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The contribution of von Kempelen’s “Mechanism of Speech” to the ‘phonetic sciences‘ will be analyzed with respect to his theoretical reasoning on speech and speech production on the one hand and on the other in connection with his practical insights during his struggle in constructing a speaking machine. Whereas in his theoretical considerations von Kempelen’s view is focussed on the natural functioning of the speech organs – cf. his membraneous glottis model – in constructing his speaking machine he clearly orientates himself towards the auditory result – cf. the bag pipe model for the sound generator used for the speaking machine instead. Concerning vowel production his theoretical description remains questionable, but his practical insight that vowels and speech sounds in general are only perceived correctly in connection with their surrounding sounds – i.e. the discovery of coarticulation – is clearly a milestone in the development of the phonetic sciences: He therefore dispenses with the Kratzenstein tubes, although they might have been based on more thorough acoustic modelling. Finally, von Kempelen’s model of speech production will be discussed in relation to the discussion of the acoustic nature of vowels afterwards [Willis and Wheatstone as well as von Helmholtz and Hermann in the 19th century and Stumpf, Chiba & Kajiyama as well as Fant and Ungeheuer in the 20th century].
Articulatory token-to-token variability not only depends on linguistic aspects like the phoneme inventory of a given language but also on speaker specific morphological and motor constraints. As has been noted previously (Perkell (1997), Mooshammer et al. (2004)) , speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates exhibit more articulatory variability than speakers with coronally low "flat" palates. One explanation for that is based on perception oriented control by the speaker. The influence of articulatory variation on the cross sectional area and consequently on the acoustics should be greater for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. This should force speakers with flat palates to place their tongue very precisely whereas speakers with domeshaped palates might tolerate a greater variability. A second explanation could be a greater amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact for flat palates holding the tongue in position. In this study both hypotheses were tested.
This paper discusses constructions like “We’ll have two beers and a coffee.” that are typically used for beverage orders in restaurant contexts. We compare the behaviour of nouns in these constructions in three Germanic languages, English, Icelandic, and German, and take a closer look at the correlation of the morpho-syntactic and semantic-conceptual changes involved here. We show that even within such a closely related linguistic sample, one finds three different grammatical options for the expression of the same conceptual transition. Our findings suggest an analysis of coercion as a genuinely semantic phenomenon, a phenomenon that is located on a level of semantic representations that serves as an interface between the conceptual and the grammatical system and takes into account inter- and intralinguistic variations.
Accusations are a very frequent type of speech act both in everyday life and in formal controversies, and answering accusations is a sophisticated type of linguistic practice well worth analysing from a pragmatic point of view. In my paper I shall first describe some basic properties of accusations and characteristic types of reactions to accusations, i. e. denying the alleged fact, making excuses, and giving justifications. I then go on to describe some fundamental functions of accusations in controversies. Using the basic patterns of accusations and reactions to accusations as an object of comparison, I then analyse some relevant exchanges from historical controversies (l6th to 18th century), among them famous polemical interactions like the Hobbes-Bramhall controversy, but also less well-known debates from the fields of medicine and theology. The present paper is both a contribution to the theory of controversy and to the pragmatic history of controversies. Keywords: historical pragmatics, theory of controversy, ad hominem moves, dynamics of controversy
This paper addresses remarks made by Flemming (2003) to the effect that his analysis of the interaction between retroflexion and vowel backness is superior to that of Hamann (2003b). While Hamann maintained that retroflex articulations are always back, Flemming adduces phonological as well as phonetic evidence to prove that retroflex consonants can be non-back and even front (i.e. palatalised). The present paper, however, shows that the phonetic evidence fails under closer scrutiny. A closer consideration of the phonological evidence shows, by making a principled distinction between articulatory and perceptual drives, that a reanalysis of Flemming’s data in terms of unviolated retroflex backness is not only possible but also simpler with respect to the number of language-specific stipulations.
The present study shows that though retroflex segments can be considered articulatorily marked, there are perceptual reasons why languages introduce this class into their phoneme inventory. This observation is illustrated with the diachronic developments of retroflexes in Norwegian (North- Germanic), Nyawaygi (Australian) and Minto-Nenana (Athapaskan). The developments in these three languages are modelled in a perceptually oriented phonological theory, since traditional articulatorily-based features cannot deal with such processes.
