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The copula "sein" "be" in German, together with its complements, refers to a stative situation. Besides offering argument positions in its Semantic Form SF, it has no other function. Stative verbs are not specified with respect to the beginning or the end of a described situation or with respect to the state before or after. I will take the verb "werden" "become, get" to be a copular verb as well. The only difference to "sein" is that "werden" refers to a nonstative or changing situation. I argue that "werden" is underspecified in two respects. Like motion verbs and successive patient verbs (SUK verbs in Krifka (1989)) "werden" switches between an unlimited and a limited process (accomplishment) dependent on its complement (cf. "älter werden" "get older" / "vorwärts gehen" "go forward" / "Tee trinken" "drink tea" vs. "alt werden" "get old" / "in das Zimmer gehen" "go into the room"/ "eine Tasse Tee trinken" "drink a cup of tea"). But "werden" is even more underspecified than these verbs; it is the only verb which covers all nonstative situations, not only processes and accomplishments but also punctual transitions (achievements), cf. "schwanger werden" "get pregnant". "Werden" is anything but stative. Whether there is a target state implied or not, or whether the transition to this target state is extensible or atomic, is the result of the composition of the meaning of "werden" and its intimal argument added by special meaning postulates. Hierarchically marked subtypes of situational arguments result as a side effect.
In this squib, I want to argue that the morphological structure of words is, at least to some extent, motivated. As an example I have choosen the partonomic (and for the less part taxonomic) nomenclature of the human body. While important work by Brown et alii (1973), Anderson (1978) and Schladt (1997) exists on this topic, these analyses focus on the conceptualization of body-parts and their semantics, but not on their morphological representation.
In the following, I want to check two predictions about the morphological complexity of lexical items denoting parts of the human body. The first assumption is that the most canonical body-parts are always expressed by mono-lexematic items. The second one consists in the assumption that body-parts of the lowest levels in the hierarchy are always morphologically complex. A set of six body-parts has been analysed in 27 languages. The set consists of two canonical (HEAD and EAR) and of one from the lowest level of the hierarchy (TOENAIL). For this I have adopted a sample from Schladt (1997) and a small one compiled by myself
The acquisition of Greek
(1995)
Studie zum Erwerb des Neugriechischen
Studies of syntax in first language acquisition have so far concentrated on the propositional side of the sentence, i.e. on the occurrence and interplay of semantic roles like agent, benefactive, objective, etc. and their syntactic expression. The modality constituent, however, has received little attention in the study of child language. This may be due in part to the impetus more recent research in this field has received from studies of the acquisition of English, a language with poor verb morphology as compared to synthetic languages. The research to be presented in this paper is concerned with an early stage of the acquisition of Modern Greek as a first language, a language with a particularly rich verb morphology. Since modality, aspect, and tense are obligatorily marked on the main verb in Mod. Greek, this language offers an excellent opportunity for studying the development of these fundamental categories of verbal grammar at an earlier stage than in more analytic languages. [...] As this paper is concerned with the semantic categories of verbal grammar mentioned above as weIl as with their formal expression, only utterances containing a verb will be considered. For reasons of space we shall further limit ourselves to those utterances containing a main verb. Such utterances divide into two classes, modal and non-modal. [...] In spite of Calbert's claim (Calbert 1975) that there are no strictly non-modal expressions, affirmative and negative statements as well as questions not containing a modal verb will be considered as non-modal. As will be shown below, modal and non-modal expressions are formally differentiated at the stage of language acquisition studied.
Defined as a general inner-linguistic function, modality pervades language and there can thus be no strictly nonmodal predicative expressions. We shall, however, in what follows, keep to grammatical tradition and exclude declarative and interrogative sentences in the indicative mood from consideration. Although a thorough study of the development of modal negation should prove most rewarding, we must renounce such an attempt out of space limits. […] [W]e shall be concerned with the formal linguistic devices employed by the child for expressing modality in various languages and the functions these serve, i.e. how they are used. Only by the conjoint study of form and function can one hope to arrive at a fair understanding of how the modalizing function develops in the ontogenesis of language.
Bestimmte seit den sechziger Jahren zur Analyse früher kindlicher Äußerungen benutzte Beschreibungsmodelle unterschätzen die sprachliche Kompetenz des Kindes, indem sie die Struktur seiner Äußerungen auf Distributionsphänomene der Oberflächenstruktur reduzieren, andere Modelle überschätzen diese Kompetenz, indem sie kindlichen Äußerungen mehr sprachliche Information zuschreiben, als sie enthalten. Wenn außersprachliche Information auf systematische Art und Weise in die Untersuchung der sprachlichen Kommunikation zwischen Kind und Erwachsenem einbezogen wird, findet einerseits die Tatsache eine Erklärung, daß diese Kommunikation in so erstaunlichem Maße erfolgreich ist, andererseits erlaubt diese Beschreibungsweise es aber, frühe kindliche Äußerungen als sprachlich so undeterminiert darzustellen, wie sie sind.
The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) consists of Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT), Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN), and a database. There is also an online manual which includes the CHILDES bibliography, the database, and the CHAT conventions as well as the CLAN instructions. The first three parts of this paper concern the CHAT format of transcription, grammatical coding, and analyzing transcripts by using the CLAN programs. The fourth part shows examples of transcribed and coded data.
