaća u potpunosti, nameće rubnosti ostalih perifernih padeža, pr. instrumentala (kod glagola kontaktirati). Pokazuje se da su, usprkos normi koja uz glagole traženja ne preporuča uporabu dvaju akuzativa bez prijedloga, nego jednoga besprijedložnoga akuzativa (ili dijelnoga genitiva) te drugoga genitiva s prijedlogom od, uz glagol tražiti u jeziku suvremenih medija česte potvrde dvaju besprijedložnih akuzativa.
The proper semantic treatment of the complements of Responsive Predicates (ResPs), those predicates which may embed either declarative or interrogative clauses, is a longstanding puzzle, given standard assumptions about complement selection. In order to avoid positing systematic polysemy for ResPs, typical treatments of ResP complements treat their arguments either as uniformly declarative-like (propositional) or interrogative-like (question).
I shed new light on this question with novel data from Estonian, in which there are verbs think-like meanings with declarative complements and wonder-like meanings with interrogative complements. I argue that these verbs’ meaning is fundamentally incompatible with a proposition-taking semantics for ResPs, and therefore a question-taking semantics is to be preferred.
The paper sketches out the framework of a transcultural model of language learning and teaching. In doing so it illuminates linguistic, psycholinguistic, hermeneutical und didactic aspects of the complex field of language learning rather than limiting itself to discussing mere methodological phenomena. The paper argues that the language learning and teaching profession can only advance by taking transcultural concepts of language acquisition, of linguistic systems, of language processing and of media use into account and by integrating them into a coherent system of language didactics.
The aim of this paper is to show what role prosodic constituents, especially the foot and the prosodic word play in Polish phonology. The focus is placed on their function in the representation of extrasyllabic consonants in word-initial, word-medial, and word-final positions.
The paper is organized as follows. In the first section, I show that the foot and the prosodic word are well-motivated prosodic constituents in Polish prosody. In the second part, I discuss consonant clusters in Polish focussing on segments that are not parsed into a syllable due to violations of the Sonority Sequencing Generalisation, i.e. extrasyllabic segments. Finally, I analyze possible representations of the extrasyllabic consonants and conclude that both the foot and the prosodic word play a crucial role in terms of licensing. My proposal differs from the ones by Rubach and Booij (1990b) and Rubach (1997) in that I argue that the word-initial sonorants traditionally called extrasyllabic are licenced by the foot and not by the prosodic word (cf. Rubach and Booij (1990b)) or the syllable (cf. Rubach (1997)). For my analysis I adopt the framework of Optimality Theory, cf. McCarthy and Prince (1993), Prince and Smolensky (1993), in which derivational levels are abandoned and only surface representations are evaluated by means of universal constraints.
This study examines intraoral pressure for English and German stops in bilabial and alveolar place of articulation. Our subjects are two speakers of American English and three speakers of German. VOICING is the main phonological contrast under evaluation in both word initial and word final position. For initial stops, a few of the pressure characteristics showed differences between English and German, but on the whole the results point to similar production strategies at both places of articulation in the two different languages. Analysis of the pressure trajectory differences between VOICING categories in initial position raises questions about articulatory differences. In the initial closing gesture, time from start of gesture to closure is roughly equivalent for both categories, but the pressure change is significantly smaller on average for VOICED stops. Final stops, however, present a more complicated picture. German final stops are neutralized to a presumed VOICELESS phonological state. English final /p/ is broadly similar to German /p/, but English /t/ often shows no pressure increase at all which is at odds with the conventional account of phonation termination via pressure increase and loss of pressure differential. The results raise the question of whether the German final stops should be considered VOICELESS or some intermediate form, at least as compared to English final stops.
This paper describes the experience of using the Norwegian and Russian versions of LITMUS-MAIN to elicit narrative data from bilingual Norwegian-Russian children as well as from Norwegian- and Russian-speaking monolinguals (Rodina 2017, 2018). The paper reports on the slight adaptations to the standardized design, procedure and analysis that were done to make the tasks more suitable for this specific population. It highlights the advantages, challenges, and potential associated with the task against a backdrop of the research conducted with Norwegian-Russian bilinguals in Norway.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos la adecuada caracterización de la temporalidad lingüística, el análisis de sufuncionamiento en el verbo español actual y la formulación de una hipótesis que pueda expltcar, desde una perspectiva única, la diversidad de usos caracterfstrca de las formas verbales. Me he ceñido para ello al estudio de los elementos comprendidos en lo que con frecuencia se ha llamado "verbo finito" con exclusión de las formas llegare y hubiere llegado, prácticamente desaparecidas en el español de nuestros días. Reconozco la arbitrariedad que supone considerar formas como he llegado, había llegado, etc., y eliminar los tipos voy a llegar, estoy llegando y otras muchas perífrasis que podrían figurar aquí con el mismo derecho que las "formas compuestas". Mi intención ha sido examinar las características que presenta la temporalidad en el sistema básico del verbo español. Esas formas deberán ser tenidas en cuenta en un estudio total, pero creo lícito prescindir de ellas dada la finalidad de este trabajo. Aunque con propósitos ligeramente distintos, me he referido a este mismo tema en el artículo "Acerca de la temporalidad en el verbo español" (publicado en el Boletín de la Real Academia Española, LIII, 197.3, pp. 351-.375). Algunos de los puntos de vista en él contenidos deberán ser modificados a partir de lo que aquí se mantiene.
