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Der folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Sprechern des Hunsrückischen in Brasilien und deren Gebrauch des Schriftdeutschen im 20. Jahrhundert. Basis der Analyse ist ein Korpus von Privatbriefen, die während der ersten Diktatur geschrieben wurden. Der Fokus der Analyse ist die Frage nach einer uniformen Schriftnorm für diese Sprechergruppe, deren Muttersprache fast ausschließlich mündlich verwendet wurde. Es wird argumentiert, dass der Estado Novo nicht die einzige Ursache für den Dachsprachenwechsel vom Deutschen zum Portugiesischen war, jedoch entscheidend dazu beigetragen hat, dass die Etablierung einer brasilianischen Schriftnorm des Deutschen endgültig verhindert wurde.
This is the fourth in a series of publications on Zambian languages and grammar. The intention of the series is to boost the meagre scholarship and availability of educational materials on Zambian languages, which became particularly urgent in 1996, following the decision of the Zambian government to revert to the policy of using local languages as media of instruction. Kaonde (or more correctly Kikaonde) is spoken in the part of the North-Western Province of Zambia to the east of the Kabompo River, in adjacent parts of Mumbwa and Kaoma Districts to the south, and in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to the North.
Marie Wrona präsentiert in ihrem Beitrag "Ist das ein Komma oder kann das weg? - Topologische Felder und Kommasetzung. Erste empirische Befunde" ein Experiment zur Kommadidaktik. Sie untersucht, inwiefern sich die Kommasetzungskompetenz von SchülerInnen verbessert, wenn diese mithilfe des topologischen Feldermodells vermittelt wird, das auf der Verbklammer im Deutschen aufbaut, anstatt wie bei traditionellen Ansätzen mithilfe von Signalwörtern wie Subjunktionen. Die SchülerInnen lernten, das finite Verb zu bestimmen und so zu entscheiden, ob ein Komma gesetzt werden muss oder nicht. Nach der Unterrichtseinheit setzten die SchülerInnen v.a. deutlich weniger falsche Kommata
Meyers Lexikon in der Ausgabe aus dem Jahre 1909 schreibt, dass sich die Lust an körperlicher Bewegung zu allen Zeiten geltend gemacht hat. Sport spielte und spielt bis heute eine wichtige Rolle in der Gesellschaft. Immer mehr Menschen interessieren sich für Sport, sowohl als aktiver Teilnehmer als auch als Zuschauer. Im Laufe der Zeit haben sich Funktion und Rolle des Sports im Vergleich zur Vergangenheit verändert. Das Wesen des Sports und das, was ihn als etwas "Spezifisches" von anderen gesellschaftlichen Phänomenen unterscheidet, haben eine lange Tradition, und die Antwortversuche auf die Frage nach der soziokulturellen Stellung des Sports ist ebenso breit wie kontrovers. Diese Besonderheit und Ausnahmestellung des Sportes lässt sich in Deutschland auch in der Disziplin Turnen und der dazu gehörenden Turnsprache beobachten, die sowohl hohe Aufmerksamkeit erregen als auch eng mit der deutschen Kultur und Geschichte verbunden sind. So hat das Turnen eine lange Tradition im deutschsprachigen Raum und ist allein schon wegen der Umstände seiner Popularisierung und der zugehörigen Turnterminologie besonders untersuchenswert. Am Beispiel des Turnens und der Turnsprache lassen sich mehrere sprachlich- soziokultureller Probleme untersuchen. Was war das Wesen des Turnens und der Turnsprache? Wie ist diese Sprache entstanden? Welche Aspekte der Systematik und Bezeichnungen der Turnübungen standen im Mittelpunkt? Welche Voraussetzungen stellte der Schöpfer der Turnsprache sich selbst bei der Bildung der Sprache? Diese Fragen sind Ausgangspunkt unserer Überlegungen.
Intimität und Geschlecht : zur Syntax und Pragmatik der Anrede im Liebesbrief des 20. Jahrhunderts
(2000)
Die Trennung der Lebenswelt in Privatsphäre und Öffentlichkeit käme der Verortung von Intimität entgegen. Es scheint aber, als ob Intimität nicht einem klar abgegrenzten Bereich zugeordnet werden kann, sondern nunmehr als relationale Kategorie zu fassen ist. Gerade der historische Vergleich (Vgl. CORBIN 1992) erlaubt weder einheitlich räumliche oder körperliche noch ästhetische Kriterien zur Abgrenzung von Intimität. ...
Man kann die Menschheit in zwei Gruppen teilen: in solche, die sich an fremden Orten verbal anschmiegen und die lokale Sprache in sich aufnehmen als wäre es schon immer die eigene gewesen und solche, die ihre Sprache an einem fremden Ort beibehalten und sich kaum merklich oder gar nicht von ihrer neuen Umgebung sprachlich beeinflussen lassen. Daher fällt einem meist auf, ob jemand beispielsweise in Solothurn seinen Berner, Basler oder Thurgauer Dialekt beibehalten hat, oder aber man beobachtet – vielleicht sodann mit einer gewissen Skepsis –, dass ein zugezogener Mensch das Solothurnische langsam annimmt und seinen eigenen Dialekt nach und nach zu verlernen scheint. ...
Die Ressource "Wissen" rückte in den letzten Jahrzehnten als Quelle wissenschaftlicher Innovation immer stärker ins Zentrum des Interesses. Diese Fokussierung mündete in eine Selbstreflexion der Wissenschaft und der wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen: Thematisiert werden vor allem die Art und Weise, wie Wissen gewonnen wird, sowie die damit zusammenhängende Frage nach der Konstruktion von Wissenschaftlichkeit, womit das Bewusstsein gleichzeitig auf die mehr und mehr sich auflösende Abgrenzung zwischen den Disziplinen beziehungsweise zwischen den drei hauptsächlichen Wissenschaftskulturen, von Natur-, Geistes- und Kultur- sowie Sozialwissenschaften gelenkt wird. Innerhalb und außerhalb der Universitäten bildeten und bilden sich nicht immer klar verortbare "trading zones" (Gallison 1997), in denen neue Formen und Techniken der Wissensproduktion und Wissensvermittlung geprüft, geübt und teilweise auch institutionalisiert werden. ...
The source of the data used in this paper are recordings of conversations with a Lithuanian girl, Rūta. Rūta lives in Vilnius and is the only child in the family. Both parents speak standard Lithuanian without dialectal influences. The recordings were taken on a free basis without a fixed schedule, then transcribed by the mother of the child, double-checked and coded in accordance with CHILDES by the author of the paper. At the moment of writing this contribution the data taken between 1;7-2;5 have been fully processed. Over this period about 34.5 hours of recordings were collected.
This article aims to recast the properties of topic-prominent languages and their differences from subject-prominent languages as documented in the functionalist literature into the framework of the Principle-and-Parameter approach. It provides a configurational definition of the topic construction called Topic Phrase (TP), with the topic marker as its head. The availablity of TP enables topic prominent languages to develop various topic structures with properties such as morphological marking; cross-categorial realization of topics and comments; and mutiple application of topicalization. The article elaborates the notion of topic prominence. A topic prominent language is characterized as one that tends to activate the TP and to make full use of the configuration. Typically, it has a larger number and variety of highly grammaticalized topic markers in the Lexicon and permits a variety of syntactic categories to occur in the specifier position and the complement position of TP.
This paper introduces the Kam version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). Kam is a minority language in southern China which belongs to the Kam-Tai language family and is spoken by the Kam ethnic minority people. Adding Kam to MAIN not only enriches the typological diversity of MAIN but also allows researchers to study children’s narrative development in a sociocultural context vastly distinctly different from the frequently examined WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies. Moreover, many Kam-speaking children are bilingual ethnic minority children who are “left-behind” children living in Mainland China, growing up in a unique socio-communicative environment
Social media, asthe fifth estate, increasingly influence public dis-courses and play a major role in shaping public opinion.Undoubt-edly, they have the potential to promote participation and democra-cy. On the other side, they also constitute a risk for democratic soci-eties, as the spread of hate speech and fake news has shown. As aresponse,forms of counterspeech organisedby civil society have emerged in social media to counter the normalisation of hate speech and democracy-threateningdiscourses. In order to influence dis-course in social media in terms of the fifth estate, counterspeech campaigns must be visible alsoquantitatively. In this ethnographic contrastive study, I analysed the activitiesof the German and Finn-ish Facebook groups of the network #iamhere international. The in-tensity and continuity of their activities is obviously influenced by their strategic organisation: conventionalised rules support them whereas lacking or inconsequent rules seemed to be counterpro-ductive.