The two papers included in this volume have developed from work with the CHILDES tools and the Media Editor in the two research projects, "Second language acquisition of German by Russian learners", sponsored by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, from 1998 to 1999 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) and "The age factor in the acquisition of German as a second language", sponsored by the German Science Foundation (DFG), Bonn, since 2000 (directed by Ursula Stephany, University of Cologne, and Christine Dimroth, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen). The CHILDES Project has been developed and is being continuously improved at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, under the supervision of Brian MacWhinney. Having used the CHILDES tools for more than ten years for transcribing and analyzing Greek child data there it was no question that I would also use them for research into the acquisition of German as a second language and analyze the big amount of spontaneous speech gathered from two Russian girls with the help of the CLAN programs. When in the spring of 1997, Steven Gillis from the University of Antwerp (in collaboration with Gert Durieux) developed a lexicon-based automatic coding system based on the CLAN program MOR and suitable for coding languages with richer morphologies than English, such as Modern Greek. Coding huge amounts of data then became much quicker and more comfortable so that I decided to adopt this system for German as well. The paper "Working with the CHILDES Tools" is based on two earlier manuscripts which have grown out of my research on Greek child language and the many CHILDES workshops taught in Germany, Greece, Portugal, and Brazil over the years. Its contents have now been adapted to the requirements of research into the acquisition of German as a second language and for use on Windows.
Children […] growing up with highly inflected languages such as Modern Greek will frequently hear different grammatical forms of a given lexeme used in different grammatical and semantic-pragmatic contexts. In spite of the fact that the Greek noun is not as highly inflected as the verb, acquisition of nominal inflection of this inflecting-fusional language is quite complex, comprising the three categories of case, number, and gender. As is usual in this type of language, the formation of case-number forms obeys different patterns that apply to largely arbitrary classes of nominal lexemes partially based on gender. Further, frequency of the occurrence of the three gender classes and case-number forms of nouns greatly differs in spoken Greek, regarding both the types and tokens. […] [A] child learning an inflecting-fusional language like Greek must construct different inflectional patterns depending not only on parts of speech but also on subclasses within a given part of speech, such as gender classes of nouns and inflectional classes within or (exceptionally) across genders. It is therefore to be expected that the early development of case and number distinctions will apply to specific nouns and subclasses of nouns rather than the totality of Greek nouns. The two main theoretical approaches of morphological development that will be discussed in the present paper are the usage-based approach and the pre- and protomorphology approach.
The early acquisition of Greek compounds by two monolingual Greek girls aged between 1;8 and 3;0 years is studied in a usage-based theoretical framework. Special importance is attached to the morphological structure of Greek compound types occurring in child speech and child-directed speech. Greek nominal compound formation does not consist in the mere juxtaposition of words or roots, but involves stems as well as a compound marker. Major questions addressed are the transparency of compounds and productive nominal compound formation. Evidence for productivity of nominal compound formation has been found with only one of the two girls. In contrast to other languages, neoclassical nominal compounds by far exceed endocentric subordinative ones tokenwise in Greek child speech and child-directed speech providing evidence of entrenchment rather than productivity.
In a cross-linguistic comparison it is shown that, in spite of the fact that both Standard Modern Greek and German are rich in nominal compounds, their number is much more limited in Greek than in German child speech. An explanation for this apparent paradox is provided by an onomasiological approach to lexical typology based on a sample list of nominal compounds occurring in German child language and their Greek translational equivalents. It has been found that while use of nominal compounds is common in colloquial German including child-centered situations, it is more typical of Greek formal than colloquial registers.
On the early development of aspect in greek and russian child language, a comparative analysis
(2003)
The category of aspect is grammaticized in both Greek and Russian opposing perfective and imperfective verb forms in all inflectional categories except the nonpast (‘present’). Despite these similarities there are important differences in the way the aspectual systems function in the two languages. While in Greek nearly all verbs oppose a perfective to a given imperfective grammatical form, Russian aspect is more strongly lexicalized with pairs of imperfective and perfective lexemes not only differing aspectually, but also as far as their lexical meanings are concerned. This is especially true of perfective verbs formed by prefixes as compared to their imperfective bases. Thus, in pairs of prefixed and unprefixed dynamic verbs, the derived prefixed (perfective) member has a telic meaning while its unprefixed (imperfective) counterpart is atelic (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. jest’ (IPF) ‘to eat’). Such derived perfective verbs may in turn be “secondarily” imperfectivized by suffixation furnishing the only “true” perfective/imperfective pairs of verbs (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. sjedat’ (IPF) ‘to eat up’ (iterative)). “Secondary” imperfectives do not occur in our child data.
In this pilot study, we will analyze the tense-aspect-mood forms of the 20 most frequent verbs with equivalent meanings occurring in the longitudinal audiotaped data of a Greek and a Russian boy between 2;1 and 2;3 (their entire lexical inventories comprise approx. 100 verbs each).
We adopt a constructivist perspective on the development of aspect in Greek and Russian child language and will show that in spite of a broad inventory of imperfective and perfective verb forms to be found in the speech of both children aspect has not yet developed into a generalized grammatical category, but is strongly dependent on aktionsart (stative/dynamic, telic/atelic) in both languages. While this results in a strong preference for perfective verb forms of telic verbs and of imperfective forms of atelic ones in the speech of the Greek boy, the Russian child tends to use the unmarked members.
This paper looks at sentences with "quantificational indefinites," discussed by Diesing (1992) and others. I propose that these sentences generate sets of alternatives of the form {p, not p and it's possible that p}, which restrict the quantification by an extension of familiar focus principles. For example, in the sentence "I usually read a book about slugs" (on the relevant reading), "usually" quantifies over pairs <x,t> such that x is a book about slugs, t is a time interval, and one alternative is true from the set {I read x at t, I can but do not read x at t}. In addition to accounting for a well-known contrast between creation and non-creation verbs, this also explains a second contrast that Diesing’s analysis cannot account for.
