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Seit der Herausbildung des akademischen Faches Deutsch als Fremdsprache in den 1970er Jahren und im Anschluss an die Auseinandersetzung mit der Grundfrage nach Struktur und Konzeption des Faches in den 1990er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts wird der Zusammenhang von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache kontrovers diskutiert. Dabei stehen sich zwei Positionen gegenüber. Die erste Position deutet Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache in einer hyperonymischen Beziehung. Deutsch als Fremdsprache wird der Germanistik untergeordnet und dementsprechend als der Mediävistik, der germanistischen Linguistik und der germanistischen Literaturwissenschaft gleichberechtigt angesehen. In diesem Sinne erweist sich ein Studium des Deutschen als Fremdsprache als integraler Bestandteil einer Germanistikausbildung. Demgegenüber fasst die zweite Position Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache als zwei sich unterscheidende Fächer auf. Dabei wird Deutsch als Fremdsprache einer Fremdsprachenphilologie gleichgestellt, die im Unterschied zur Germanistik andere Erkenntnisinteressen verfolgt. Der Beitrag diskutiert im Lichte der in den 1990er Jahren geführten Strukturdebatte den komplexen Zusammenhang von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache im Kontext des Lehrens und Lernens des Deutschen als Fremdsprache jenseits des deutschen Sprachraums. Dies wird exemplarisch am Beispiel des Studiums von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Thailand gezeigt.
Nominalization in French can be done by means of conversion, which is characterized by the identity between the base and the derived lexeme. Since both noun→verb and verb→noun conversions exist, this property raises directionality issues, and sometimes leads to contradictory analyses of the same examples. The paper presents two approaches of conversion: derivational and non-derivational ones. Then it discusses various criteria used in derivational approaches to determine the direction of conversion: diachronic ones, such as dates of first attestation or etymology; and synchronic ones, such as semantic relations, noun gender or verb inflection. All criteria are evaluated on a corpus of 3,241 French noun~verb pairs. It is shown that none of them enables to identify the direction of conversion in French. Finally, the consequences for the theory of morphology are discussed.
This paper describes the revision of the Vietnamese version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We first introduce the Vietnamese language and Vietnamese-speaking populations after which we describe the translation and adaptation process of the Vietnamese MAIN and present results from monolingual and bilingual children.
The earliest known extensive texts in Gullah (and perhaps African American Vernacular English as well) to appear in print were published in The Riverside Magazine for Young People in November, 1868, under the title "Negro Fables" (p. 505-507). These are four animal stories, which the editor of the magazine, Horace Elisha Scudder, described in his column only as having been "taken down from the lips of an old negro, in the vicinity of Charleston" (see Appendix for the editor´s comments and the full text of the stories).2 The Story-Teller was evidently a genuine "man of words" (Abrahams, 1983), a true raconteur who could artistically embellish a simple traditional account (perhaps further embellished by the transcriber) in a variety of ways. That he commanded a certain range of Gullah is evident from particular signature features in the texts, but the absence of other typical Gullah features and the presence of shared Gullah/African American Vernacular English usages, together with the periodic appearance of standard English forms, demonstrate that these texts provide perhaps the earliest actual documentation (apart from early tertiary comments, cited e.g. in Feagin, 1997, p. 128-129) of register variation or style/code-switching among Gullah speakers. ...
As kindergartens and schools closed down during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, two hashtags emerged on Twitter: #CoronaEltern (#CoronaParents) and #CoronaElternRechnenAb (#CoronaParentsDocumentTheCosts). In this paper, we examine the positioning practices around both hashtags as expressions of “digital activism” (Joyce 2010: VIII). One characteristic of the hashtag campaign is that political demands are hardly ever made directly. Rather, the participants resort to five main linguistic patterns: (1) they address different target groups; (2) they refer to different protagonists; (3) in the subcorpus #CoronaEltern specifically, they constitute themselves as a collective through (4) the recurring use of first-person narratives; (5) and generalization and typification. Our findings show that #CoronaParents are not just parents in times of a pandemic: #CoronaParents are only those who see themselves as such, participating in an evolving, at times misunderstood community.