Although students make a great effort to learn a foreign language, it is an undeniable fact that they have some difficulties of understanding during communication. One of the prominent reasons of this situation is their having lack of vocabulary rather than grammar knowledge. This situation also effects the motivation of students in the process of learning negatively. Especially, words that have morphological similarities, but semantically different ones cause a problem in the process of learning, which can not be overcome without getting help professionally. The morphological similarities of the words lead students fail to understand different meanings of these kinds of words. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to investigate the words which cause difficulties because of the morphological similarities for the students to learn. As the study handles the subject in this concrete perspective, it contributes to the teachers having problems in teaching aforementioned difficult words.
The aim of this article is to compare migration as an intercultural confrontation and translation as a phenomenon creating a "Third Space" for cultural negotiation. In this frame it analyses what role interculturality plays in both areas and how these areas mutually reshape the other.
The study deals with how the deconstructive approaches that have triggered a new understanding in the field influence translation. In this context, the concept of interculturality brought both by translation and migration, should not be considered as a medium for harmonization and assimilation, but as a means of respect to the foreign that challenges the asymmetries and dominance between the powers. In this sense, the study will demonstrate how intercultural migration and translation enabling constructive and productive interaction can function as a dynamic potential for cultures.
Since translation and migration are two major restorative factors for intercultural communication, they create the mobility of people so of cultures which results in a reframing of the obsolete traditional perception of culture that relies on an isolated and homogenous culture model. This communication enables not only a new understanding of the other and a convergence of the cultures involved, but it also promotes a realisation of the self and its borders
Ĉlánek je zasazen do kontextu vyuĉování němĉiny jako cizího jazyka. Zabývá se vztahem mezi deskriptivním, resp. narativním textem a textovou prací zaloţenou na naraci ţáka na straně jedné a emocemi ţáka na straně druhé. Výsledky dosavadních výzkumŧ tohoto vztahu, jeţ vycházejí z posledních konceptŧ narace jako základní existenciální struktury bytí, naznaĉují, ţe narativní text a receptivní i produktivní narativní pracovní postupy ve vyuĉování a uĉení se jazyku indukují specifický potenciál pozitivních emocí a postojŧ ţáka.
Na základě konfrontace běžných pojetí žákovské heterogenity s vybranými filozofickými a pedagogickými pohledy na osobnost žáka a na výchovu k vzájemnosti autorka nejprve požaduje rozšíření pojmu "heterogenita". Dále sestavuje elementární typologii úloh pro dva didaktické postupy využívající žákovskou heterogenitu v jazykovém vyučování a ve výchově k vzájemnosti.
Die Frage danach, wie ein Text konzipiert werden soll, um gut verständlich zu sein und um optimal verstanden zu werden, steht im Zentrum der Monografie von Eva Bajerová. Der intendierte Text ist in diesem Fall ein Fachtext aus dem Bereich der Biologie, und in dem an Faktoren und Aspekten außerordentlich reichen Verständlichkeitsgefüge richtet die Autorin ihr Hauptaugenmerk auf den Stellenwert und die Beschaffenheit der Textstruktur. Doch über diese Fokussierung hinaus bringt das Buch mehr: so zum Beispiel einen breiter und tiefer angelegten Einblick in die Geschichte und die Ergebnisse der neueren Textverständlichkeits-Forschung oder in die facettenreichen Spannungsbereiche der Fachsprachen und der Fachkommunikation.
Exclamative clauses exhibit a structural diversity which raises the question of whether they form a clause type in the sense of Sadock & Zwicky (1985). Based on data from English, Italian, and Paduan, we argue that the class of exclamatives is syntactically characterizable in terms of a pair of abstract syntactic properties. Moreover, we propose that these properties encode two components of meaning which uniquely define the semantics and pragmatics of exclarnatives. Overall, our paper is a contribution to the study of the syntaxlsemantics interface and offers a new perspective on the notion of clause type.
To monitor one's speech means to check the speech plan for errors, both before and after talking. There are several theories as to how this process works. We give a short overview on the most influential theories only to focus on the most widely received one, the Perceptual Loop Theory of monitoring by Levelt (1983). One of the underlying assumptions of this theory is the existence of an Inner Loop, a monitoring device that checks for errors before speech is articulated. This paper collects evidence for the existence of such an internal monitoring device and questions how it might work. Levelt's theory argues that internal monitoring works by means of perception, but there are other empirical findings that allow for the assumption that an Inner Loop could also use our speech production devices. Based on data from both experimental and aphasiological papers we develop a model based on Levelt (1983) which shows that internal monitoring might in fact make use of both perception and production means.
The paper investigates the origins of the German/Dutch particle toch/doch) in the hope of shedding light on a puzzle with respect to doch/toch and to shed some light on two theoretical issues. The puzzle is the nearly opposite meaning of the stressed and unstressed versions of the particle which cannot be accounted for in standard theories of the meaning of stress. One theoretical issue concerns the meaning of stress: whether it is possible to reduce the semantic contribution of a stressed item to the meaning of the item and the meaning of stress. The second issue is whether the complex use of a particle like doch/toch can be seen as an instance of spread or whether it has to be seen as having a core meaning which is differentiated by pragmatics operating in different contexts.
We use the etymology of doch and doch as to+u+h (that+ question marker+ emphatic marker) to argue for an origin as a question tag checking a hearer opinion. Stress on the tag indicates an opposite opinion (of the common ground or the speaker) and this sets apart two groups of uses spreading in different directions. This solves the puzzle, indicates that the assumption of spread is useful and offers a subtle correction of the interpretation of stress. While stress always means contrast with a contrasting item, if the particle use is due to spread, it is not guaranteed that the unstressed particle has a corresponding use (or inversely).
In this paper I argue that the set of formal features that can head a functional projection is not given by UG but derived through L1 acquisition. I formulate a hypothesis that says that initially every functional category F is realised as a semantic feature [F]; whenever there is an overt doubling effect in the L1 input with respect to F, this semantic feature [F] is reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uF]. In the first part of the paper I provide a theoretical motivation for this hypothesis, in the second part I test this proposal for a case-study, namely the cross-linguistic distribution of Negative Concord (NC). I demonstrate that in NC languages negation has been reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uNEG], whereas in Double Negation languages this feature remains a semantic feature [NEG] (always interpreted as a negative operator), thus paving the way for an explanation of NC in terms of syntactic agreement. In the third part I discuss that the application of the hypothesis to the phenomenon of negation yields two predictions that can be tested empirically. First I demonstrate that negative markers X° can be available only in NC languages; second, independent change of the syntactic status of negative markers, can invoke a change with respect to the exhibition of NC in a particular language. Both predictions are proven to be correct. I finally argue what the consequences of the proposal presented in this paper are for both the syntactic structure of the clause and second for the way parameters are associated to lexical items.
Languages cross-linguistically differ with respect to whether they accept or ban True Negative Imperatives (TNIs). In this paper I show that this ban follows from three generally accepted assumptions: (i) the fact that the operator that encodes the illocutionary force of an imperative universally takes scope from C°; (ii) the fact that this operator may not be operated on by a negative operator and (iii) the Head Movement Constraint (an instance of Relativized Minimality). In my paper I argue that languages differ too with respect to both the syntactic status (head/phrasal) and the semantic value (negative/non-negative) of their negative markers. Given these difference across languages and the analysis of TNIs based on the three above mentioned assumptions, two typological generalisations can be predicted: (i) every language with an overt negative marker X° that is semantically negative bans TNIs; and (ii) every language that bans TNIs exhibits an overt negative marker X°. I demonstrate in my paper that both typological predictions are born out.
Our study is concerned with the identification of ‘difficult’ structure s in the acquisition of a foreign language, which will shed light on theoretical considerations of L2 processing. We argue that – compared to simple vocabulary items or abstract syntactic patterns – structures that contain lexical material as well as categorial variables are especially difficult to acquire. The difficulty level for particular patterns is shown to depend on surface invariability but not on the syntactic categories within which target patterns are embedded. As an example we study the distribution of certain structures which are underused by L2 German learners.