In this article, I provide a description and analysis of the morphemes čiɫ 'do to', ḥta 'do towards' and cḥin 'do for' in the Southern Wakashan language Nuuchahnulth (nuučaan̓uɫ). I argue that these morphemes are verbal applicatives that add a non-core argument to the thematic structure of a verb.
Verbal applicatives in Nuuchahnulth are interesting to investigate because they exhibit typologically unique behaviour that has never been studied before. Applicatives are traditionally considered functional elements whose only purpose is to add an indirect object to the argument structure of the verb (Pylkkanen 2002:17). Nuuchahnulth is the only known language that productively uses independent verbs for this purpose.
Nuuchahnulth is an indigenous language of Canada spoken in the province of British Columbia. It consists of 14 major dialects, most of which have never been studied. All of these dialects are now highly endangered and urgently need to be documented.
'Correction' is the name of a sentence with contrastive focus' the phonological/phonetic realization of which is a single contrastive pitch accent. These sentences predominantly appear in (fictional) dialogues. The first speaker uses grammatical entities against which the next speaker protests with a sentence nearly identical except that it contains a prosodically marked corrective element. This paper makes contrastive focus visible by means of 'KF' (contrastive focus).
Mit der mittelhochdeutschen Nebensilbenabschwächung beschäftigt sich Tanja Stevanovićs Beitrag "Wo sind die vollen Vokale geblieben? Eine Untersuchung möglicher Einflussfaktoren auf die Nebensilbenabschwächung". Dafür hat sie in einer Korpusuntersuchung im Referenzkorpus Mittelhochdeutsch schwache Verben analysiert, die trotz der fortschreitenden Nebensilbenabschwächung noch im Mittelhochdeutschen Vollvokale in Endsilben aufweisen.
This questionnaire focuses on control structures that are instantiated by predicates that take a state of affairs (SOA) argument. Noonan (1985) has called these predicates 'complement-taking predicates'; I will use the notion of SOAAtaking predicates (SOAA = state of affairs argument).
Prototypically, complement control is instantiated by certain classes of verbs; however, adjectives (be eager to) and nouns (e.g. nominalizations such as promise) may function as control predicates as well. 'Control' refers to the pattern of argument identification between an argument of the SOAA-taking predicate and an argument of the SOAA-head. In the literature the notion of 'equi deletion' or 'equi-NP deletion' has been used (following Rosenbaum 1967), which refers to structures in which an overt argument of the matrix predicate is identified with a covert argument of the embedded predicate. This questionnaire aims at a cross-linguistic application of the notion of control and thus uses a semantic definition of complement control. It extends the notion of control to other patterns of referential dependency between arguments of a SOAA-taking predicate and of the embedded predicate.
Rad opisuje jedan od dvaju interpunkcijskih znakova (središnje crte i navodnici) koji bitno odstupaju od odnosa jednoga znaka za jedno (unikodno) značenje. Dok navodnici imaju višestruke grafeme (točnije, osam) za jedno značenje, središnje crte najčešće imaju dva grafema (kraća i dulja crta) koja pokrivaju čak 11 (unikodnih i latiničnih) crtnih znakova. Dok je kriterij crtne duljine tradicionalno visoko istaknut u pravopisnim priručnicima, u predstavljenoj se kategorizaciji on nalazi tek na šestoj hijerarhijskoj razini. Osim što su u međuvremenu standardizirana dva nova unikodna crtna znaka (two-em dash i three-em dash, Unicode 6.1, siječanj 2012.), drugačija metodologija i uspoređivanje jezičnopovijesnoga i računalnojezikoslovnoga aspekta proširila je spoznaje o crtnim znakovima u hrvatskome jeziku o kojima je pisano u Portada i Stojanov (2009). Predstavlja se kategorizacija osjetljiva na dihotomiju grafičkoga prikaza i značenja koja sve crtne znakove dijeli u pet hijerarhijskih razina. Između 44 unikodna vodoravna i neprekinuta crtna znaka, podjelom prema tipu, vremenu, funkciji, smjeru i visini, došlo se do 11 latiničnih suvremenih pismovnih vodoravnih središnjih znakova među kojima svaki latinični jezik odabire svoje crtne znakove. Svim se crtnim unikodnim grafemima opisalo značenje i uporaba. S druge strane, crtni se znakovi promatraju u kroatističkoj jezičnopovijesnoj pravopisnoj perspektivi. U odnosu na bogati repozitorij unikodno standardiziranih crtnih znakova utvrdilo se da je pravopisna norma bitno redukcijska. Pravopisno normiranje crtnih znakova podijelilo se u dva razdoblja i tri skupine, ovisno o grafemskome obliku (prva i druga generacija pravopisnih pri ručnika) i nazivlju (prijestandardna faza i dva standardna smjera normiranja ovisno o prihvaćanju terminoloških parova spojnica – crtica i crtica – crta). Na temelju jezičnopovijesnoga i računalnojezikoslovnoga poredbenog istraživanja te na temelju supostavljanja unikodne standardizacije crtnih znakova pravopisnoj tradiciji opisa središnjih crta željelo se ukazati na (i) potrebu za širim i interdisciplinarnim pristupom opisa pisane jezične prakse, (ii) nedovoljnost opisa školske razine pravopisnih priručnika za suvremeno pisanje, kao i na (iii) nedostatnost postojeće kroatističke kodifikacije obaju terminoloških smjerova. Da bi se pravopisni priručnici mogli nazvati znanstveno utemeljenim djelima, u znatnijoj bi mjeri trebali opisati računalno pisanje i na razini interpunkcije uvesti razlikovanje znaka i grafema. Jedno od takvih mjesta opisa prema kojima bi pravopisi mogli unaprijediti svoju tehnološku suvremenost jest pitanje pisanja spojnice na početku prelomljena retka o čemu se iznijelo osam argumenata za odbacivanje aktualne tradicije. Raščlamba je pokazala da ima opravdanosti da se crtna kodifikacija temelji na trima ili četirima znakovima koji se iz 11 unikodnih latiničnih znakova svode uspostavljanjem osnovnih skupina središnjih crta, radno nazvanih c1, c2, c3 i c4 kao najkraća, srednje duga, duga i jako duga središnja crta.