This paper develops a framework for TAG (Tree Adjoining Grammar) semantics that brings together ideas from different recent approaches.Then, within this framework, an analysis of scope is proposed that accounts for the different scopal properties of quantifiers, adverbs, raising verbs and attitude verbs. Finally, including situation variables in the semantics, different situation binding possibilities are derived for different types of quantificational elements.
LTAG semantics for questions
(2004)
This papers presents a compositional semantic analysis of interrogatives clauses in LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar) that captures the scopal properties of wh- and nonwh-quantificational elements. It is shown that the present approach derives the correct semantics for examples claimed to be problematic for LTAG semantic approaches based on the derivation tree. The paper further provides an LTAG semantics for embedded interrogatives.
As language rhythm relies partly on general acoustic properties, such as intensity and duration, mastering two languages with distinct rhythmic properties (i.e., stress position) may enhance musical rhythm perception. We investigated whether second language (L2) competence affects musical rhythm aptitude in Turkish early (TELG) and late learners (TLLG) of German in comparison to German monolingual speakers (GMC). To account for inter-individual differences, we measured participants’ short-term and working memory capacity, melodic aptitude, and time they spent listening to music. Both L2 speaker groups perceived rhythmic variations significantly better than monolinguals. No differences were found between early and late learners’ performances. Our findings suggest that mastering two languages with different rhythmic properties enhances musical rhythm perception, providing further evidence of cognitive share between language and music.
Generics and typicality
(2018)
Cimpian et al. (2010) observed that we accept generic statements of the form 'Gs are f' on relatively weak evidence, but that if we are unfamiliar with group G and we learn a generic statement about it, we still interpret it in a much stronger way: (almost) all Gs are f .
This paper makes use of notions like 'representativeness' and 'contingency' from (associative learning) psychology to provide a semantics of generics that explains why people accept generics based on weak evidence. We make use of the Heuristics and Biases approach of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) and the Associative Theory of Probability Judgements to explain pragmatically why people interpret generic statements in a much stronger way. The spirit of the approach has much in common with Leslie's (2008) cognition-based ideas about generics, but the semantics is grounded on Cohen's (1999) relative readings of generic sentences. The basic intuition is that a generic of the form 'Gs are f' is true, not because most Gs are (or tend to have) f , but because f is typical for G, which means that f is valuably associated with G.
Este artigo aborda parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa mais abrangente que objetivou compreender (inter)relações que se estabelecem entre práticas de leitura e escrita em alemão e em português de crianças do Ensino Fundamental e o contexto de língua de herança em que estão inseridas. Quanto à dimensão teórica, o estudo filia-se à área da Linguística Aplicada em diálogo com a Educação em contextos interculturais. A pesquisa, de base qualitativo-interpretativista, teve como locus uma escola municipal, em zona rural do município de Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, foram utilizadas duas propostas de produção de narrativas escritas, uma em português e outra em alemão. Os resultados sugerem que (i) as crianças têm domínio restrito de uma estrutura narrativa e aplicam-na parcialmente nas produções em ambas as línguas; (ii) o vocabulário e as estruturas gramaticais são característicos das práticas linguageiras cotidianas; iii) os estudantes desconhecem ou não internalizaram regras ortográficas, especialmente da língua alemã. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa afirma-se a importância de se garantir, na educação formal, o aprendizado da língua de herança, ao lado do português, em contextos bi/multilíngues similares.
Rethinking the adjunct
(2000)
The purpose of the present paper is twofold: first, to show that, when defining the adjunct, it is necessary to distinguish in a strict modular way between the syntactic level and the lexico-semantic level. Thus, the adjunct is a syntactic category on a par with the specifier and the complement, whereas the argument belongs to the same set as does (among others) the modifier. The consequence of this distinction is that there is no direct one-to-one opposition between adjuncts and arguments. Nor is there any direct one-to one relation between adjuncts and modifiers.