In this paper I discuss the properties of particle verbs in light of a proposal about syntactic projection. In section 2 I suggest that projection involves functional structure in two important ways: (i) only functional phrases can be complements, and (ii) lexical heads that take complements and project must be inflected. In section 3, I show that the structure of particle verbs is not uniform with respect to (i) and (ii). On the one hand, a particle always combines with an inflected verb; in this respect, particle verbs look like verb-complement constructions. On the other hand, the particle is not a functional phrase and therefore is not a proper complement, which makes the combination of the particle and the verb look more like a morphologically complex verb. I argue that syntactic rules can in fact interpret the node dominating the particle and the verb as a projection and as a complex head. In section 4, I show that many of the characteristic properties of particle verbs in the Germanic languages follow from the fact that they are structural hybrids.
Cìlem tohoto článku je ukázat, ņe je nutné při jazykovém rozboru středověkého německého textu, chceme-li se alespoņ přiblìņit jeho zvukové podobě, vņdy vycházet přìmo z rukopisu. Normalizovaná edice totiņ často stìrá fonetické zvláńtnosti a namnoze tìm dokonce ztěņuje i porozuměnì. Z analýzy nańeho textu např. jasně výplývajì rozdìy ve fonetické realizaci dvojhlásek ai/ay a ei/ey vzniklých kontrakcì -age- a -ege-, které K. Bartsch ve své edici přepisuje jako ei, a tìm zvyńuje počet homografických slov. Naproti tomu rozlińovánì s (germánské s) a z(z) (germánské t) a restaurace počátečnìho s ve skupině sw- nemá v jazyce rukopisu ņádnou oporu a archaizuje tak neņádoucìm způsobem jazykovou podobu celého textu.
Die Metapher "Zorn ist der Feind, (Kampf) Gegner und Krieg" im Tschechischen und im Deutschen
(2011)
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Versprachlichung von Zorn vorzustellen, wie sie im Wortschatz (der Phraseologie) des heutigen Tschechischen und Deutschen gespeichert sind. Diese vergleichende Untersuchung zur Versprachlichung der Emotion des Zorns im neuen Tschechischen und Deutschen bewegt sich im Rahmen der kognitiven Linguistik. Im Mittelpunkt unserer Aufmerksamkeit steht nur ein eingeschränkter Bereich des Wortschatzes beider Sprachen, und zwar Lexeme, in deren Benennungsstruktur die Emotion des Zorns als Feind, (Kampf)Gegner und Krieg erscheint. Im Wesentlichen handelt es sich also um Metaphern, mit deren Hilfe Benutzer des Tschechischen und Deutschen über Zorn als über eine Emotion, der man hilflos ausgeliefert ist, den Angriff eines Gegners u. ä. nachdenken und reden, was sich in der Sprache widerspiegelt.
Hlavním námětem tohoto příspěvku je srovnání ĉeské a německé slovní zásoby urĉitého významového okruhu, a to slovní zásoby oznaĉující emoce, konkrétně emoci hněvu. Slovní zásoba tohoto sémantického okruhu je poměrně rozsáhlá, proto byla v tomto příspěvku pozornost zaměřena pouze na jeden motivaĉní typ, s nímţ se lze v této oblasti slovní zásoby setkat. Jedná se především o slova a frazémy, u nichţ je patrná motivace tělesnou stránkou ĉlověka. Mnoţství shromáţděného materiálu dokládá, ţe tělesná stránka ĉlověka (zvláště fyziologické reakce a příznaky nemocí) představuje dŧleţité motivaĉní východisko, z něhoţ vycházejí lexémy vztahující se k emoci hněvu jak v ĉeštině, tak v němĉině. Při zpracování materiálu oznaĉujícího emoce vyvstává někdy problém s přiřazením některých lexikálních jednotek k urĉité motivaĉní skupině. Toto přiřazení mŧţe být někdy subjektivní, a velmi tedy záleţí na jazykovém citu toho, kdo materiál zpracovává. Další problém spoĉívá i v samotném vymezení urĉitého typu emoce, které nemusí být vţdy zcela jednoznaĉné. Proto byly do příspěvku zařazeny I lexémy, které mají k sémantickému poli hněvu velmi blízko.
This paper investigates how syntax and focus interact in deriving the phonological phrasing of utterances in Xhosa, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Although the influence of syntax on phrasing is uncontroversial, a purely syntactic analysis cannot account for all the data reported for Xhosa by Jokweni (1995). Focus influences the phrasing in that it inserts a phonological phrase-boundary after the focused constituent. This generalization can account for the variation found in the phrasing of adverbials.
The findings are dealt with in an OT-based framework following Truckenbrodt's work on Chichewa (1995, 1999) which is extended to the phrasing of adjuncts.
Questions in Northern Sotho
(2006)
This article gives an overview of the marking of polar and constituent questions in Northern Sotho, a Bantu language of South Africa. It thereby provides a contribution to the typological investigation of sentence types in the world’s languages. As will be shown, Northern Sotho follows cross-linguistic tendencies in marking interrogative sentences: It uses intonation as main indicator in polar questions and question words as main indicator in constituent questions. Nevertheless, it also shows interesting language-specific variation, e.g. with respect to the location of raised intonation in polar questions, the presence of two pragmatically distinct question particles in polar questions, or a split in the formation of constituent questions based on the grammatical function of the questioned constituent.
Die Hauptthese dieser Dissertation ist, dass Nord-Sotho keinen obligatorischen Gebrauch von grammatischen Mitteln zur Markierung von Fokus macht, weder in der Syntax noch in der Prosodie oder Morphologie. Trotzdem strukturiert diese Sprache eine Äußerung nach informationsstrukturellen Aspekten. Konstituenten, die im Diskurs gegeben sind, werden entweder getilgt, pronominalisiert oder an den rechten oder linken Satzrand versetzt. Diese (morpho-)syntaktischen Prozesse wirken so zusammen, dass die fokussierte Konstituente oft final in ihrem Teilsatz erscheint. Obwohl die finale Position keine designierte Fokusposition ist, ist das Wissen um diese Tendenz doch entscheidend für das Verständnis einer morphologischen Alternation, die in Nord-Sotho am Verb erscheint und die in der Literatur im Zusammenhang mit Fokus diskutiert wurde.
Obwohl also ein direkter grammatischer Ausdruck von formaler F(okus)-Markierung im Nord-Sotho fehlt, ist F-Markierung trotzdem entscheidend für die Grammatik dieser Sprache: Fokussierte logische Subjekte können nicht in kanonischer präverbaler Position erscheinen. Sie erscheinen stattdessen entweder postverbal oder in einem Spaltsatz, abhängig von der Valenz des Verbs. Obwohl Nord-Sotho bei Objekten im Gebrauch von Spaltsätzen eine Korrespondenz von komplexer Form mit komplexer Bedeutung zeigt, gilt diese Korrespondenz nicht für logische Subjekte.
Die vorliegende Dissertation modelliert die oben genannten Ergebnisse im theoretischen Rahmen der Optimalitätstheorie (OT). Syntaktischer in situ Fokus und die Abwesenheit von prosodischer Fokusmarkierung können mit unkontroversen Beschränkungen erfasst werden. Für die Ungrammatikaliät fokussierter logischer Subjekte in präverbaler Position schlägt die vorliegende Arbeit die Modifizierung einer in der Literatur vorhandenen Beschränkung vor, die in Nord-Sotho von entscheidener Bedeutung ist. Die Form-Bedeutungs-Korrespondenz wird, wie andere Phänomene pragmatischer Arbeitsteilung auch, innerhalb der schwach bidirektionalen Optimalitätstheorie behandelt.
The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
'Enough'-/'too'-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g., "Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday" entails Mary left early yesterday. I argue that this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of 'enough'/'too', but due to its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as "Mary left early yesterday because she was clever enough"). I analyze 'enough' and 'too' simply as degree modifiers that involve a comparison: 'enough' means reaching the lower bound of an interval, while 'too' means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Baglini and Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causal dependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructions is episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective) true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicate of sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languages that overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).
This paper argues for non-primary c- and s-selectional restrictions of verbs in computing nonprimary predicatives such as resultatives, depictives, and manners. Our discussion is based both on the selection violations in the presence of nonprimary predicates and on the cross-linguistic and language-internal variations of categorial and semantic constraints on nonprimary predicates. We claim that all types of thematic predication are represented by an extended projection, and that the merger of lexical heads with another element, regardless of the type of the element, consistently has c- and s-selectional restrictions.