Broj njemackih posudenica u hrvatskome jeziku je manji nego što bi se moglo ocekivati, s obzirom na to da je višestoljetna politicka i kulturna povezanost Hrvatske s habsburškom državom uvjetovala izravni dodir njemackoga i hrvatskoga jezika. Razlog je tome jezicna politika koja se svjesno odupirala snažnom utjecaju njemackoga jezika na hrvatski, dajuci u standardnome jeziku prednost hrvatskim rijecima. U supstandardnom jeziku se, medutim, održao veci broj njemackih posudenica, iako za te rijeci postoje hrvatski ekvivalenti. U ovome ce se radu preispitati odnos njemacke posudenice i njezine domace zamjene, tj. u kojoj mjeri je hrvatski ekvivalent uspješna zamjena njemackoj posudenici kao i to o cemu sve ovisi ta uspješnost.
Dragutin Antun Parčić svojim nam je leksikografskim opusom u trajno nasljeđe ostavio niz dvojezičnih rječnika, talijansko-hrvatskih i hrvatsko-talijanskih, od kojih je Rječnik hrvatsko-talijanski, tiskan 1901. godine, svakako kruna njegova leksikografskoga rada. Iako bogat izvor nazivlja, rječnik je do danas nedovoljno istražen. Cilj je ovoga rada usporediti pomorsko nazivlje koje Parčić donosi u svome rječniku s pomorskim nazivljem koje pola stoljeća kasnije Adolf Bratoljub Klaić zapisuje u Rječniku stranih riječi. Analiza suvremenoga pomorskog nazivoslovlja pokazuje da su noštromizmi, tj. hrvatskome jeziku prilagođeni pomorski nazivi mediteranskoga, uglavnom talijanskoga porijekla, u uzusnoj uporabi, dok je u normativnoj literaturi prednost dana hrvatskome nazivlju. Uzusno je strukovno nazivlje zabilježeno u suvremenim hrvatskim pomorskim rječnicima i rječnicima stranih riječi, a osim noštromizama zapisanih u rječnicima iz 19. stoljeća uvodi se novo nazivlje pod utjecajem engleskoga kao međunarodnoga jezika prometa i pomorstva. U radu se osim u Klaićevu i Parčićevu rječniku propituju zapisi pomorskih leksikografa iz 19. stoljeća.
"Habt ihr schon mal davon gehört gehabt?" Fällt Ihnen bei diesem Satz etwas auf? Wie würden Sie den Satz interpretieren, insbesondere die Zeitform des Prädikates hören? Weist sie, Ihrer Meinung nach, eher auf Expressivität, seine Abgeschlossenheit, die (Vor-)Vorvergangenheit eines Geschehens oder eine einfache Vergangenheit hin? Im letzteren Fall würde der Satz die gleiche Semantik ausdrücken wie ohne das zweite Partizip II: Habt ihr schon mal davon gehört? Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen empirische Evidenzen zum Gebrauch des doppelten Perfekts und Plusquamperfekts in der deutschen Sprache. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung wurde ein Fragebogen mit 202 deutschen Muttersprachlern durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass das doppelte Plusquamperfekt bei der Interpretation von ca. 86% der untersuchten deutschen Muttersprachler akzeptiert wird. Weiterhin deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie auf viele Unterschiede bei der Akzeptanz der doppelten Konstruktionen zwischen Studierenden verschiedener Fachrichtungen hin.
V prŧběhu komunikace mŧţe mluvĉí informovat posluchaĉe o svém citovém rozpoloţení přímo, mŧţe ale také své emoce demonstrovat nepřímo, a to pomocí široké palety prvkŧ, poĉínaje obleĉením a drţením těla aţ po rŧzné jazykové prostředky, které k vyjádření emocí mohou, ale nemusí být primárně předurĉeny. Tyto prostředky se dají analyzovat z hlediska morfologického, syntaktického a také z hlediska slovotvorného. Jedná se jak o deriváty, tak o kompozita, která mohou z pragmatického pohledu podmiňovat praktick, nepřehledné mnoţství významových odstínŧ a konotativních zabarvení. Spontánní projev spojený s bezprostředním projevem citŧ je zvláště příznaĉný pro dnešní dobu.
Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet lexikalische Ausdrücke näher, die in einer Lesart durch eine synonyme Relation verbunden sind. Im Vordergrund steht die korpusgestützte Untersuchung paradigmatischer Kontextanpassung dieser Relationspaare. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Sinnrelation insbesondere innerhalb einer Lesart kontextuell variieren kann oder spezifiziert wird und wie anhand von Korpusdaten diese variierenden Strukturen lexikologisch erfasst und lexikografisch beschrieben werden können. Diese Beobachtungen entstanden auf der Basis der Wörterbucharbeit im Projekt elexiko und stellen erste Ergebnisse hinsichtlich variabler paradigmatischer Strukturen dar, die auf der Basis eines umfangreichen Korpus, des für lexikografische Zwecke zusammengestellten elexiko-Korpus, gewonnen wurden. Es wird dargestellt, wie Korpusbeobachtungen hinsichtlich synonymer Variabilität im Projekt elexiko lexikografisch umgesetzt werden. Dabei soll verdeutlicht werden, wie man ein Synonymwörterbuch gebrauchsorientierter gestalten kann, wie sich neu gewonnene Korpuserkenntnisse lexikografisch einarbeiten lassen und wie dabei gleichzeitig nach angemessenen Präsentationsformen gesucht werden muss.
To reach even language users not acquainted to the use of grammars the Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (Germany) looked for new way to handle grammatical problems. Instead of confronting users with abstractions frequent difficulties of German grammar are introduced in form of exemplary questions like „Which form should be used or preferred: Anfang dieses Jahre or Anfang diesen Jahres?” Looking through the long list of such questions even laymen may find solutions of grammatical problems they might not be able to formulate as such.
Die hier zu besprechende Dissertation des schwedischen Germanisten Nicolaus Janos Raag ist an der Universität Uppsala (Schweden) unter der Betreuung von Dessislava Stoeva-Holm entstanden. Die Arbeit will zeigen, welche Rolle Substantivkomposita im Rahmen der Wissensvermittlung und des Kulturtransfers spielen, wie deutsche Komposita lateinisch vermittelte Inhalte in die eigene frühmittelalterliche klösterliche Kultur der Rezipienten integrieren und welche Veränderungen sie dabei erfahren. Für die Untersuchung wurden Substantivkomposita ausgewählt, da sie prädestiniert für die Benennung von bisher Unbekanntem sind und durch ihre binäre Struktur die Fähigkeit besitzen, zwei Größen zueinander in Beziehung zu setzen, wobei die semantische Relation zwischen den Konstituenten eines Kompositums prinzipiell offen und auf morphologischer Ebene nicht ausgedrückt ist.
The paper explains the absence of resultative secondary predication in Russian as arising from a conflict of inferential interpretations. It formalises the framework necessary to express this proposal in terms of abductive reasoning with Poole systems in Gricean contexts. The conflict is shown to arise for default rules regulating alternative realisation of verb-internally specified consequent states. The paper thus indicates that typological variation may be due not only to different parameter values but to general inferential properties of the syntax-semantics mapping. The proposed theory also contradicts some widespread proposals that the absence of resultative secondary predication is due to the absence of some particular language feature.
The paper makes two contributions to semantic typology of secondary predicates. It provides an explanation of the fact that Russian has no resultative secondary predicates, relating this explanation to the interpretation of secondary predicates in English. And it relates depictive secondary predicates in Russian, which usually occur in the instrumental case, to other uses of the instrumental case in Russian, establishing here, too, a difference to English concerning the scope of the secondary predication phenomenon.
In this study we give a survey on bibliographic references on Judeo-Spanish Ianguage in the Orient, focusing mainly on the varieties of this Ianguage spoken in Sephardi communities of former Yugoslavia and on publications and articles that may offer the linguistic Corpora for further investigations on Judeo-Spanish language of these territories. The paper contains references on corpus-based descriptive studies and dictionaries of Judeo-Spanish language. Aspecial emphasis is uttached to the studies on Judeo-Spanish language on the territories of former Yugoslavia, which are classified geographically. The studies on the language of Sephardi Jews deal with this Romance Ianguage from different linguistic(s) perspectives. First of all, we presented the Hispanic studies on Judeo-Spanish that examine it as one of the modern Hispanicvarieties, consider it to be one of the sources of knowledge about the history of Spanish language or look at it from the sociolinguistic point of view. On the other hand, we had in mind works that try to examine Judeo-Spanish from the perspective of Jewish languages such a Yiddish and Judeo-Arab. In that sence it was necessary to draw atention to the studies that examine Ladino, written variefy of Judeo-Spanish based on literal translations of Biblical texts from Hebrew and Aramaic to Judeo-Spanish, We also incorporated references on works dedicated tovarious systems of transcription of Judeo-Spanish language. The actual Situation of Judeo-Spanish is presented with a short account of today's magazines and institutions dedicated to the preservation of Sephardi language and culture. Being the language an intrinsic part of fhe culture in which it arises and lives, we presented also the works dedicated to Sephardi culture and history of the communities in the Orient. Regarding the linguistic corpora in Judeo-Spanish, we presented the data on books published in Hebrew alphabet, collections of Songs, stories and sayings from Sephardi oral tradition, among which a Special importance has the Sephardi Romansero. We took into occount the periodical publications, which are very important as a source of linguistic and various cultural, sociological and historic corpora. The creation and development of periodical publications in Sephardi communities of former Yugoslavia (Belgrade, Sarajevo, and also IaterVriac and Zagreb) from the end of XIX until thefirst half of the XX century are described. The data on these publications are presented in the tables. Special attention was paid to ariicles written in Judeo-Spanish and published in periodical publications and monographies. The list of the most important articles consists of two parts: thefirst part is devoted to the articles published in Hebrew alphabet, and the second to the articles in Judeo-Spanish and Serbian published in Latin alphabet. The latter are organized thematically.