The present paper is devoted to the old and always vexing problem of the linguistical ethnogenesis of the Slavs. The theme of the fate of the Indo-Europeans ancestors of the Slavic people is by its very nature broad and complex, too broad actually for a short essay. That is the reason why we have resigned ourselves to a detailed regular treatment, while presenting only some of the more interesting results and observations based mostly on new etymological studies of words and proper names. The major purpose is to combine linguistic and ethnic history and to proceed to its (fragmentary) reconstruction. Accordingly, our purpose is as simple as it can be for such a wide scope topic: to reconstruct the form, meaning and origin of the Old Slavic lexicon and to extract, if possible, more information about the history of the Slavic people from these linguistic data. The work of reconstructing the Common Slavic lexicon is being carried out in Moscow and Cracow, as far as the major new etymological dictionaries are concerned. A considerably larger number of scholars are concerned with these problems in Russia than in other countries. A reliable reconstruction of words and meanings is the key to any reconstruction of the culture. Why did the Slavs replace the IE name of the 'harrow' by a new word? How did the Ancient Slavs get a term for the process of 'paying'? What are we to think about the case of 'the Slavs and the sea'? How did a word for 'ship' appear among the Slavs? We now know how to answer these and many other questions (we shall revert later to the case of the sea), but the motivation of many other words remains as obscure as before. Others have fallen into oblivion and survive at best on the onomastic level - hence, our keen interest for onomastics and such new works as the Dictionary of Ukrainian waternames [2] that expand our knowledge of the Old Slavic common lexicon and provide new insights into onomastics proper, e.g. the Slavic toponymic 'superdialect,' the existence of genuine Slavic waternames (i.e. those without appellative stage, e.g. *morica and its continuations in different areas of Slavic hydronymy). It is not possible to determine the earliest area the Slavs occupied or, at least, their original homeland without studying etymology and onomastics. How can this question be solved? There are straightforward ways to do it (e.g. by marking off an area with many or only purely Slavic placenames and waternames), but there must also be subtler, more accurate ways. What happened to the lexicon and the onomastics of an ancient people at the time of migration? Did it name only what it saw and knew itself? Our studies show that "a people's vocabulary transcends its actual experience" [3, p. XLVII] ; thus, it preserves not only its own fossilized experience, but a foreign "hearsay" experience as well. The Slavic written tradition begins at a relatively late date - from the IXth century. But any Slavic word or name, although unwritten, can be a record, a memento reflected at some time in another language. Thus, the personal name of a king of the Antae - rex Boz. (in Jordanes [Vlth century] usually interpreted as Bozi 'God's), reflects an early Slavic vozi or vozi, Russian dial. voz (a calque of rex = voh), learned vozd?'chief, leader', already palatalized in the IVth century (the time of the described events and of the person named) - practically an up-to-date form!
This paper examines whether gender features (masculine, feminine, neuter) in German have to be interpreted semantically, along their specific gender, or whether they allow for a gender unrelated interpretation. As to this, two experiments with two different classes of nouns (gender marked and sex marked nouns vs. gender marked and sex neutral nouns) were conducted. The first experiment supports the view that in their function as nominal predicates masculine nouns, contrary to feminine (and neuter) nouns, have the widest extension – which confirms the existence of a ‘Generic Masculine’ (Generisches Maskulinum). On the other hand, the second experiment shows that in their function as subjects masculine nouns, contrary to feminine (and neuter) nouns, are the least flexible agreement controllers – hardly allowing for gender mismatches. Thus, masculine nouns behave differently depending on whether they appear as controllers/sources of agreement or as targets of agreement. The findings are supplemented by corpus data.
On object specificity
(2001)
[W]e have demonstrated that the object specificity follows from the same principle as the subject specificity under the EMH. Furthermore, the semantic discrepancy between the realis and irrealis object shift constructions turns out to be a subcase of the more general indicative-modal asymmetry. Although our analysis presented here is nothing but conclusive, it does suggest that the EMH is a potent candidate for explaining the indicative-modal asymmetry, as well as for building a general theory of the specificity effects in question.
This paper presents an overview of the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives in Greek, focusing on its use in Greek academic and diagnostic settings. A summary of the properties of the Greek language and the concomitant challenges these language-specific properties posed to MAIN adaptation are presented along with a summary of published studies with monolingual Greek-speaking children and bilingual children with Greek as L2, with and without Developmental Language Disorder.
Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der Problematik der Informationsvermittlung im Un-terricht und präsentiert die Ergebnisse meiner Forschungstätigkeit, die ich im Rahmen meiner zukünftigen Dissertation durchgeführt habe. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet eine Korpusanalyse, die die empirischen Daten liefert und im Zusammenhang mit dem entsprechenden theoretischen Hintergrund ihre Interpretation ermöglicht. Dies führt zur Aufstellung einer Typologie von Texten gegebener Art, deren Schwerpunkte auf den kognitiven und didaktischen Aspekten liegen und auf diese Weise mehr Licht in die Prozesse der Informations-vermittlung rücken. Die Betrachtungsperspektive, die dabei im Forschungsinteresse steht, bildet die Beziehung Textverfasser – Text ab. Die Stellungnahme zu der oben angeführten Problematik ist mit der Bestimmung der Zielsetzung der Forschungstätigkeit und zugleich mit der Festlegung des entsprechenden theoretischen Hintergrundes und methodischen Vorgehens verbunden.
Usings songs to teach aural comprehension in the intermediate-advanced foreign language classroom
(2000)
In this article, we will present an aural comprehension development technique for intermediate-advanced students of Russian which aims at expanding comprehensible input through the use of song-poems. We will argue that learning can be enhanced by expanding Krashen's notion of i+1 to i+1,2,3,4... We will discuss how the prosodic and poetic structures of song lyrics make this type of input particularly effective in the second or foreign language classroom. We will also examine the merits of this approach from the standpoint of motivating students, reducing their classroom anxiety, and encouraging the use of effective language learning strategies. Finally, we illustrate in detail the application of this method in the first author's Russian language textbook based on the songs of Bulat Okudzhava.
Transforming constituent-based annotation into dependency-based annotation has been shown to work for different treebanks and annotation schemes (e.g. Lin (1995) has transformed the Penn treebank, and Kübler and Telljohann (2002) the Tübinger Baumbank des Deutschen (TüBa-D/Z)). These ventures are usually triggered by the conflict between theory-neutral annotation, that targets most needs of a wider audience, and theory-specific annotation, that provides more fine-grained information for a smaller audience. As a compromise, it has been pointed out that treebanks can be designed to support more than one theory from the start (Nivre, 2003). We argue that information can also be added to an existing annotation scheme so that it supports additional theory-specific annotations. We also argue that such a transformation is useful for improving and extending the original annotation scheme with respect to both ambiguous annotation and annotation errors. We show this by analysing problems that arise when generating dependency information from the constituent-based TüBa-D/Z.
In diesem Aufsatz wird das mentale Lexikon als System beschrieben, in dem Lexeme aufgenommen, gespeichert und nach bestimmten Regeln geordnet und eingesetzt werden. Hierbei spielen Bedeutungsbeziehungen eine grundlegende Rolle. Die Mikrostruktur dieses Netzwerks bildet die Polysemie, die anhand von Bedeutungssternen (mit Kernbedeutung und Nebenbedeutungen einzelner Lexeme) dargestellt werden kann. Anhand von Musterübungen wird gezeigt, wie dieses Thema im muttersprachlichen Unterricht didaktisch umgesetzt werden kann.
In an earlier paper, I proposed a system for evaluating the relative descriptivity of lexical items in a consistent manner in terms of the interrelations of three metrics. The first of these, including five possible degrees of descriptivity, is based on the premise that the sum of the meaningful parts of a given form is or is not equal to the meaning of the whole. The second, also composed of five degrees, is based on paraphrase-term relations in which the logical quantifiers: all, some and no, are applied to the terms of the paraphrase in one test and to the meaningful parts of the term (linguistic form) in the reversibility test. Both tests are applied in the form of logical propositions. The third metric, with three degrees, deals with the relative explicitness of the meaningful parts of a given form: explicit, implicit or neither. […] This system was then tested in a pilot study involving the fairly limited and semantically homogeneous lexical domain of body-part terms in a specific language, Finnish. The purpose of the present paper is to subject comparable data from other languages to the same kind of analysis and compare the results in order to ascertain whether the generalizations arrived at with the Finnish data also hold for the other languages or, more specifically, which of these generalizations are more or less universal and which language or language-type specific? The additional languages to be examined here are: French, German, Ewe, Maasai and Swahili.
Three quantificational approaches to the measurement of lexical descriptivity are proposed, based on: the semantic sum of the parts of a lexeme is equal to the whole, paraphrase-term and term-paraphrase congruence, explicitness of semantic elements of a construction. Combination of all possible values into tripartite sets and then into equipollent groups results in a system composed of 12 grades. This system was tested with a semantic domain of the Finnish lexicon: body-part terms. The descriptivity indices for each lexical item were correlated with natural divisions of the body, construction-motivation types (form, function, location), grammatical construction types (endo- and exocentric compounds, derived forms, metaphors), and loanwords. These comparisons result in a number of grade profiles whereby specific descriptivity grades are characteristically associated with one or more types of body section, construction motivation, and grammatical construction. Diachronic and synchronic evidence points overwhelmingly to a process of semantic narrowing in the development of descriptive words and labels from phrases or sentences.