In this paper I firstly argue that secondary predicates are complement of v, and v is overtly realized by Merge or Move in secondary predication in Chinese. The former option derives the de-construction, whereas the latter option derives the V-V construction. Secondly, I argue that resultatives are hosted by complement vPs, whereas depictives are hosted by adjunct vPs. This complement-adjunct asymmetry accounts for a series of syntactic properties of secondary predication in Chinese: the position of a secondary predicate with respect to the verb of the primary predicate, the co-occurrence patterns of secondary predicates, the hierarchy of depictives, the control and ECM properties of resultative constructions, and the locality constraint on the integration of secondary predicates into the structure of primary predication. Thirdly, I argue that the surface position of de is derived by a PF operation which attaches de to the right of the leftmost verbal lexical head of the construction. Finally, I argue that in the V-V resultative construction, the assumed successive head-raising may account for the possible subject-oriented reading of the resultative predicate, and that the head raising out of the lower vP accounts for the possible non-specific reading of the subject of the resultative predicate.
This paper investigates syntactic properties of verbless constructions in Chinese. Verbless constructions differ from constructions with overt verbs in three major respects. First, there is a VP-internal nominal raising in Chinese, which is optional if an overt verb shows up, and obligatory if there is no overt verb. Second, while an overt verb can select various kinds of argument, the internal argument of a verbless construction cannot be indefinite. Third, there are two types of object depictive secondary predication constructions, and only one of them allows for a null verb.
Standardisierung ist der bedeutendste Ansatz zu Qualitätssteigerung und Kostensenkung in der Technischen Dokumentation. Es gibt eine Reihe von Standardisierungsansätzen: Modularisierung, Informationsstrukturen, Terminologie, Sprachstrukturen. Dennoch werden diese Ebenen meist getrennt voneinander beschrieben. Wir untersuchen, wie Standardisierungen im Informationsmodell, in der Terminologie und in den sprachlichen Strukturen verknüpft werden und miteinander interagieren.
Wird man als Linguistin - und zwar ausdrücklich in dieser Funktion und nicht in der auch möglichen Rolle als Fotografin oder Bildwissenschaftlerin - dazu eingeladen, über die Documenta zu berichten, so ist man positiv überrascht. Man freut sich, weil man als Vertreter/in einer die Sprache untersuchenden und vermittelnden Disziplin verschiedentlich Vorbehalten seitens Fachfremder begegnet. Diesen zufolge wird Sprachwissenschaft - wenn sie überhaupt in interdisziplinäre Zusammenhänge eingebunden wird - eher bei den Naturwissenschaften als bei den Geisteswissenschaften geortet. Ihre Tätigkeitsfelder lokalisiert man in („unschöpferischen") Bereichen wie »Wissenschaft über Sprachtherapie bis hin zur Entwicklung automatischer Sprachverarbeitungssysteme«[3]. Dass Linguisten tatsächlich erfolgreich und anwendungsorientiert an formal-eindeutigen, programmierbaren Sprachen forschen und den Kompetenzerwerb normgerechten Sprachgebrauchs fördern, ist die eine Seite. Die andere Seite ist, pauschalisierend formuliert, dass genau deswegen künstlerisch-kreative Kreise Linguisten häufig unter „Strukturalismus-Verdacht" stellen. Assoziiert mit der Annahme grundsätzlich möglicher Zerlegbarkeit, Klassifizierbarkeit, Systematisierbarkeit von Welt distanziert uns die Zuschreibung zum strukturalen Denken von den aktuellen interdisziplinär-kulturtheoretischen Diskussionen, in denen eben diese Schlagwörter als Reizwörter einen hohen Provokationswert haben.
In der Abteilung Grammatik des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, wird derzeit ein neues Projekt entwickelt, und zwar das einer Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Vergleich (GDE). Dieses Projekt fügt sich ein in die kontrastive Tradition des IDS, ist jedoch andererseits auch in vieler Hinsicht innovativ. Bevor ich das Projekt im Einzelnen vorstelle, versuche ich den Bogen zurück zu den kontrastiven Grammatiken zu schlagen. Gerade die Leserschaft polnischer Germanisten braucht an die Tradition kontrastiver Grammatikschreibung sicher nicht eigens erinnert zu werden. Denn diese Tradition, die untrennbar mit dem Namen Ulrich Engel verknüpft ist, ist gerade erst in der neu erschienenen deutsch-polnischen kontrastiven Grammatik kulminiert. Im Bereich der kontrastiven Grammatiken zu Sprachenpaaren, von denen das Deutsche ein Element ist, verfügt das IDS also über eine vergleichsweise reiche Tradition. Am IDS oder in Kooperation mit dem IDS wurden kontrastive Grammatiken zu den Sprachenpaaren Deutsch – Französisch (Zemb 1978), Deutsch – Serbokroatisch , Deutsch – Spanisch (Cartegena/Gauger 1989), Deutsch – Rumänisch (Engel u.a. 1993) erarbeitet. Zum Sprachenpaar Englisch – Deutsch liegt mit Hawkins 1986 eine typologisch-vergleichende Grammatik vor. Die deutsch-polnische kontrastive Grammatik, die unter der Leitung von Ulrich Engel erarbeitet wurde, ist 1999 erscheinen. Abraham 1994 und Glinz 1994 konfrontieren das Deutsche, mit durchaus unterschiedlicher Akzentsetzung, mit mehreren anderen europäischen Sprachen. An der Berliner Humboldt-Universität laufen derzeit die Vorarbeiten zu einer deutsch-russischen kontrastiven Grammatik (Initiative Wolfgang Gladrow und Michail Kotin). Die Aufgabe einer 'Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Kontext' ist also hinlänglich vorbereitet.
Reduction and deletion processes occur regularly in conversational speech. A segment that is affected by such reduction and deletion processes in many Germanic languages (e.g., Dutch, English, German) is /t/. There are similarities concerning the factors that influence the likelihood of final /t/ to get deleted, such as segmental context. However, speakers of different languages differ with respect to the acoustic cues they leave in the speech signal when they delete final /t/. German speakers usually lengthen a preceding /s/ when they delete final /t/. This article investigates to what extent German listeners are able to reconstruct /t/ when they are presented with fragments of words where final /t/ has been deleted. It aims also at investigating whether the strategies that are used by German depend on the length of /s/, and therefore whether listeners are using language-specific cues. Results of a forced-choice segment detection task suggest that listeners are able to reconstruct deleted final /t/ in about 45% of the times. The length of /s/ plays some role in the reconstruction, however, it does not explain the behavior of German listeners completely.
The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts.
Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure. It is argued that participles II have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. As for the potential of participles to function as modifiers, it is shown that attributive and adverbial participle constructions involve further operations of conversion. Participle constructions are considered as reduced sentences. They do not have a syntactic position for the subject, for an operator (comparable to the relative pronoun in relative clauses) or for an adverbial relator (as in adverbial clauses). The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure.
Two templates serve the composition of modifiers - including participle constructions - with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modification which unifies two predicates relating to participants or to situations and frame setting modification where the modifier is given the status of a propositional operator.
The proposed analysis shows that the high degree of semantic underspecification and interpretative flexibility of German participle II constructions resides in the indeterminacy of participles II with respect to voice and perfect, in the absence of certain constituents in the syntactic structure and in the presence of corresponding parameters in the Semantic Form of the participle phrases.
This contribution concerns the interaction of morphology, syntax and semantics. It treats German past participles and concentrates on their function as heads in attributive and adverbial modifier phrases. It is argued that participles have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. Since these three operations involve changes in the morphosyntactic categorization they are considered as zero affixation. Two affixless templates – without any categorical changes – convert participle constructions to modifiers relating to participants or to situations. These phrases do not have a syntactic position for the grammatical subject, an operator or an adverbial relator. The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure. Two further templates serve the composition of participle constructions as modifiers with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modifiers which function as predicates and those which have the status of a propositional operator. In syntax, these different semantic functions correspond to different adjunct positions of the respective participle phrases.
Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the present study concentrates on process nominalizations of Russian. It is shown how these constructions are built up syntactically and semantically and in which respects they differ from other types of nominalizations. The analysis follows a lexicalist conception of word formation and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure.