Woher kommt das neuerwachte Interesse an Sprachrichtigkeit? Woher kommt die ausgeprägte sprachliche Unsicherheit, die auch bei vielen hochgebildeten Menschen den Wunsch entstehen lässt, von Sprachpflegern über ihr Ureigenstes, nämlich ihre Muttersprache, belehrt zu werden? Obwohl Antworten auf diese Fragen letztlich spekulativ bleiben, wage ich doch die These, dass eine Ursache hierfür die Rechtschreibreform ist, die von einem Großteil der Bevölkerung nach wie vor nicht angenommen wird, die insgesamt weder zur Vereinfachung noch zu einer höheren Einheitlichkeit geführt hat; die aber andererseits ein öffentliches Nachdenken und Diskutieren über Sprachrichtigkeit in Gang setzte. – Jedenfalls ist die Verunsicherung ein Faktum, das von Linguisten nicht ignoriert werden sollte.
Ausgangspunkt: Die Kritik am "Zwei-Welten-Modell": Die grundlegende linguistische Unterscheidung zwischen "Sprache" und "Sprechen" ist im Rahmen der neueren Debatten um Sprachmedialität wieder verstärkt thematisiert und kritisiert worden. Lässt sich dieses schulbildende, in der Linguistik geradezu eherne Begriffspaar überhaupt noch sinnvollerweise aufrechterhalten? Oder muss es mindestens umdefiniert, vielleicht sogar gänzlich verworfen werden? Hat sich insbesondere die auf Chomsky zurückgehende Unterscheidung von Sprachkompetenz und -performanz nicht von selbst ad absurdum geführt, nachdem der linguistische Kognitivismus chomskyscher Provenienz Sprache als lebendiges Phänomen, als Medium menschlicher Kommunikation, vollständig aus dem Blick verloren hat? Führt nicht schon die scheinbar harmlose linguistische Differenzierung zwischen einer Sprachregel und ihrer Anwendung zu einer irreführenden und unangemessenen Verdinglichung von Sprache? ...
Language planning for the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland has featured prominently in international language policy and planning literature over the years. Researchers in the field may not be up to date, however, with recent developments in the area of Irish language planning and their impact on the language ecology. This monograph describes the language planning situation in the Republic of Ireland in its historical and social contexts as well as delineating language policy and planning for the Irish language implemented over the past number of years, showing developments in education, community, media, religion and local politics.
DP is not a scope island
(2005)
Wie formt sich die Sprache im Kopf? : Kognitive Linguistik: Sprache, Grammatik und die Wissenswelten
(2005)
Dictionaries contain lexicographic data whose occurrence is restricted to certain geo-graphical areas, subject fields, professions, etc. It is part of the duties of the lexicographer to give an account of such deviations to ensure a successful retrieval of the information on the part of the user. This contribution presents a discussion on labelling issues in the Dictionnaire Français–Mpongwé. Although the main focus is on the presentation of different types of labelling as well as problems in labelling, textual condensation procedures and mediostructural representations (to-gether with some aspects of the user perspective) are also critically evaluated. It is shown that these procedures reveal some inconsistencies which are not accounted for in the outer texts (front matter and back matter texts) of the dictionary. Finally suggestions are made for the improvement of the access structure of this dictionary.
This article combines a brief introduction into a particular philosophical theory of "time" with a demonstration of how this theory has been implemented in a Literary Studies oriented Humanities Computing project. The aim of the project was to create a model of text-based time cognition and design customized markup and text analysis tools that help to understand ‘‘how time works’’: more precisely, how narratively organised and communicated information motivates readers to generate the mental image of a chronologically organized world. The approach presented is based on the unitary model of time originally proposed by McTaggart, who distinguished between two perspectives onto time, the so-called A- and B-series. The first step towards a functional Humanities Computing implementation of this theoretical approach was the development of TempusMarker—a software tool providing automatic and semi-automatic markup routines for the tagging of temporal expressions in natural language texts. In the second step we discuss the principals underlying TempusParser—an analytical tool that can reconstruct temporal order in events by way of an algorithm-driven process of analysis and recombination of textual segments during which the "time stamp" of each segment as indicated by the temporal tags is interpreted.
In der sog. Edo-Zeit (1603–1867) durften sich in Japan von den Europäern nur Niederländer (Holländer) aufhalten und Handel treiben. Folglich mussten Deutsche manchmal als „Bergholländer“ ausgegeben werden und ihre Sprache dementsprechend als „Bergholländisch“ (vgl. GAD 1996: 3). Vor dem Hintergrund dieses nicht unspektakulären Beispiels erhält nun die als Überschrift des vorliegenden Beitrags dienende Fragestellung auch eine historisch-interkulturelle Legitimation. CIRKO (2004: 131 ff.) ging kürzlich dem Fundamentalproblem nach, was überhaupt Sprache sei; mein Aufsatz will spezifizierend die Vielschichtigkeit des Begriffs "deutsche Sprache" reflektieren, genauer: wie ihr Konzept und ihre Architektur sind, insbesondere angesichts ihrer weitgehenden Regionalität, Variation und Heterogenität. So soll der vorliegende Beitrag das Phänomenfeld der arealen Varianz im Ensemble der deutschen Gegenwartssprache hinterfragen, differenzieren und interpretieren. Dabei geht es vorrangig darum, die Binnenverhältnisse des Deutschen in diesem Argumentationszusammenhang zu modellieren und eine Systematik der Regionalität am Beispiel des Deutschen zu erarbeiten.