This paper focuses on definite descriptions. It will be shown that a definite description refers to a given discourse referent if the descriptive content is completely deaccented. But if there is a focussed element within the descriptive content it introduces a novel referent. This amounts to allowing two readings for definite descriptions without, however, allowing two readings for the definite article.
Wenn wie im Falle des Instituts für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie der Universität Leipzig eine mehr als zehnjährige Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft mit gleich zwei russischen Partnern – den Übersetzer-Fakultäten der Linguistischen Universitäten Moskau und Pjatigorsk – nunmehr ihren Abschluss findet, so bietet es sich natürlich an zu fragen, was die GIP-Langzeitkooperation beiden Seiten an messbaren wissenschaftlichen, wissenschaftsmethodischen und curricularen Ergebnissen, an „Zuwächsen“ im Sinne der Nachwuchsförderung, des Austauschs von Dozenten und Studierenden gebracht hat. Die Bilanz – von uns dargelegt im Jubiläumsband 52 der Dokumente & Materialien des Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienstes – kann sich durchaus sehen lassen und rechtfertigt nicht nur die aufgewandten Mittel, sondern auch die kontinuierliche Arbeit, den nachhaltigen Einsatz und die vielfältigen Initiativen der zahlreichen Beteiligten auf beiden Seiten.
Etymologie und Wortgeschichte bezeichnen deutlich voneinander unterschiedene Aufgabenstellungen der Linguistik. Etymologie beschreibt die erste Zuordnung eines Inhalts zu einer hierfür neugeschaffenen Lautkette. Sie hat Lexikon, Wortbildung und Motivation als Faktoren einer solchen Zuordnung darzustellen und gehört damit zur synchronen Beschreibung der Sprache. Wortgeschichte ist eine Aufgabe der historischen Sprachwissenschaft: sie registriert und deutet alles, was sich mit einer einmal geschehenen Form-Inhalt-Zuordnung im Laufe ihrer Verwendung durch die Sprecher ereignet.
Im ersten Teil wird zunächst die wenige Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Deskriptivität selbst und eng verwandten Themen vorgestellt und besprochen. Daraus soll sich im Anschluss auch eine Definition des Begriffes ergeben, die weit genug gefasst ist, um die übliche Verwendungsweise des Begriffs bei Autoren, die ihn zwar benutzen, aber nicht theoretisch behandeln, zu erfassen, die sich aber andererseits dennoch in klar definierten und nachvollziehbaren Grenzen bewegt. Dabei soll weiterhin deutlich werden, dass es sich bei Deskriptivität um ein prinzipiell in allen Sprachen anzutreffendes Phänomen handelt, dass sich aber die Frequenz deskriptiver Ausdrücke von Sprache zu Sprache stark unterscheiden kann. Dabei werde ich Daten aus ausgewählten Sprachen einbeziehen und eine quantitative Analyse des Ausmaßes, mit dem verschiedene Sprachen von deskriptiven Bildungen Gebrauch machen vorstellen. Der zweite Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit folgender Frage: Wenn jede Sprache zu einem gewissen Grad von deskriptiven Benennungen Gebrauch macht, welche Mechanismen des Sprachwandels gibt es, die die Position einer Sprache auf dieser Skala in die eine oder die andere Richtung verändern können?
Hybrid robust deep and shallow semantic processing for creativity support in document production
(2004)
The research performed in the DeepThought project (http://www.project-deepthought.net) aims at demonstrating the potential of deep linguistic processing if added to existing shallow methods that ensure robustness. Classical information retrieval is extended by high precision concept indexing and relation detection. We use this approach to demonstrate the feasibility of three ambitious applications, one of which is a tool for creativity support in document production and collective brainstorming. This application is described in detail in this paper. Common to all three applications, and the basis for their development is a platform for integrated linguistic processing. This platform is based on a generic software architecture that combines multiple NLP components and on robust minimal recursive semantics (RMRS) as a uniform representation language.
In Anlehnung an das Studentenaustauschprogramm Erasmus ruft die Türkei ein neues Projekt ins Leben. Der Name des Projekts lautet "Mevlana-Austausch-Programm". Der Hochschulrat YÖK will mit diesem Projekt die Türkei auf dem Bereich der Bildung zu einem Anziehungszentrum verwandeln. In einer ersten Phase soll mit Universitäten, die nicht Teilnehmer des Erasmus Programms sind, kooperiert werden. Bisher wurden mit 32 Ländern 228 Protokolle unterzeichnet. Im Austauschprogramm befinden sich die USA, China, Russland, Japan und andere Länder.