This paper provides an overview of the connection between word formation and text type linguistics. Following a brief outline of the current state of research, desiderata and weaknesses of previous research as well as perspectives of a text type oriented research on word formation will be introduced. Here, I advocate a stronger inclusion of oral (with regard to the medium) and conceptually spoken text types (cf. Koch/Oesterreicher 1985). The focus is on the analysis of word formations within the text type of battle rap, which can be classified as oral and conceptually spoken. The analysis gives an insight into my habilitation project outlined in the essay and shows how this project can be realized.
Am 2. und 3. Dezember 2021 fand im Haus der Universität in Düsseldorf die von Katrin Hein (IDS Mannheim) und Sascha Michel (RWTH Aachen) organisierte Tagung "Wortbildung und Konstruktionsgrammatik" statt, welche von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) sowie der Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der HHU (GFFU) finanziert wurde. Aufgrund der aktuellen Corona-Lage wurde die Tagung in einem hybriden Veranstaltungsformat durchgeführt, sodass neben den Veranstaltern und fünf ReferentInnen vor Ort weitere fünf ReferentInnen aus Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Italien und Frankreich zugeschaltet wurden. Daneben fand sich mit 46 digital Teilnehmenden aus dem In- und Ausland ein großer und disziplinär breit aufgestellter Rezipientenkreis aus LinguistInnen, GermanistInnen, RomanistInnen, AnglistInnen sowie Literatur- und ÜbersetzungswissenschaftlerInnen ein, die nicht nur die Vortragsdiskussionen bereicherten, sondern insgesamt die bestehende Relevanz des Tagungsthemas unterstrichen.
Wenn man die syntaktischen Eigenschaften des Hildebrandliedes betrachtet, so zeigen sich einerseits Eigenschaften, die auch für die Syntax des Nhd. charakteristisch sind: von Komplementierern eingeleitete Nebensätze, Deklarativsätze im Verb-Zweit-Format, Argumentstrukturen von Verben und Adjektiven, Attributions- bzw. Modifikationsverfahren. Andererseits werden Eigenschaften sichtbar, die im Nhd. verlorengegangen oder ausgedünnt worden sind: Deklarativsätze im Verb-End-Format, Pro-drop-Phänomene (in finiten Sätzen), nicht präpositional regierte Adverbiale (in Gestalt von NP mit reinen Kasus), artikellose Nominalphrasen (insbesondere solche mit definiter Interpretation). Die Betrachtung lehrt, dass auch über einen zeitlichen Abstand von mindestens zwölfhundert Jahren und trotz verschiedener Wandlungen, die zu syntaktischer Diskontinuität führen, syntaktische Kontinuität erkennbar bleibt, und zwar in einem Maße, das man angesichts der ungeheuer verfremdenden phonologischen, morphologischen und lexikalischen Veränderungen, die einem heutigen, sprachhistorisch nicht geschulten Muttersprachler das Hildebrandlied als einen Text von einem anderen Stern erscheinen lassen, nicht erwarten mag, in einem Maße, das allerdings denjenigen Linguisten nicht so sehr überraschen wird, dessen Blick durch universalgrammatische Einsichten der letzten Jahrzehnte geschärft worden ist für Invarianzen und Kontinuitäten.
U hrvatskom crkvenoslavenskom jeziku postpozicija pridjeva smatra se manje obilježenom od antepozicije, a rezultat je utjecaja grčkoga i latinskoga jezika, s kojih su se tekstovi prevodili. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja, koje je provedeno na građi Rječnika crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije, bio utvrditi čimbenike koji utječu na odabir antepozicije pridjeva. Razmotreni su ovi čimbenici: pridjevni vid i s njim povezani kratki i dugi pridjevski oblici, tvorbeno značenje pridjeva, ustaljeni izrazi (imena, nazivi), višečlane skupine, razbijanje imenske skupine, koordiniranje atributa, odnos imenske skupine prema ostatku rečeničnoga ustrojstva, usporedne sintaktičke strukture, stilističko variranje reda riječi u skupini.
This paper adds to the growing field of conversation analytical re-search on smartphone-use in face-to-face interactions. Whenever smartphones are used in mobile-supported sharing activities - e. g. to show a picture to co-present others - the smartphone user needs to search for and find the “searchable object” in the World Wide Web, an App or on the device’s local memory. Analyzing audio-recordings of naturally-occurring conversations, this paper iden-tifies two types of practices of speech that explicitly orient to on-going smartphone-supported searches: Collaborative search (cf. Brown/McGregor/McMillan 2015) and search-accompanying com-mentary by the smartphone-user. Both practices verbally provide for the accountability of the otherwise opaque device use. They differ in the way they produce opportunities for co-present others to substantively contribute to the progression of the search as well as the degree to which they produce the search as an interactionally public event.
Shared mechanism underlying unembedded and embedded enrichments:
evidence from enrichment priming
(2018)
In this paper, we use a priming paradigm to explore the mechanisms underlying unembedded and embedded scalar enrichments. In particular, the aim is to see if local pragmatic enrichment could be a shared mechanism, involved in both. The two experiments presented adopt Bott & Chemla's (2016) enrichment priming paradigm and test whether unembedded and embedded enrichments could prime each other. The goal is to investigate whether local pragmatic enrichment is indeed being accessed for the interpretation of the unembedded scalar and whether local enrichments, like other lexical semantic phenomena, are susceptible to priming.
