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Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, zu einer neuerlichen Diskussion der Begriffe 'Medium' und 'Kommunikation' in der Linguistik beizutragen. Dabei versuche ich insbesondere, den philosophisch-kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskurs, in welchem die Themen 'Medialität' und 'Perfonnanz' seit längerer Zeit intensiv diskutiert werden, zu dem in der Angewandten Linguistik geläufigen Modell der Kommunikationsformen in Beziehung zu setzen und Möglichkeiten einer Verbindung dieser beiden Diskurse zumindest anzudeuten. Der Aufsatz gliedert sich in vier Abschnitte: Zunächst werden einige geläufige Mediendefinitionen vorgestellt. Im zweiten Kapitel stelle ich dann die Frage 'Ist Kommunikation ein Transportvorgang?', um auf dieser Grundlage im dritten Kapitel eine alternative Medienkonzeption vorzustellen. Im letzten Kapitel wird dieser Medienbegriff dann sowohl vom Begriff des Zeichensystems, als auch von dem der Kommunikationsform abgegrenzt.
The medium of (oral) language is mostly disregarded (or overlooked) in contemporary media theories. This "ignoring of language" in media studies is often accompanied by an inadequate transport model of communication, and it converges with an "ignoring of mediality" in mentalistic theories of language. In the present article it will be argued that this misleading opposition of language and media can only be overcome if one already regards oral language, not just written language, as a medium of the human mind. In my argumentation I fall back on Wittgenstein’s conception of language games to try to show how Wittgenstein’s ideas can help us to clear up the problem of the mediality of language and also to show to what extent the mentalistic conception of Chomskyan provenance cannot be adequate to the phenomenon of language.
Die Themen Sprachrichtigkeit und Sprachidentität haben in Deutschland seit einiger Zeit Hochkonjunktur. Der 'Sprachpfleger' Bastian Sick, in der massenmedialen Berichterstattung stereotyp als gleichermaßen "kompetent" wie "lustig" und "gar nicht oberlehrerhaft" angepriesen, verkauft seine Kolumnensammlungen millionenfach und füllt bei seinen Lesungen mühelos ganze Konzertsäle. Der Verein Deutsche Sprache, Speerspitze der Anglizismenkritik im deutschsprachigen Raum, hat nach eigenen Angaben mittlerweile fast 30.000 Mitglieder. Betrachtet man diese Protagonisten des öffentlichen Sprachdiskurses aus linguistischer Perspektive, so stellt man fest, dass sich die von ihnen propagierte Sprachauffassung in der Regel an einer alten Metapher orientiert – der biologistischen Metapher von Sprache als einem Organismus: Ein Organismus kann geboren werden und sterben; er kann krank werden und verfallen, er ist – um es mit einem Ausdruck von Jürgen Spitzmüller zu sagen – eine klar "abgrenzbare Einheit". Ein Sprachsystem erscheint somit als ein abgeschlossenes organisches Gebilde, welches es zu erhalten gilt und das durch schädliche Einflüsse von außen in seiner Identität gefährdet ist.
Sprache als kranker Organismus : linguistische Anmerkungen zum Spiegel-Titel "Rettet dem Deutsch!"
(2007)
Ĉlánek se zabývá ambivalencí mluvy moci/smrti a umění/ţivota v básni Paula Celana "Todesfuge" (1945). Autor nejprve poukazuje na vnitřní spojení mezi strukturami psychosociálních imaginací a ztvárnění represivní identity – dokonce uvnitř (německé) obĉanské spoleĉnosti – jako na podmínku přeměny v totalitní skuteĉnost smrti. Celanova báseň odmítá jak reprezentativní ztvárnění, tak i umělecké zkrášlení situace v koncetraĉních táboech a implikuje tím fundamentální kritiku tradiĉních estetických konceptŧ, především Aristotelova konceptu Mimesis a romantického konceptu inverze, tj. kritiku, která umoţňuje inovativní psychoanalytické uchopení textu vzhledem k jeho tématu. S odvoláním na Celanovy vlastní názory v některých jeho blasfemických básních naznaĉuje ĉlánek v neposlední řadě historickou linii struktury křesťanských fantasmat k umělecké a sociální imaginaci romantiky a moderny.
Der Band 'Standardvarietät des Deutschen' ist das Produkt einer gelungenen Parallelaktion: hervorgegangen aus zwei gleichzeitig geführten Seminaren an der Universität Regensburg und an der Karls-Universität Prag, versammelt er neun ausgewählte Aufsätze von Studierenden der Germanistik zum Problem der Standardvarietät des Deutschen aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive.
Dutch nominalised infinitives have been notoriously difficult to analyse, partly because they seem to show mixed verbal and nominal properties interspersed across the structure. In this paper, it is argued that at least two types of such infinitives should be distinguished, one which contains a high level of verbal functional structure, and one that differs at least in not projecting TP. On the basis of this distinction it is possible to show that Dutch nominalised infinitives have much more predictable properties than could previously be identified. They show evidence of conforming to a model of analysing mixed categories in terms of category switch within the constituent. In order to account for the seemingly interspersed nature of nominal and verbal properties in Dutch nominalised infinitives I propose that Dutch of-phrases (van-phrases) may merge inside the VP, provided they have access to nominal functional structure for feature checking. I will show that if D° is filled by a special type of non-deictic demonstratives van-phrases may even occur in SpecDP.