Contrastive focus
(2007)
The article puts forward a discourse-pragmatic approach to the notoriously evasive phenomena of contrastivity and emphasis. It is argued that occurrences of focus that are treated in terms of "contrastive focus", "kontrast" (Vallduví & Vilkuna 1998) or "identificational focus" (É. Kiss 1998) in the literature should not be analyzed in familiar semantic terms like introduction of alternatives or exhaustivity. Rather, an adequate analysis must take into account discourse-pragmatic notions like hearer expectation or discourse expectability of the focused content in a given discourse situation. The less expected a given content is judged to be for the hearer, relative to the Common Ground, the more likely a speaker is to mark this content by means of special grammatical devices, giving rise to emphasis.
This article analyses the German discourse particle wohl 'I suppose', 'presumably' as a syntactic and semantic modifier of the sentence types declarative and interrogative. It is shown that wohl does not contribute to the propositional, i.e. descriptive content of an utterance. Nor does it trigger an implicature. The proposed analysis captures the semantic behaviour of wohl by assuming that it moves to SpecForceP at LF, from where it can modify the sentence type operators in Force0 in compositional fashion. Semantically, a modification with wohl results in a weaker commitment to the proposition expressed in declaratives and in a request for a weaker commitment concerning the questioned proposition in interrogatives. Cross-linguistic evidence for a left-peripheral position of wohl (at LF) comes from languages in which the counterpart of wohl occurs in the clausal periphery overtly. Overall, the analysis sheds more light on the semantic properties of the left periphery, in particular of the functional projection ForceP.
The paper investigates the interaction of focus and adverbial quantification in Hausa, a Chadic tone language spoken in West Africa. The discussion focuses on similarities and differences between intonation and tone languages concerning the way in which adverbial quantifiers (AQs) and focus particles (FPs) associate with focus constituents. It is shown that the association of AQs with focused elements does not differ fundamentally in intonation and tone languages such as Hausa, despite the fact that focus marking in Hausa works quite differently. This may hint at the existence of a universal mechanism behind the interpretation of adverbial quantifiers across languages. From a theoretical perspective, the Hausa data can be taken as evidence in favour of pragmatic approaches to the focus-sensitivity of AQs, such as e.g. Beaver & Clark (2003).
Several phenomena associated with the differences in the performance of novice interpreters and semi-professionals have been discussed in the paper. Particular emphasis was placed on the occurrence of imported cognitive load which strongly influenced the performance of the subjects also in places where no intrinsic difficulty had been detected. Nevertheless, too little evidence was provided to establish a more detailed pattern of imported cognitive load, which was due to the limited number of participants in the study. It would be possible to obtain more detailed data and comments from the participants by means of interviews conducted individually with the participants. It would allow asking detailed questions to the participants, which might be a more reliable method than the immediate retrospective accounts. Moreover, in the present study such variables as gender differences, age differences and the possible influence of other foreign languages were not taken into account. Perhaps these variables might shed some light on the issue of the management of cognitive resources. Also, the corpus gathered for the present study may be used for the investigation of other aspects of the SI performance.
The article provides an insight into the Czech translations of the lecture 'Weihnachtsgeheimnis' by Edith Stein (1891-1942), which were published in 1991 and 2003. The analysis of the translations is based on Skopos theory, the ideas of Christiane Nord and hermeneutic approaches; the author points out the specific features and demands of translating religious texts.
Pokazatelji brojivosti
(2007)
U radu se ukratko prikazuje Klaićev opis bizovačkoga govora i podjela donjopodravskih govora na dva međusobno ponešto različita tipa: valpovački akcenatski tip govora – okolica Bizovca do Donjega Miholjca – i šaptinovački akcenatski tip – od Donjega Miholjca prema Virovitici. Obilježja bizovačkoga govora uspoređuju se s govorom Podravskih Podgajaca.
This paper addresses the question of how to account for the semantic variability of weak free adjuncts. Weak free adjuncts are non-clausal adjuncts that associate with an argument of the main predicate, contribute propositional content, and can interact with temporal or modal operators, which leads to different, adverbial-clause-like interpretations. I focus on a specific type of weak adjuncts, non-clausal as-phrases, and propose a unified semantic analysis for the full range of interpretational possibilities that takes into account the interpretational contingency on different syntactic positions. I show that this analysis improves on Stump’s (1985) original analysis of weak adjuncts. I then go on to discuss the limitations of both Stump’s account and the unified account. Both accounts fail to capture that the interaction of weak adjuncts with modal operators underlies certain restrictions on the properties of the modal operators—an observation that has not been discussed in the literature so far.
Croatian negative indefinite expressions, or the so-called ni-words, are complex forms made by adding the prefix ni- to simple forms of indefinite pronouns. The Croatian standard norm prescribes that in prepositional phrases involving negative idefinite pronouns (the so-called ni-pronouns), the negative element ni should be separated from the pronoun and put in front of the preposition. However, in everyday communication one may often notice the use of the word order P + negative indefinite pronoun, and this word order has also made its way into newspapers and other media. This paper attempts to determine whether there is a significant difference in meaning between the order ni + P + indefinite pronoun and the order P + negative indefinite pronoun to account for such a change in language. We also analyze the frequency of use of these two different word orders in the Croatian National Corpus, examining eleven most frequent prepositions and six simple indefinite pronouns.
This paper revisits the question of whether propositions in situation semantics must be persistent (Kratzer (1989)). It shows that ignoring persistence causes empirical problems to theories which use quantification over minimal situations as a solution for donkey anaphora (Elbourne (2005)), while at the same time modifying these theories to incorporate persistence makes them incompatible with the use of situations for contextual restriction (Kratzer (2004)).
Valenz ist eine Zeitbombe, die im Lexikon deponiert ist und in der Grammatik detoniert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Grundlegung einer neuen Valenztheorie, der die Aufgabe zukommt, diese Bombe so empfindlich zu konstruieren, daß sie nicht mehr entschärft werden kann. Dabei möchte ich gleich am Anfang betonen, daß die Valenztheorie – genau und nur im Sinne der obigen Metapher – eine grammatische Teiltheorie darstellt, die nicht an ein bestimmtes Grammatikmodell gebunden ist. Zwar ist die Valenztheorie m enger Verbindung mit der Dependenzgrammatik entstanden, Valenztheorie und Dependenzgrammatik haben jedoch klar unterschiedliche Gegenstände. Auf die Bestimmung dieser Gegenstände komme ich am Ende meiner Erörterungen zu sprechen (vgl. 5.). Es soll von folgenden Arbeitsdefinitionen ausgegangen werden: (I) Valenzpotenz (kurz: Valenz) ist die Potenz relationaler Lexemwörter (Lexemwort' im Sinne von Coseriu), die zu realisierende grammatische Struktur zu prädeterminieren (vgl. auch Welke 1993; zur Relationalität vgl. Lehmann 1992:437f.). Aus dieser Arbeitsdefinition folgt, (a) daß Valenz für einen Teil der grammatischen Realisierung verantwortlich ist, aber auch (b) daß Valenz bei weitem nicht für alles in der grammatischen Realisierung verantwortlich ist. Eine ganze Reihe von morphologischen, syntaktischen, semantischen und konzeptuellen Prozessen wIe z.B. Derivation (verbale Präfixbildung), Konjugationstyp, syntaktische Konversion, Serialisierung, Graduierungen der Transitivität, Determinierung, Fokussierung usw. interagiert mit der Valenz, sobald diese eine grammatische Struktur mitzuerzeugen hat (vgl. auch 3.6).
Predication at the interface
(2001)
We try to show that predication plays a greater role in syntax than commonly assumed. Specifically, we wil argue that predication to a large extent determines both the phrase structure of clauses and trigger syntactic processes that take place in clauses. If we are on the right path, this implies that syntax is basically semantically driven, given that predication is semantically construed.
Die Sprechfertigkeit ist ein Phänomen, das in fremdsprachlichen Lehr- und Lernprozessen sowohl al Mittel (Vermittlungssprache des Lehrenden) als auch als Zielfertigkeit (die es zu erreichen gilt) an Bedeutung gewinnt. Die Sprechfertigkeit, die zu den sprachlichen Fertigkeiten gehört, ist eine schwer zu entwickelnde Fähigkeit, deren Förderung im Unterricht psychologische und kognitive Mühe erfordert. In dieser Arbeit wird betont, dass es möglich ist, die Sprechfertigkeit im universitären Kontext im Rahmen der Deutschlehrerausbildung "so natürlich wie möglich, so künstlich wie nötig!" zu entwickeln; dies berücksichtigend wurde mit Beispielen erwähnt, dass das Rollenspiel und die Dramatisierungstechniken auf die Förderung der Sprechfertigkeit positiv einwirken. Diese Techniken tragen besonders dazu bei, dass der angehende Deutschlehrer einerseits seine eigene Sprechfertigkeit erweitert und andererseits methodisch-didaktische Vorbildimpulse bekommt, die er in seiner beruflichen Laufbahn als Lehrtechnik effektiv anwenden kann.