The second and main purpose of the paper is to account for the well-known difference between the position of a specific set of modifiers (cause, time, place etc.) in, on the one hand, English and Swedish, on the other, German. In English and Swedish the default position of these modifiers is postverbal, whereas in German it is preverbal. Further, in English and Swedish, these modifiers occur in a mirror order compared with their German counterparts, an order which, from a semantic point of view, is not the expected one. I shall demonstrate that this difference is due to the different settings of the verbal head parameter, the former languages being VO-languages and the latter being OV -languages. I shall further argue that in English and Swedish these modifiers are base generated as adjuncts to an empty VP, which is a complement of the main verb of what I shall call the minimal VP (MVP), whereas in German they are adjuncts on top of the MVP. Finally, I shall argue that the postverbal modifiers move at the latest at LF to the top of the MVP, in order to take scope over it, the restriction being 'Shortest move'. The movement results in the correct scope order of the postverbal modifiers.
The proposed structure also accounts for the binding data, in particular for the binding of a specific Swedish possessive anaphor 'sin'. This pronoun, which may occur within the MVP, must not occur within the postverbal modifiers in the empty VP. This supports the assumption that there is a strict borderline between the MVP and the assumed empty VP. The account is also in accordance with the focus data, the specific set of modifiers being potential focus exponents in a wide focus reading in English and Swedish, but not in German.
Problemstellung: Die Junggrammatiker rekonstruierten die Paradigmen der idg. Verbalflexion nach dem Muster des formenreichen Altindischen und Altgriechischen; ihr Verfahren wird von weiten Kreisen noch heute befolgt. Seit dem Bekanntwerden des Hethitischen haben einzelne Forscher den umgekehrten Weg eingeschlagen und ein formenarmes System als Ausgangspunkt der Entwicklung erklärt.
Georg von der Gabelentz (1840-1893) war Zeitgenosse und theoretischer Gegenspieler der Junggrammatiker. […] 1881 veröffentlichte er seine heute noch brauchbare 'Chinesische Grammatik', 1891 sein großes theoretisches Werk 'Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse' (2. Auflage 1901 von A. Graf von der Schulenburg herausgegeben; Neudruck 1969 als 'Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 1' von G. Narr und U. Petersen).
[...]
[I]m vorliegenden Zusammenhang [interessiert] die Frage, ob die Unterscheidung der beiden Systeme etwa für die genealogisch-historische Sprachforschung einen Fortschritt in der Theorie bedeutet. Die mannigfachen und oft widersprüchlichen Neigungen, Tendenzen usw. in der sprachlichen Entwicklung dürften teils im analytischen, teils im synthetischen System ihren letzten Grund haben. So scheint die konservative Tendenz in der Sprache auf dem analytischen System zu beruhen, während das synthetische System die Gelegenheit zur Fortentwicklung bietet und zu einer solchen durch die Vielfalt gebotener Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten anregt.
This paper deals with the linguistic situation of the European Union, especially considering the role played by the German language. Beginning with some general remarks on the historical mechanisms that may influence the relative importance of a given language on a global scale, the history of the German language is discussed with the aim of explaining its present situation as the language with the greatest number of native speakers in Europe. which, at the same time, plays a relatively unimportant role in international communication.
Kripke's "modal argument" uses consideration about scope within modal contexts to show that proper names and definite descriptions must be of two different semantic types. I reexamine the data that is used to motivate Kripke's argument, and suggest that it, in fact, indicates that proper names behave exactly like a certain type of definite description, which I call "particularized" descriptions.
What are incremental themes?
(2001)
In this paper I examine the approach to incremental themes developed in Krifka 1992,1998, Dowty 1991 and others, which argues that the extent of a telic event is determined by the extent of its incrementally affected theme. This approach identifies the defining property of an accomplishment event as being the fact that the theme relation is a homomorphism from parts of the event to parts of the (incremental) theme. I show that there are a large number of accomplishments, both lexical and derived via resultative predication, which cannot be characterised in this way. I then show that it is more insightful to characterise accomplishments in terms of their internally complex structure: an accomplishment event consists of a non-incremental activity event and an incrementally structured 'BECOME' event, which are related by a contextually available one-one function in such a way that the incremental structure of the latter is imposed on the activity.
This paper presents an analysis of secondary predicates as aspectual modifiers and secondary predication as a summing operation which sums the denotation of the matrix verb and the secondary predicate. I argue that, as opposed to the summing peration involved in simple conjunction, there is a constraint on secondary predication; in the 0 case of depictives, the event introduced by the matrix verb must be PART-OF the event introduced by the secondary predicate, where e1 is PART-OF e2 if the running time of e1 is contained in the running time of e2 and if e1 and e2 share a grammatical argument. I argue resultative predication differs from depictive predication in that the PART-OF constraint holds in resultative constructions between the event which is the culmination of e1 and e2: formally, while depictive predication introduces the statement PART-OF(e1,e2), resultative predication introduces the statement PART-OF(cul(e1),e2). I show that this is all that is necessary to explain the well-known properties of resultative predication.