In den Tagen vom 7. bis 9. November 2012 fand am Institut für Germanistik der Universität Prešov schon zum zweiten Mal ein Weiterbildungsseminar für Hochschulpädagogen und Doktoranden, diesmal zum Thema Recherchetechniken für Übersetzer, statt. Das Seminar wurde vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD), konkret von der am Institut für Germanistik der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Prešov wirkenden Lektorin, Meike van Hoorn, M. A., organisiert. Am Seminar nahmen nicht nur Hochschullehrer und Doktoranden der Universität Prešov, sondern auch Teilnehmer von der Comenius-Universität in Bratislava, der Konstantin-Philosoph-Universität in Nitra und der Universität in Trnava teil.
Das hethitische Phonem /xw/
(2014)
In the Hittite phonological system there was a labialized velar fricative /xw/ beside the plain velar fricative /x/ parallel to the opposition between the velar stops /kw/ and /k/. The frequent syllable /xwa/ was spelled either hu-(u) or hu-wa. Evidence from the frequency of words with initial hu in the lexicon, from spelling variations and from ablaut alternations is presented to demonstrate the existence of /xw/. It is suggested that Hittite /xw/ regularly corresponds to the reflexes of *w in the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages.
Case and event structure
(2001)
I argue in this paper for a novel analysis of case in Icelandic, with implications for case theory in general. I argue that structural case is the manifestation on the noun phrase of features which are semantically interpretable only on verbal projections; thus, Icelandic case does not encode features of noun phrase interpretation, but it is not uninterpretable either; case is properly seen as reflecting (interpretable) tense and aspect features. Accusative case in Icelandic is available when the two subevents introduced in a transitive verb phrase are identified with each other, and dative case is available when the two parts are distinct (thus Icelandic case manifests aktionsart or inner aspect, in partial contrast to Finnish). This analysis bears directly on the theory of feature checking in the Minimalist Program; specifically, it paves the way for a restrictive theory of feature checking in which no features are strictly uninterpretable: all formal features come in interpretable-uninterpretable pairs, and feature checking is the matching of such pairs, driven by legibility conditions at Spell-Out.
Autor se soustředí na uţití emocionálních prvků výpovědi dvou barokních kázání. Ta vznikla při oslavě 50. výročí manţelského slibu Johanna Josefa Antona Eleasara Kittela a Anny Marie 25. 11. 1777 v Šumburku. Ani české, ani německé kázání nebylo nikdy publikováno zcela. Jde o homiletické texty, proto měli oba kazatelé omezenou moţnost pouţití emotivních jazykových výrazů a prostředků. Ty slouţily k podchycení pozornosti posluchačů. Kázání měla dvojí funkci: věroučnou a poučnou. Upevņovala povědomí o Boţích zákonech a uváděla je do kaţdodenního ţivota. Kazatelé cíleně zaměřovali své proslovy na posluchače a prezentovali společný ţivot oslavovaných manţelů jako vzor. Šlo zde o objektivní, racionální prvek kázání s výkladem částí Bible (exegezí). Druhá rovina proslovů se obracela na subjektivní, emocionální pozornost posluchačů.
Dort, wo es zu einem intensiven kulturellen Kontakt, Austausch und Transfer zwischen Gemeinschaften kommt, lassen sich Kategorien wie Identität und Alterität nicht immer scharf voneinander trennen, sondern erscheinen eher als "ständig zu aktualisierende soziale Konstruktionen" (NEULAND 2013: 168). Sie können zudem auch zu transkulturellen innovativen sprachlichen Schöpfungen führen. Die Sprache ist wegen ihrer identitätskonstitutiven Funktion fester Bestandteil des Modells der multiplen Sprachidentität von Marijana KRESIĆ (2007). Ausgehend von diesem Modell wird im Beitrag das enge Verhältnis von Identitätskonstruktion - Standardsprache - Sprachgebrauch diskutiert und anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen dargestellt. Die identitätskonstitutive Funktion der Sprache basiert auf der Selektion von Normen aus dem Sprachsystem, wobei der Sprechende durch die Verwendung sprachlicher Zeichen, "seine (soziale und/oder personale Identität) [begründet], d.h. er markiert, wer er als Individuum ist bzw. welcher sozialen Gruppe er zugehört" (KRESIĆ 2007: 19). Im Rahmen der Besprechung dieses Konzepts wird geprüft, wie Formen interkulturellen Sprachgebrauchs (z. B. Kiezdeutsch) in dieses Modell eingefügt werden können.
Sprachliche Erscheinungen wie Phraseologismen sind in mehrfacher Hinsicht von besonderer Bedeutung: Ermöglichen sie doch einerseits über ihre Herkunftsgeschichte häufig kulturhistorische Einblicke in die jeweilige Gesellschaft, die im Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaF-)Unterricht vielfältig genutzt werden können. Andererseits werden diese Fertigteile nicht selten sprachspielerisch genutzt und erlauben dadurch Einblicke in den kreativen Umgang mit sprachlichen Mitteln: Sie lassen sich u.a. wortwörtlich lesen bzw. durch Modifikation, d.h. durch Abwandlung für textuelle Zwecke, abändern, wodurch sie ausgezeichnet zur Förderung von Sprachbewusstheit eingesetzt werden können. All dies kann auf der Folie des plurizentrischen Charakters der deutschen Sprache geschehen.