This paper aims to determine and classify by syntactic criteria, the functions of reflexivity (reflexive pronoun kendi) in Turkish, in contrast to German.
Reflexivity in Turkish can be expressed by synthetic elements such as affixes, but also by an analytical element – the reflexive pronoun kendi. And in German it is formed by the reflexive pronoun sich. The reflexive pronoun sich in German used both in anaphorical and lexical functions, which can be distinguished from each other by certain criteria.
Establishing coherent identity patterns for literary characters in novels is a difficult task. In this respect, we assume that readers rely on pre-stored cultural models in order to construct mental models of the text content, including character identity. By significantly extending the approach by Van Dijk and Kintsch and going beyond the related accounts of Schneider and of Culpeper, we aim to clarify the constitutive role of conceptual metaphor as proposed by Lakoff et al. in processes of literary identity construction. The analysis of a corpus of three contemporary novels supports our claim that conceptual metaphors and the mapping of domains involved interact with cultural models and connect text phenomena to such prior knowledge structures. On this basis, we provide an integrated model of literary identity construction which acknowledges the constitutive value of conceptual metaphors in literary identity construction.
Die slowakische Germanistik erlebte nach der Wende einen großen Aufschwung. Im Zusammenhang mit der Notwendigkeit der Ausbildung fehlender Fremdsprachenlehrer kam es zur Wieder- oder Neueröffnung von germanistischen Lehrstühlen an existierenden und an neu gegründeten Universitäten. Es ergaben sich viele Möglichkeiten, an internationalen Projekten teilzunehmen, die die Lehre und die Forschung förderten. Im Rahmen dieser Projekte und der neuen wissenschaftlichen und pädagogischen Zusammenarbeit entstanden auch einige phraseologische (Ďurčo, Vajičková) und stilistische Arbeiten (Vajičková). Andere wurden dadurch angeregt (Chovan) und in weiteren kann man wiederum ein Anknüpfen an slowakische germanistische oder auch an slawistische Traditionen (Ďurčo u. a.) sehen.
Nach sehr kurzer Zeit sank leider das Interesse an der deutschen Sprache in allen Schultypen und auf allen Unterrichtsstufen, dennoch profilierten sich mehrere slowakische germanistische Sprachwissenschaftler und beschäftigten sich kontinuierlich mit interessanten phraseologischen und stilistischen oder textwissenschaftlichen germanistischen Fragestellungen . Quantitativ gesehen stehen phraseologische Arbeiten vor stilistischen, deshalb beginnen wir unsere kurze Darstellung mit den phraseologischen Arbeiten.
U radu se razmatraju svi dosada poznati rukopisni primjerci / varijante rječnika zadarskoga kanonika Ivana Tanzlinghera Zanottija, uz ponovno čitanje svih znanstvenih članaka i studija o njima i vraćanje na riječi iz njegove oporuke. Opisuje se i rad na digitalizaciji i mrežnom objavljivanju jednoga od njih. Predstavlja se još jedan rukopisni primjerak njegova rječnika koji je 2009. godine otkriven u Zadru.
Partizipien und Adjektive gehören zu Sprachmitteln, die bei der Personendarstellung zur Beschreibung des Äußeren, der Interessen und der geistigen Welt in spezifischen Textsorten (hier: in Kontaktanzeigen lesbischer Frauen im Alter über 50 Jahre) verwendet werden. Im Vergleich zum Adjektiv kann das Partizip die zeitliche Dimension einer Eigenschaft oder der Lebenserfahrung ausdrücken; auf diese Weise können Sprechende den Wert der jeweiligen Eigenschaft oder Lebenserfahrung hervorheben. Das Partizip wird in bestimmten Kontexten bevorzugt, denn es kann die persuasive und appellative Funktion des Textes intensivieren. Die Autorin dieses Beitrags analysiert Motive und Strategien des Partizip-Usus' aus pragmalinguistischer Perspektive in 100 Kontaktanzeigen in der deutschen Frauenzeitschrift 'EMMA'.