This dissertation investigated the development of the complementiser that from the demonstrative pronoun in the Germanic languages; each chapter dealt with a different aspect. In the introduction, the terms ‘reanalysis’ and ‘analogy’ and their relevance for grammaticalisation were explained, and the issues of the chapters were presented. The second chapter introduced some information about the Germanic language family and the languages which were relevant for this investigation, namely Gothic, Old English, Old Icelandic, Old Saxon and Old High German. Previous assumptions about the diachrony of that were presented and discussed. One of these proposals which mainly draws on evidence from West Germanic involves the idea that the source construction contained two independent main clauses with a demonstrative pronoun (that) at the end of the first clause (cf. e.g. Paul 1962, § 248). In contrast to this, the Gothic evidence showed that the source construction of the reanalysis of ϸatei was not a proper paratactic construction (at least in Gothic) but already a complex construction which contained a complementiser (ei) in the appositional subordinate clause (cf. also e.g. Longobardi 1994 for the diachrony of ϸatei). This contradiction raised the question whether the analysis of the Gothic that-complementiser also applies to the diachrony of that in West Germanic. This issue was taken up in the third chapter which presented an overview of subordination and complementisers in Northwest Germanic. The aim was to show that the Northwest Germanic languages also show a subordinating particle, which functions like the Gothic ei, namely ϸe (OE), er/es (OI), the (OHG, OS). As a result, the subordinating particle could be observed in relative and adverbial clauses in all Northwest Germanic languages. In complement clauses, which are most crucial for the argumentation, the subordinating particle is found in Old English and Old Icelandic but not in Old Saxon. In Old High German, there are only combinations of the with a following pronoun, theih and theiz, in ‘Otfrids Evangelienbuch’ (see Wunder 1965). Consequently, the presence of a subordinating particle is confirmed in North and West Germanic. The fact that the patterns of subordination are quite similar in all Germanic languages suggested a unitary analysis of the development of that in Germanic was appropriate. In chapter four, the similarities and differences between the Germanic languages with respect to the development of that were explained. It was argued that the preconditions of the reanalysis were the same, whereas the consequences of the reanalysis are realised differently in each language. The most important precondition was that the appositional source construction (explained in more detail below) was generally available in Germanic. Since the demonstrative pronoun at the end of the matrix clause and the subordinating particle of the subordinate clause were adjacent, phonological combination might have been crucial for the subsequent reanalysis to take place. After reanalysis, however, different changes can be observed in the different languages. For instance, it appears that during the Old English period the final syllable of the form ϸætte was deleted (see chapter 4 for references), whereas the final –ei is still present in the Gothic ϸatei, and completely absent in Old High German and Old Saxon. The source structure of the reanalysis was discussed in detail in a separate subsection. The appositional source construction, which was already assumed for the reanalysis of Gothic ϸatei, was compared with analyses of clitic left dislocation which propose that two constituents with the same theta-role derive from a Big DP (see e.g. Grewendorf 2009, Belletti 2005). Based on the Big DP analysis of Grewendorf (2009), it was claimed that the appositional clause, introduced by the subordinating particle, is generated in the Spec of a DP, and adjoined to this DP on the surface. It was argued that this whole complement DP-node occurred in an extraposed position in OV-languages so that the verb, when it stays in-situ, does not appear between the demonstrative pronoun and the subordinating particle. The structure in (1) illustrates the syntactic source structure which is assumed to apply to the development of the complementiser that in Germanic. ...
This paper deals with metaphorical transference of technical concepts to our everyday way of speaking. At the focus of the investigation there will be the question why one finds specifically in German, in comparison with Portuguese, for instance, frequently, tecnological metaphors related to other metaphorical concepts. On the basis of some examples extracted from the comparative survey "Brasilianische und deutsche Wirklichkeiten – eine vergleichende Fallstudie zu kommunikativ erzeugten Sinnwelten " [Brazilian and German realities – a comparative case study of communicatively created universes of meanings], we will discuss what traces of the German language and of historical-cultural development of the German nation contribute to such dynamics of everyday metaphors.
Com base em um corpus de quatro gêneros textuais – entrevistas orais e escritas, artigos jornalísticos e livros de não-ficção – o artigo focaliza o modo como o conceito 'sociedade' é abordado metaforicamente em discursos brasileiros e alemães atuais. Os resultados mostram que certos esquemas imagéticos são mais misturados e dinâmicos no corpus alemão em oposição ao corpus brasileiro, onde a percepção da própria sociedade tende a ser mais estática. Com relação a metáforas conceituais, destacam-se as metáforas negócio, edifício, jogo e observação como mais frequentes no corpus alemão, ao passo que no corpus brasileiro o uso das metáforas personificação, palco, flora, família e guerra é mais frequente. Acrescenta-se também uma microanálise que leva em consideração o contexto e as intenções dos locutores que revelam as funções comunicativas ligadas à preferência de certas metáforas.