Im Jahre 1864 haben die Türken angefangen, die deutsche Sprache in den Schulen zu erteilen, nach der Ausrufung der Republik Türkei in 1923 wurde Deutsch als Fremdsprache außerhalb von Ankara, Istanbul und Izmir auch in den Provinzstädten Kastamonu und Sivas als Fachunterricht eingeführt. In der Universität Istanbul wurde im Jahre 1933 durch Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers Einwanderer aus Deutschland die Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Philosophischen Fakultät eröffnet. Die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei sind von großer Bedeutung und haben Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Deutschen als Fremdsprache in den Lehrplänen. Seit dem Studienjahr 2001-2002 nimmt das Deutsche als zweites Pflichtfach in den Gymnasien seinen Platz ein. Der Fernunterricht geht seit 1728 kontinuierlich weiter und die Bürger in den Entwicklungsländern profitieren von den Vorteilen des Fernunterrichts. in der Geschichte geht der Fernunterricht in der Türkei zurück bis 1927. In diesem Artikel werden die Möglichkeiten für das Lernen des Deutschen als Fremdsprache durch Fernunterricht erklärt.
Bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu Almanca hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin yazılı anlatımlarında yaptıkları yanlışların kaynaklarının yanlış çözümlemesi yöntemi uygulanarak tespit edilmesi ve böylece yazma eğitiminde iyileştirici uygulamaların belirlenmesi amacını taşıyan betimsel bir çalışmadır.
Bu çalışmada öğrencilerden iki öğretim yılı boyunca yazma dersinde belirli zaman aralıklarıyla yazılı dilde veriler alınmış, alınan bu veriler belirli başlıklar altında sınıflandırılıp yorumlanmıştır. Bu veriler toplanırken veya yıl boyunca devam eden yabancı dil öğrenme süresince ders işleme tekniği ve materyal bakımından araştırmacıların herhangi bir müdahalesi olmamıştır. Alınan verilerin hepsi öğrencinin kendi dil bilgisini yansıtmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS İstatiksel Analiz Programı ile değerlendirilerek, bulguların yüzdelik oranları ve yorumlanması yapılmıştır.
Elde edilen verilerin sonuçlarına göre, yanlışların genellikle ana dilden yapılan yanlış aktarımlardan kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle kaynağı kesin belli olan problemli noktaların yanlış çözümlemesi yoluyla çözümlenmesiyle tamamlayıcı öğretim ile iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Rezension zu Serap Devran: Kommunikation, Sprache und soziales Milieu in den Dramen Heimarbeit und Mensch Meier von F. X. Kroetz. Eine soziolinguistische und literaturwissenschaftliche Arbeit. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache – amades, 2013
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags besteht darin, am Beispiel der türkischen Germanistikstudenten an der Ege Universität die Merkmale und Entwicklung der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit als eine Teilkompetenz der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Abschnitte: Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der ausführlichen Beschreibung der Gesprächskompetenz als fremdsprachliche Kompetenz im Deutschen als Fremdsprache, der Bewertung der fremdsprachlichen Gesprächskompetenz als sprachproduktive Leistung und der Vorstellung von Subkategorien der pragmatisch-diskursiven Fähigkeit anhand der Beispiele aus dem Arbeitskorpus. Im zweiten Teil wird das Untersuchungsdesign und die Analyseergebnisse ausführlich dargestellt.
Language planning for the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland has featured prominently in international language policy and planning literature over the years. Researchers in the field may not be up to date, however, with recent developments in the area of Irish language planning and their impact on the language ecology. This monograph describes the language planning situation in the Republic of Ireland in its historical and social contexts as well as delineating language policy and planning for the Irish language implemented over the past number of years, showing developments in education, community, media, religion and local politics.
Önümüzdeki çalışma, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası adlı çalışmada yer alan bilgiler ışığında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşundan 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve/ veya Türkiye’de yayımlanmış Alman edebi eserlerini raporlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle, Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kaynak kitabında da belirtildiği gibi çeşitli basılı ve elektronik kaynaklar (http://www.toplukatalog.gov.tr; https://kasif.mkutup.gov.tr ve http://koha.ekutuphane.gov.tr) taranarak bir veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Önümüzdeki çalışmada bu bilgilerden yola çıkılarak aşağıdaki soruların yanıtları aranmıştır: 1. Yıllara göre Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler belirlendiğinde karşımıza nasıl bir tablo çıkacaktır? 2. Her edebi türden toplam kaç kitap yayımlanmıştır? 3. En çok hangi yazarların eserleri Türkçeye çevrilmiştir? 4. Almancadan Türkçeye çevrilen eserler en çok hangi yayınevi tarafından basılmıştır? 5. En çok hangi çevirmenler Almancadan Türkçeye eserler kazandırmıştır? Bu soruların yanıtlarına istinaden niceliksel değerlere dayanan grafikler hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra ise hazırlanan bu grafikler niteliksel olarak değerlendirilerek eserler Türkçeye çevrilirken hangi ölçütlerin esas alındığı, çeviri tercihlerinin- dönemine veya çevirmenine göre- nasıl yapıldığı tartışılmaktadır.
Wie bekannt, besitzt neben der literarischen Übersetzung auch die fachsprachliche Übertragung einen wichtigen Platz in der übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Forschung. In Rahmen des Themas Übersetzung und Bearbeitung soll in diesem Beitrag festgestellt werden, welche satzstrukturelle Abwandlungen das neue Strafgesetzbuch der Türkei (YTCK) vollzogen hat.
Çeviri faaliyeti, 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nin batılılaşması ve modernleşmesinde önemli bir yere sahipti. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çeviri eylemi, Osmanlı döneminde aydınlanma çağındaki fikirlerin yayılması ile birlikte siyasal ve bilimsel fikirlerin yerleşmesinde de çok etkili olmuştur. Bu durum Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluş yıllarında da devam etmiştir. Bu çeviri faaliyetini gerçekleştiren "gizli kahramanlar", yani çevirmenler, Türk diline ve edebiyatına yaptıkları katkılara nazaran pek tanınmazlar ve bilinmezler. Peki, bu çevirmenler kimlerdi? Kimlerin eserleri hangi dilden ve ne zaman çevrilip, hangi yayınevleri tarafından yayımlanmıştır? Türkçe Çevirmenler Sözlüğü'nde Türk edebiyatına katkıda bulunan ve Türk edebiyatının çeviri yoluyla zenginleşmesinde katkı sağlayan çevirmenlerin listelerini oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Ege Üniversitesi ile Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi Germersheim-Mainz (Almanya) mütercim tercümanlık bölümlerinin ortak yürüttükleri GIP (Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft) projesi bağlamında Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kitap çalışması fikri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzun bir yöntem arayışından sonra başta Ege Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi ve Milli Kütüphane kayıtlarını barındıran ve T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü ve TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM'in Ulusal Toplu Katalog veri tabanından yararlanılarak yabancı dilden Türkçeye aktarılan eserler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye aktarılan dil ve edebiyatların nesir, nazım ve tiyatro gibi edebi türlerine göre çevirileri incelenmiştir. Toplam 18.741 eser ve 6.006 çevirmen kaydına ulaşılmıştır.
Türkiye ile Almanya arasında siyasi, ekonomik, bilimsel, ticari, kültürel ve daha birçok alanda yoğun bir işbirliği söz konusudur. Ayrıca Almanya’da yaklaşık üç milyon Türkiye vatandaşı yaşamakta ve Türkiye'ye uzun yıllardır en fazla yabancı turist Almanya'dan gelmektedir. Bütün bu nedenlerden dolayı Almanca konuşabilmek Türkiye'de farklı sektörlerden birçok iş kolunda çalışanlarda aranan bir nitelik haline gelmiştir. Turizm bu sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Turizm çalışanlarının ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda kurslarda, ilgili fakülte ve yüksekokullarda mesleki Almanca dersleri verilmektedir. Mesleki Almanca öğretimi için bilinen dil öğretim yöntemleri kullanılmakla birlikte, ilgili meslek kolunun gerektirdiği dilsel beceriler göz ününde bulundurularak farklı yöntem ve tekniklerden de yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada turizm mesleki dili tanımlanıp, örneklerle açıklanmış ve yabancı dil öğretim yöntemlerinin özellikleri açıklanarak, turizm için mesleki Almanca bilgi ve becerilerini kazandırmadaki yeterliliği üzerine bir tartışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada herhangi bir örneklem grubu üzerinde deney veya gözlem yapılmaksızın, konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri dikkate alınmıştır.