Die Studie bietet eine umfangreiche Korpusanalyse von direktiven und manipulativen Matrixprädikaten des Deutschen, deren Komplemente zwischen finiten und infiniten Sätzen variieren. In synchroner Sicht sind die unterschiedlichen Varianten des Komplementsatzes zwar grundsätzlich synonym, ihre Verteilungsmuster werden aber wesentlich von konzeptuell-semantischen, gebrauchsorientierten und psycholinguistischen Faktoren beeinflusst. In der diachronen Perspektive zeigt sich, dass einige auf den ersten Blick voneinander unabhängige Entwicklungslinien Interdependenzen aufweisen und auf einen gemeinsamen Entwicklungsprozess hindeuten. Für den dass-Satz und für den zu-Infinitiv wird jeweils eine Entwicklungslinie rekonstruiert, die sich von den traditionellen Ansichten in einigen wichtigen Aspekten unterscheidet.
[Smirnova, Elena: Deutsche Komplementsatzstrukturen : synchrones System und diachrone Entwicklung / Elena Smirnova. - [1. Auflage]. - Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter, [2017]. - 286 Seiten : Illustrationen. - (Sprache - Literatur und Geschichte ; Band 48)
ISBN 978-3-8253-6722-0]
[D]ie polnischen Familiennamen [unterlagen] bis ins 19. Jahrhundert hinein nur geringer amtlicher Kontrolle [...]. Diese Situation begünstigte den sukzessiven Aufbau onymischer Allomorphik aus den […] Flexions- und Derivationsmorphemen, die ursprünglich zur Bildung von Herkunftsbezeichnungen, Patronymika und Übernamen angewendet wurden. Die sekundäre Nutzung dieser Flexions- und Wortbildungsmorpheme als onymische Suffixe trieb den […] Dissoziationsprozess der Familiennamen voran. Die wachsende Produktivität dieser onymischen Morphe, die bis heute andauert, sicherte ihnen die Spitzenposition unter den Proprialitätsmarkern im polnischen Familiennamensystem. Heute sind die onymischen Allomorphe -ska, -ski, -icz, -ak das wichtigste Mittel, mit dem die Zugehörigkeit eines Wortes zum Onomastikon gekennzeichnet wird. […] In diesem Beitrag werden die Entstehungswege und die Ausbreitungspfade der drei produktivsten Gruppen der polnischen onymischen Suffixe präsentiert. Es werden auch die außersprachlichen Faktoren berücksichtigt, die die Erhöhung der Produktivität durch sukzessive Erweiterung der Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der einzelnen Suffixe ermöglicht haben. Es wird gezeigt, dass die ursprünglichen Selektionsbeschränkungen der Basen mit den Suffixen (Toponyme + -ska-Suffixe, Appellative und Adjektive + k-haltige Suffixe, Vornamen + -icz-Suffixe) im Zuge ihrer Ausbreitung und Festigung aufgegeben wurden. Die onymischen Allomorphe sind heute frei kombinierbar und können im Falle des Namenwechsels zur Bildung eines neuen Namens herangezogen werden.
Im Beitrag werden die Tendenzen im Bereich der Bildung von kulinarischen Bezeichnungen im Deutschen untersucht. Als empirische Basis gelten Benennungen für Weihnachtsgebäck, die in ihrem Komponentenbestand sowohl Weihnachtsbegriffe als auch Lexeme enthalten, die gewisse Assoziationen mit Weihnachten wecken oder kulturell geprägte Begriffe sind. Es wird auf die Struktur, die Art der Komponentenverbindung und die Motiviertheit der gesammelten Namen eingegangen.
Článek poukazuje na enormnì variabilitu jazykových prostředků při sdělovánì odmìtnutì ņádosti uchazeče o pracovnì mìsto v německém jazyce. Analyzovaný korpus byl sestaven na základě 500 autentických textů tohoto druhu z let 2000-2004. Analýza je zaměřena na různé formy argumentace uņìvané zaměstnavateli v řečových aktech, které vyjadřujì negativnì odpovědi. Jazyková forma těchto sdělenì se často opakuje, přičemņ zaměstnavatelé volì zejména takový způsob argumentace, ve které nejsou zmiņovány kvalifikačnì nedostatky uchazeče, ale jiné důvody se snahou o zmìrněnì odmìtnutì.
The unique situation in which job seekers and employers find themselves results in the necessity to formulate and accept refusal letters. Employers frequently express their emotions in such letters. They are, however, in the form of clichés which apparently do not contain any genuine emotions. The subject of this analysis is genuine German refusal letters collected in the years between 2000 and 2012. Our objective is to indicate the types of emotions verbalized in the analyzed text type and to present the linguistic means utilized to express those emotions.
Many analyses of existential sentences have focused attention on determining which of its elements constitutes the logical subject and predicate, and this has proven to be a not uncontroversial topic of research. Some, from both syntactic and semantic points of view, have argued that there is a subject (cf. Williams 1994) others that it is a predicate (cf. Moro 1997). Similarly, some have argued that the associate NP is a logical subject, others that it is apredicate (Higginbotham 1987).
One logical possibility that has not (to my knowledge) been pursued in the linguistics literature is that these statements are not of the form subject-predicate, a possibility that has been taken up in the philosophical literature by P.F. Strawson (1959). He claims that there are such statements and that their form is simpler than that of subject-predicate statements because it does not, and cannot, involve an expression that makes reference to an individual. Not involving reference to an individual, these sentences are therefore are made true by different means than a subject-predicate statement whose truth, in the simplest cases, depends on the denotation of the subject being a member of the denotation of the predicate. Of interest from the point of view of the present discussion is his claim that existential statements are examples of this kind of statement, which he calls a feature-placing statement. The truth of a statement of the form feature-placer requires that something with the set of features denoted by the associate NP exist at the location or coordinates expressed by the placer. In an existential sentence we can take the associate NP as the feature-denoting expression and the coda-XP as the placer.