In the research field initiated by Lindblom & Liljencrants in 1972, we illustrate the possibility of giving substance to phonology, predicting the structure of phonological systems with nonphonological principles, be they listener-oriented (perceptual contrast and stability) or speaker-oriented (articulatory contrast and economy). We proposed for vowel systems the Dispersion-Focalisation Theory (Schwartz et al., 1997b). With the DFT, we can predict vowel systems using two competing perceptual constraints weighted with two parameters, respectively λ and α. The first one aims at increasing auditory distances between vowel spectra (dispersion), the second one aims at increasing the perceptual salience of each spectrum through formant proximities (focalisation). We also introduced new variants based on research in physics - namely, phase space (λ,α) and polymorphism of a given phase, or superstructures in phonological organisations (Vallée et al., 1999) which allow us to generate 85.6% of 342 UPSID systems from 3- to 7-vowel qualities. No similar theory for consonants seems to exist yet. Therefore we present in detail a typology of consonants, and then suggest ways to explain plosive vs. fricative and voiceless vs. voiced consonants predominances by i) comparing them with language acquisition data at the babbling stage and looking at the capacity to acquire relatively different linguistic systems in relation with the main degrees of freedom of the articulators; ii) showing that the places “preferred” for each manner are at least partly conditioned by the morphological constraints that facilitate or complicate, make possible or impossible the needed articulatory gestures, e.g. the complexity of the articulatory control for voicing and the aerodynamics of fricatives. A rather strict coordination between the glottis and the oral constriction is needed to produce acceptable voiced fricatives (Mawass et al., 2000). We determine that the region where the combinations of Ag (glottal area) and Ac (constriction area) values results in a balance between the voice and noise components is indeed very narrow. We thus demonstrate that some of the main tendencies in the phonological vowel and consonant structures of the world’s languages can be explained partly by sensorimotor constraints, and argue that actually phonology can take part in a theory of Perception-for-Action-Control.
The article focuses on linguistic means used by professionals when defining specific emotions in psychological texts. Based on a linguistic analysis of selected passages of text, the author describes the metaphorical concepts used in order to make it easier for recipients to understand phenomena whose perception is purely subjective. The role of metaphors in professional language is frequently neglected or underestimated.
This article focuses on the roles of temporal adverbs in the linguistic expression of emotions. Emotions are phenomena which we experience subjectively, and which we are unable to grasp without respect to time. The intersubjective linguistic expression of emotions in the novel involves the use of temporal adverbs accompanying the narrative structure of the text and helping to intensify the expression of emotions.
This paper discusses aspects of direct speech in James Joyce’s story "The Sisters". The story is often analyzed with special attention to the gaps and ellipses in the utterances, which are usually read as omissions, evasions, or uncomfortable silences, and thus as indicative of some transgressive behaviour of the dead priest who is at the centre of the dialogues. In this article we explore the hypothesis that the utterances in question show features that are quite common in natural spoken language and thus may also be read as literary techniques to create authentic oral discourse. This hypothesis is not intended to invalidate previous interpretations, but to introduce an additional aspect of interpretation that has been neglected so far. In the context of a literary work, features of natural spoken language acquire new meaning, and the very attempt to narrow the gap between literary and natural spoken language appears as inauthentic, ominous and as an artistic strategy to express the unspeakable. The story thus evokes suspicion and a feeling of eeriness while also offering narrative and linguistic information that allows for a more empathic assessment of the characters. We use quantitative methods of analysis and linguistic data from corpora of (authentic) spoken language to substantiate our hypothesis. As "The Sisters" is a rather short story and the present study is, in several respects, exploratory, our claims and hypotheses need to be confirmed and validated by more exhaustive research into Joyce’s major works.
The paper investigates the different productivity domains (Rainer 2005) of two Italian event denoting suffixes, -mento and -zione. These suffixes share the same eventive semantics, they are both productive and thus can be seen as rivals in the formation of event nominalizations. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of the constraints that play a role in the selection of one affix over the other. By means of a logistic regression model the contribution of different features of the base verb is investigated. The analysis is conducted on a dataset of 678 nominalizations extracted from a section of Midia, a diachronic balanced corpus explicitly built for morphological research (Gaeta 2017). Results show that the frequency, the inflectional class and the number of characters of the base verb as well as the presence of the prefix a- significantly contribute to the definition of the different domains, only partially confirming previous findings.