Çeviri yaparken her iki dile, kültüre yeterince hâkim olmamak bir dizi çeviri hatalarına yol açabilir. Bu noktada kaynak ve erek dilde yeterli kelime hazinesine sahip olmanın yanı sıra kelimelerin kullanım alanlarını, kurallarını, edim bilimsel etkilerini, sözdizimsel kuralları vs. de iyi bilmek gerekir. Humboldt ve Saussure'ün dil hakkındaki düşüncelerinden etkilenen Trier'in ortaya attığı sözlüksel alan teorisinin metin anlama ve anlatma edinci kapsamında etkilerinin neler olabileceği ve çeviribilimin sözlüksel alan teorisinden nasıl yararlanabileceği konusu irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Trier'e (1973:5) göre bir sözcüğün anlaşılabilmesi için, sözlüksel alanın tamamının bilinmesi gerekir ve ancak sözlüksel alana hâkim isek o sözcüğü doğru anlayabiliriz. Anlam sadece ve sadece sözlüksel alan sayesinde vardır. Sözlüksel alan yoksa anlam da yoktur. Anlatılmak istenen düşünceye veya olguya dair bir kelimenin belli bir dilde bulunmaması bu düşüncenin veya olgunun o dilde olmadığı anlamına gelmez. Hayata dair genel kültür bilgimize ve tecrübelerimize dayanarak bu yeni kavramı anlayabiliriz.
Çeviri yaparken her iki dile, kültüre yeterince hâkim olmamak bir dizi çeviri hatalarına yol açabilir. Bu noktada kaynak ve erek dilde yeterli kelime hazinesine sahip olmanın yanı sıra kelimelerin kullanım alanlarını, kurallarını, edim bilimsel etkilerini, sözdizimsel kuralları vs. de iyi bilmek gerekir. Humboldt ve Saussure’ün dil hakkındaki düşüncelerinden etkilenen Trier’in ortaya attığı sözlüksel alan teorisinin metin anlama ve anlatma edinci kapsamında etkilerinin neler olabileceği ve çeviribilimin sözlüksel alan teorisinden nasıl yararlanabileceği konusu irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Trier’e (1973:5) göre bir sözcüğün anlaşılabilmesi için, sözlüksel alanın tamamının bilinmesi
gerekir ve ancak sözlüksel alana hâkim isek o sözcüğü doğru anlayabiliriz. Anlam sadece ve sadece sözlüksel alan sayesinde vardır. Sözlüksel alan yoksa anlam da yoktur. Anlatılmak istenen düşünceye veya olguya dair bir kelimenin belli bir dilde bulunmaması bu düşüncenin veya olgunun o dilde olmadığı anlamına gelmez. Hayata dair genel kültür bilgimize ve tecrübelerimize dayanarak bu yeni kavramı
anlayabiliriz.
Surrounding globalism , due to digital connections, is felt in all the fields of our life. Globalism causes changes in local conditions. However, there are also local realities and peope live with local conditions. As a result of this, according to R. Robertsson emerge “globalocalisation”. How is a language influenced from this “globalocalisation” process? This study trys to research with samples the changes in language as a consequence of globalocal interactions.
Dil öğretiminde geleneksel öğretmen merkezli ve dilbilgisi ağırlıklı metotlardan gitgide uzaklaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada işitsel ve görsel araçlardan biri olarak tiyatronun ders dışı sosyal aktivite olarak kullanımı ve öğrenimi hızlandırıcı etkisi incelenmiştir.
Bu amaç ile Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu tarafından Türkiye Burslusu 43 farklı ülkeden 70 öğrenciye (Tablo1) 30 Eylül 2013-27 Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında verilen Türkçe eğitimi programı kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilere 960 saat Türkçe eğitimi verilmesinin yanı sıra haftada 2 saatten az olmamak üzere sosyal aktivite adı altında ek çalışmalara (koro, dans, tiyatro vs.) yönlendirilmişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada, hedef dilin öğretilmesinde tiyatro tekniğinin/ çalışmalarının öğrencinin hedef dildeki performansına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma sonunda; Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe'nin Öğretilmesi (YDT) konusunda Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu bünyesinde ders dışında ‒ sosyal etkinlik olarak ‒ uygulanmakta olan Tiyatro Çalışmalarının öğrencilerin dil edinme performanslarına etkisinin olumlu olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla beraber, üç alt bulgu da tespit edilmiştir: Konuşma becerisi açısından bakıldığında tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın olduğu sınav sonuçlarının analizi ile ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, Yeterlik sınav sonucu değerlendirildiğinde tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılığın da tespiti yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, "Motivasyon açısından bakıldığında, tiyatro çalışmalarını takip eden öğrenciler ile bu çalışmalara katılmayan öğrencilerin sınav sonuçları arasında belirli bir farklılık var mıdır?" alt hipotezi de tiyatro çalışmalarının öğrenci motivasyonunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.
Bu bağlamda, her hafta hazırlanan öğrenci gelişim raporu ile öğrencinin dil gelişimi, motivasyonu ve öğrencinin ilgi alanları (müzik, dans, drama vs.) danışman öğretim elemanları tarafından değerlendirilmesi uygulamalarına gelecek akademik yıllarda da devam edilmesi kurumca kararlaştırılmıştır.
Türk üniversitelerindeki Alman dili ve edebiyatı bölümleri bir süredir kriz içinde. Zira ülkemizde Alman dili ve edebiyatı bölümü mezunlarının iş arama ve bulmada yaşadıkları maddi ve manevi sıkıntılar, üniversiteye girme aşamasındaki Almanca bilen gençlerimizin bu bölümlere olan ilgilerinin giderek azalmasına, mezun olduktan sonra kendilerine daha iyi olanak sunacak farklı bölümlere girmeyi tercih etmelerine neden olmaktadır. Ülkemizde üniversiteye girecek olan öğrencilerin Alman dili ve edebiyatı bölümlerinden aldıkları diplomaları ile ulusal ve uluslararası alanlarda arzu edilen şartlarda iş bulabilmeleri için Alman dili ve edebiyatı bölümlerinin programları yeniden gözden geçirilmektedir. Bu yazıda da Alman dili ve edebiyatı bölümlerinin konumu, bu bölümlerde okuyan öğrencilerimizin sorunları, nedenleri ve bu sorunların üstesinden gelmek için önerilen düşünceler tartışılacaktır.
„Football“, „soccer“ in British terms, is the most famous sport of the world. The history of the football goes back to the ancient times. In this article, the football terms used in Germany and Turkey are handled together with the historical development of football. Various differences and similarities between these terms and their features are also demonstrated.
Rezension zu Rainer E. Wicke: Zwischendurch mal... Gedichte. Deutsch als Fremdsprache Niveau A1-C1. Ismaning: Hueber, 2012. ISBN 978-3-19-351002-0.
Bilježenje palatalnih konsonanata najviše je problema izazivalo u slavenskih naroda koji su nastojali prilagoditi osnovnu latinicu fonemima svojih jezika. U ovom se radu promatraju bilježenja palatala u pisaca zadarsko-šibenskoga kruga, i to u vremenu od 14. do 17. stoljeća. U toj su regiji nastali prvi hrvatski tekstovi pisani latinicom. Cilj rada jest ustvrditi kako su pojedini autori latinicom zapisali sporne foneme hrvatskoga (čakavskoga) jezika, koje su razlike i istosti njihovih grafijskih rješenja i koje se tendencije ogledaju u višestoljetnoj uporabi latinice na ovom području.
Rezension zu Dunja Jutronić: Spliski govor. Split: Naklada Bošković, 2010, 476 S.
This paper presents doublets in the phonology and accentuation of a Kajkavian dialect in central Croatia, where all three major Croatian groups of dialects meet. Inconsistencies in the vowel and consonant systems are also noted. The second part considers the accentual system, its units and their distribution. Many fluctuations were noted, even with respect to retractions and special Kajkavian features. These are explained through influences of neihbouring local dialects and from the urban dialect of Karlovac and Standard Croatian.