Der Beitrag greift zwei recht kontaktsensitive und dennoch wenig erforschte sprachlichkommunikative Sonderbereiche auf, und zwar die Verwendung von (a) Eigennamen und von (b) Schelt- bzw. Schimpfausdrücken sowie Flüchen. All diese Phänomene sind offenbar universale Komponenten von Sprachen (vgl. auch Haspelmath 2002: 277; Geier-Leisch 1998: 7 f.). An diesem empirischen Material will der Beitrag im Einzelnen ermitteln, wie Kontaktund Interaktionsphänomene in gemischtsprachigen Diskursen unter Bedingungen einer transkulturellen Mehrsprachigkeit auftreten, wobei ihre Realisationsstrukturen, -typen und -klassen erschlossen sowie ihr Funktionieren hinterfragt werden. Letzten Endes soll anhand der Auseinandersetzung mit einer vitalen und hochkomplexen Kontaktsituation von Sprachen bzw. Varietäten der sprachkommunikative Umgang mit Eigennamen und Sonderlexik aus der Perspektive der deutschen Sprache im Kräftefeld zwischen typologischer Tradition und sukzessiver Innovation beschrieben werden, um damit gleichzeitig relevante Bausteine zur Modellierung des Kontaktprozesses zu erarbeiten.
Der Aufsatz diskutiert grammatische Aspekte von authentischen Sprachgebrauchsstrukturen in einem komplexen Kontakt- und Integrationsraum von mehreren Sprachen und Kulturen. Als empirisches Illustrationsmaterial dient ein umfangreiches kontaktlinguistisches Feldforschungsprojekt im ungarndeutschen Ort Hajosch/Hajós (Komitat Batsch-Kleinkumanien / Bács-Kiskun). Anhand von dort ermittelten Sprechprodukten zwei- bzw. mehrsprachiger Sprecher werden vielgestaltige sprachlich-kommunikative Kontakt-, Konvergenz- und Interaktionsphänomene grammatischer Natur identifiziert. Ihre Analyse ergab, dass die exemplarisch untersuchte Diskursgemeinschaft beim Umgang mit morphosyntaktischen Phänomenen zahlreiche und vor allem mannigfaltige Formen von Hybridität hervorbringt. Die erschlossenen Phänomenklassen und -typen scheinen für transkulturelle Zusammenhänge generell verallgemeinerbar zu sein.
The study offers a discourse-based account of the Spanish copula forms ser and estar, which are generally considered to be lexical exponents of the stage-level/individual-level contrast. It argues against the popular view that the distinction between SLPs and ILPs rests on a fundamental cognitive division of the world that is reflected in the grammar. As it happens, conceptual oppositions like “temporary vs. permanent” or “arbitrary vs. essential“ provide only a preference for the interpretation of estar and ser. In addition, the evidence for an SLP/ILP impact on the grammar turns out to be far less conclusive than is currently assumed. The study argues against event-based accounts of the ser/estar contrast in particular, showing that ser and estar pattern alike in failing all of the standard eventuality tests. The discourse-based account proposed instead assumes that ser and estar both display the same lexical semantics (which is identical to the semantics of English be, German sein, etc.); estar differs from ser only in presupposing a relation to a specific discourse situation. By using estar a speaker restricts his or her claim to a specific discourse situation, whereas by using ser, the speaker makes no such restriction. The preference for interpreting estar predications as denoting temporary properties and ser predications as denoting permanent properties follows from economy principles driving the pragmatic legitimation of estars discourse dependence. The analysis proposed in this paper can also account for the observation that ser predications do not give rise to thetic judgements. The proposal is couched in terms of the framework of DRT.
Theories of cognition that are based on information processing and representation are reactive (Rosen, 1985) or backwards looking, not anticipatory. In a previous article (Thibault, 2005a), I looked at the reasons why humans and bonobos do not need an innate language faculty in order to be minded, languaging beings. The present article takes up some of the questions explored there, but, it asks, on the other hand, what sort of a minded agent has language and what kind of account of language and more broadly meaning do we need to explain minded, languaged agents and the activities they participate in? Following Rosen (1985), I also take up and further develop a point first raised in Thibault (2004a: 187) on language as an anticipatory system, rather than a reactively ‘representational’ one (see also Bickhard, 2005).