Corno quase nenhuma outra disciplina lingüística, a fonologia passou por uma evolução turbulenta nas duas últimas décadas. Ao contrário da abordagem cöássica da Gramática Gerativa, que se concentrou na descrição de cadeias de segmentos fonológicos e de suas transformações em virtude de regras fonológicas, a Fonologia Não-linear colocou as relações prosódicas em enunciados em primeiro plano. A sílaba foi redescoberta como unidade prosódica; muitos trabalhos foram dedicados à análise de estruturas silábicas e de relações de sonoridade. Acima da sílaba, o pé a palavra fonológica foram utilizados como unidades prosódicas relevantes para a descrição das estruturas de acento e entonação. Abaixo da sílaba, reabilitou-se a mora já conhecida a partir da Filologia Clássica. No presente artigo, descrevem-se, a partir de exemplos do alemão e de outras línguas, as duas abordagens principais da Fonologia Não-linear, a Fonologia Autosegmental e a Fonologia Métrica. Procura-se mostrar que, com esses modelos, alguns fenômenos prosódico-fonológicos que antes só podiam ser descritos com grandes dificuldades ou eram até mesmo indescritíveis podem ser analisados de maneira adequada e elegante.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo comparativo da percepção de textos multimodais, mais especificamente, anúncios publicitários impressos em revistas brasileiras e alemãs, por aprendizes brasileiros de ALE (Alemão como Língua Estrangeira) e por aprendizes alemães de PLE (Português como Língua Estrangeira), com especial atenção para a dimensão intercultural envolvida neste processo. Através da análise desenvolvida no estudo, puderam ser identificados tanto os aspectos culturais mais diretamente relacionados a usos linguísticos (uso de pronomes pessoais e formas de tratamento, por exemplo), quanto de aspectos culturais mais subjetivos (a percepção de estados emocionais, a visão de trabalho, entre outros). Este estudo também discute as implicações do vínculo entre as escolhas linguísticas e a cultura para o ensino de LCE (Língua/Cultura Estrangeira).
O cotidiano nas salas de aula de ALE nos contextos universitário e institucional extracurricular - como é o caso do projeto PALEP - Projeto Aulas de Línguas em Espaços Públicos (UERJ/UFRJ) – tem imposto desafios de várias ordens a todos os envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Consideramos como pressuposto da pesquisa a ideia de que professores e gestores da ensino-aprendizagem estão diante de salas de aula de natureza "multinível" e que o reconhecimento dessa natureza tem implicações político-pedagógicas que terão reflexo no papel de alunos e professores, no desenvolvimento do material didático e também nos objetivos do processo de aprendizagem. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, discutir aspectos teóricos da atividade de ensino-aprendizagem como uma atividade complexa e identificar três dimensões do reconhecimento da natureza "multinível" das salas de aula de ALE: a dimensão social, que engloba questões relacionadas às possibilidades de socialização e cooperação levando em conta a multiplicidade de níveis em sala de aula; a dimensão pedagógica, que impõe transformações na racionalidade didática em sala; e, por fim, a dimensão política, que nos permite compreender melhor processos de produção do fracasso e de evasão em cursos de ALE.
Im späten Mittelalter setzt sich die deutsche Sprache immer stärker als Sprache der Medizin durch. Auch wenn deutschsprachige heilkundliche Werke jener Zeit vorrangig für Praktiker ohne akademische Ausbildung bestimmt waren und als Anweisungstexte gebraucht wurden, kann man darin schon Register und Inhaltsverzeichnisse finden, also solche Orientierungsmittel, die in der modernen Zeit zum festen Bestandteil von Fachtexten wurden. Diese Mittel der Textoptimierung unterscheiden sich zwar von den heutigen noch stark, nichtsdestoweniger zeugen sie davon, dass die Autoren deutscher medizinischer Werke ihre Adressaten vor Augen hatten und bemüht waren, ihnen die Rezeption des Fachwissens zu erleichtern.
Při vyjadřování emocí v ústní komunikaci hraje hlas významnou roli. Článek se zabývá otázkou, jak je hlas v souvislosti s emocemi popisován v psaných textech, a sice německých románech. Na ukázkách z německého korpusu Cosmas II je ukázáno, jaké strategie volí spisovatelé, aby čtenáři přiblížili emoce prožívané postavami románu a která slovesa a přídavná jména používají nejčastěji při znázornění emoce "hněv".
Mit der Publikation 'Sasko-magdeburské právo na Slovensku. Krajinské právo v Žilinskej knihe' [Das sächsisch-magdeburgische Recht in der Slowakei. Landrecht im Silleiner Rechtsbuch] kommt M. Papsonová vor allem slowakischen Historikern, insbesondere Rechtshistorikern entgegen. Die Publikation stellt ihnen eine moderne slowakische Übersetzung der frühneuhochdeutschen, auf das Jahr 1378 datierten Rechtssammlung im 'Silleiner Stadtbuch' (1378-1524 bzw. 1526) als Grundlage für weitere rechtshistorische Forschung zur Verfügung.