U uvodu rada diferenciraju se morfološka (i „pravomorfološka”) i pravopisna norma, pri čemu se govori i o svojevrsnome paradoksu pravopisne norme. Metodom komparativne i kontrastivne analize u središnjem se dijelu rada raščlanjuju neki relevantni morfološki aspekti koji sudjeluju u definiranju pravopisnih načela i pravopisnih pravila. Cilj je rada osvješćivanje teorijsko-metodoloških aspekata kojima se naznačuju vidovi svojevrsna preklapanja morfologije i pravopisa, i to kroz prizmu hrvatske pravopisne norme, ali i norme nekih slavenskih jezika. U skladu s tim u zaključku se progovara o povezanosti pravopisne norme s morfološkom normom, odnosno kako posebnosti morfološke norme postaju pitanje pravopisne norme.
Der Lehrstuhl für Fremdsprachen der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Pardubice veranstaltete schon zum siebtem Mal seine traditionelle "bienale" internationale Konferenz "Interkulturelle und transkulturelle Dimension im linguistischen, kulturellen und historischen Kontext" zum aktuellen Thema Multikulturalismus in allen möglichen Erscheinungen, Dimensionen, Engpässen sowie Konsequenzen. In Bezug auf die Tradition der vorherigen erfolgreichen Begegnungen hat man ein großes Interesse von Akademikern an der aktiven Teilnahme auch im Jahre 2017 erwartet, und zwar nicht nur aus der Tschechischen Republik, sondern auch vor allem aus dem Ausland.
U hrvatski su jezik tijekom povijesti ulazile riječi ponajviše iz zemljopisno najbližih jezika, najčešće i službenih ili glavnih jezika nekadašnjih zajedničkih država. Nedvojbeno je velik utjecaj imao i latinski jezik jer je bio temelj nadgradnje hrvatskoga književnog i standardnog jezika te sredstvo očuvanja identiteta hrvatske nacije i hrvatskoga jezika. Ruski jezik ne pripada teritorijalno bliskim jezicima, a nema ni spomenutu vrijednost latinskoga jezika. Njegov je utjecaj na hrvatski jezik kulturološki: kroz književnost te nacionalnu i društvenu politiku. Rusizmi u hrvatski jezik ulaze tijekom triju razdoblja: 1. razdoblje ilirskoga pokreta (uz izravni utjecaj B. Šuleka), 2. razdoblje poslijeratne Jugoslavije i Sovjetskoga Saveza (sovjetizmi), 3. razdoblje nakon raspada socijalističkih država i oblikovanja demokratskih i samostalnih zemalja – Republike Hrvatske i Ruske Federacije. U posljednjemu razdoblju gotovo je dokinuta upotreba sovjetizama, no aktivirali su se drugi rusizmi. Rječnik stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića kulturno je dobro hrvatskoga jezika te je ujedno i pokazatelj utjecaja političkih i kulturoloških čimbenika na razvoj hrvatskoga jezika. Kroz Rječnik se tako može pratiti i sudbina rusizama u hrvatskome jeziku. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati položaj i opis rusizama u hrvatskome jeziku kroz odabrana izdanja Rječnika.
Muška osobna imena u promini
(2011)
U članku se prikazuje razvoj miljevačkoga prezimenskoga sustava od prvih prezimena zabilježenih u matičnim knjigama potkraj 17. stoljeća do prezimena koja se javljaju tek potkraj 19. stoljeća. Utvrđuje se koja su prezimena u međuvremenu ugašena, tj. koja su nestala zbog izumiranja loze ili zamjene novim prezimenom, najčešće dotadašnjim obiteljskim nadimkom. Analiziraju se motivacijsko-strukturna svojstva današnjih miljevačkih prezimena i njihovo jezično podrijetlo.
Opisuje se i analizira tvorba etnika i ktetika u kajkavskom narječju. Raščlamba se temelji na podatcima prikupljenima terenskim istraživanjima posljednjih gotovo pedeset godina u Upitnicima za Hrvatski jezični atlas (HJA), koji se izrađuje u Institutu za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, te na podatcima iz dijalektnih rječnika.
U članku se analiziraju pojedina značenja perceptivnih glagola vidjeti i gledati u hrvatskome jeziku te njihova vidska obilježja. Glagol vidjeti u značenjima fizičke percepcije funkcionira u rečenici kao svršeni i kao nesvršeni glagol. Glagol gledati u značenju fizičke percepcije u rečenici funkcionira kao prototipni nesvršeni glagol, dok njegov svršeni parnjak pogledati funkcionira kao prototipni i kao neprototipni svršeni glagol, ovisno o značenju.
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Problematik der Possessivität in zwei typologisch diversen Sprachsystemen. Die Autoren analysieren die Ausdrucksweisen und die Spezifika der Kategorie der Possessivität in der deutschen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der germanischen Sprachgruppe) und in der slowakischen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der slawischen Sprachgruppe und zugleich der Muttersprache der Autoren). Es werden die vielseitigen semantischen und strukturellen Aspekte in beiden Sprachen beschrieben, wobei die konfrontative und kontrastive Betrachtung von Bedeutung ist. Es wurden die Konstruktionen beider Sprachen ausgewählt, die nach der von den Autoren angenommenen Begriffsbestimmung der Possessivität als possessiv zu betrachten sind. Die präsentierte Problematik kann für weitere Analysen und Untersuchungen sowohl im Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft als auch für die Erweiterung der interlingualen Kompetenz in beiden Sprachsystemen inspirierend und hilfreich sein.
Der zwanzigjährige Weg, den die Germanistik in der Slowakei nach der Wende zurückgelegt hat, spiegelt sich in quantitativen und qualitativen Veränderungen, Erfolgen und Positiva in der breitesten und allgemeinsten Auffassung (der deutschen Sprache und der Arbeit im Bereich Germanistik tätiger Fachleute) wider. Beeinflusst von politischen, gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Veränderungen in der Slowakei sowie von Internationalisierungs- und Globalisierungstendenzen haben die deutsche Sprache und die Germanistik in der Slowakei Bedeutung erworben. Dies hatte eine massenhafte Vermittlung der deutschen Sprache auf allen Bildungsebenen (von Kindergärten bis zu Universitäten und Betrieben), die Gründung von germanistischen Instituten, Erweiterung von Studiengängen und Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen und Forschungstätigkeit im Bereich der deutschen Sprache zur Folge. Zu einem in der Slowakei etablierten Forschungsbereich ist auch die deutsche Fachsprache geworden.
Das Neue deutsch-russische Großwörterbuch (im Weiteren NDRGW), dessen Erstellung mehrere Jahrzehnte intensiver Arbeit vieler Mitarbeiter unter der Leitung von Professor D. O. Dobrovoľskij in Anspruch nahm, stellt in der deutsch-russischen lexikografischen Geschichte einen Meilenstein dar. Im Vergleich zum Großen deutsch-russischen Wörterbuch (1998, 2004) unter der Leitung von O. I. Moskaľskaja bringt dieses Wörterbuch vor allem eine Aktualisierung des lexikalischen Systems der deutschen Sprache. Es handelt sich besonders um Wörter aus den Bereichen Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur der deutschsprachigen Länder sowie um neuere Fachterminologie, die eine breitere Verwendung in der alltäglichen Kommunikation gefunden hat. Die Archaismen (archaische Lexeme, feste Wendungen bzw. archaische Bedeutungen) wurden aus der Stichwortliste ausgeschlossen, die Historismen dagegen differenziert behandelt. Denjenigen, die mit wichtigen politischen Realien auch aus der jüngsten Geschichte verbunden sind, wurde durch verschiedene Vermerke und Kommentare besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.
In diesem Beitrag geht es um den Versuch, die erste Bestandsaufnahme der lexikografischen Produktion der allgemeinen deutsch-slowakischen Wörterbücher vorzulegen, jedoch ohne Anspruch auf eine tiefere linguistische Analyse der lexikografischen Konzepte und des bearbeiteten Materials in den einzelnen Lexika. Die speziellen Wörterbücher und Fachwörterbücher werden Untersuchungsgegenstand einer Folgestudie sein. Die gesamte Produktion kann man aus Sicht des Mediums zunächst in Printwörterbücher und digitale Wörterbücher teilen.