One of the means of expressing emotional content is the naming of people. Many negative personal names are created using derivation (suffixes); the goal of this study is to determine which suffixes are frequently used and whether any German suffixes have primarily negative meanings.
Kunínský rukopis R 16 obsahuje několik významných farmaceutických textů. Obsahový a jazykový rozbor traktátu o nádorech doplņuje předcházející jiţ zveřejněné publikace k tomuto rukopisu a poukazuje na provázanost témat, která jsou pojednána v jeho jednotlivých částech.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der phonetischen Motivation phonologischer Palatalisierungsprozesse, bei welchen Vorderzungenvokoide die Palatalisierung (bzw. Affrizierung) vorangehender Plosive bewirken. Durch akustische Analysen zu deutschen und bulgarischen stimmlosen alveolaren und velaren Verschlußlauten wird der Einfluß nachfolgender vorderer Vokoide und des tiefen Vokals /a/ auf die geräuschähnliche Phase nach der plosiven Verschlußlösung der Konsonanten untersucht. Zum Zwecke der Überprüfung einer nach universellen phonologischen Prinzipien formulierten Hierarchie der wahrscheinlichen Inputkandidaten für Palatalisierungen werden akustische Messungen zur Zeitdauer und zu den spektralen Eigenschaften des konsonantischen Segments in wortinitialen Konsonant-Vokoid-Sequenzen vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstützen nur teilweise die vorgeschlagene Hierarchiehypothese und zeigen, daß sprachspezifische Besonderheiten einen Einfluß auf die Anordnung der Elemente der Hierarchie ausüben.
Russian predicate cleft constructions have the surprising property of being associated with adversative clauses of the opposite polarity. I argue that clefts are associated with adversative clauses because they have the semantics of S-Topics in Büring's (1997, 2000) sense of the term. It is shown that the polarity of the adversative clause is obligatorily opposed to that of the cleft because the use of a cleft gives rise to a relevance-based pragmatic scale. The ordering principle according to which these scale
Der von der GGR (Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens), von der Universität Oradea und von der Christlichen Universität Partium veranstaltete 11. Internationale Kongress der Germanisten Rumäniens fand zwischen 04.-07. Juni 2018 in Oradea statt. Neben den drei allgemeinen Forschungsgebieten (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Didaktik) erschienen weitere drei Forschungsgebiete mit spezieller Ausrichtung. Unter dem Schwerpunkt "Interkulturalität in Aktion" hat man Themen wie: 4.1. Interreferenţialităţi cultural-literare româno-germane. Geteilte, gemeinsame Welt: Nebeneinander und Miteinander in Rumänien; 4.2. Deutschungarische Kulturtransferprozesse im mitteleuropäischen Raum, behandelt. Das Forschungsgebiet "Übersetzungswissenschaft und Konferenzdolmetschen" wurde in die Sektion 5 zugeordnet. Schließlich haben sich NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen in der Sektion 6 - "Forum junger ForscherInnen" versammelt.
In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of a wide range of features for their usefulness in the resolution of nominal coreference, both as hard constraints (i.e. completely removing elements from the list of possible candidates) as well as soft constraints (where a cumulation of violations of soft constraints will make it less likely that a candidate is chosen as the antecedent). We present a state of the art system based on such constraints and weights estimated with a maximum entropy model, using lexical information to resolve cases of coreferent bridging.
When a statistical parser is trained on one treebank, one usually tests it on another portion of the same treebank, partly due to the fact that a comparable annotation format is needed for testing. But the user of a parser may not be interested in parsing sentences from the same newspaper all over, or even wants syntactic annotations for a slightly different text type. Gildea (2001) for instance found that a parser trained on the WSJ portion of the Penn Treebank performs less well on the Brown corpus (the subset that is available in the PTB bracketing format) than a parser that has been trained only on the Brown corpus, although the latter one has only half as many sentences as the former. Additionally, a parser trained on both the WSJ and Brown corpora performs less well on the Brown corpus than on the WSJ one. This leads us to the following questions that we would like to address in this paper: - Is there a difference in usefulness of techniques that are used to improve parser performance between the same-corpus and the different-corpus case? - Are different types of parsers (rule-based and statistical) equally sensitive to corpus variation? To achieve this, we compared the quality of the parses of a hand-crafted constraint-based parser and a statistical PCFG-based parser that was trained on a treebank of German newspaper text.