Linguistik
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This article attempts a brief introduction on the topic of cognitive sciences. By emphasizing cognitive linguistics, which separates in two positions will be part of the cognitive Sciences expressed with their linguistic function and is the heart matter, stands for a criticism about their lack of diagnostics. These positions of cognitive linguistics, whose paper are the neuro-linguistics and the cognitive linguistics, are presented in detail and both cognitively linguistic point of views are questioned for their scientific validity. Cognitive Linguistics is a field of cognitive science understood. Cognitive science tries with their research on Imitate human brain, which has arisen from this area, and also Artificial Intelligent researches in which the brain researchers with their colleagues from the field of computer technology try to develop artificialintelligence as an objective. The contribution of the linguistic component directs the Cognitive Linguistics in their research.
Ziel der Untersuchung ist der Erwerb von aspektuellen Markierungen im Bulgarischen. Da Bulgarisch über ein nominales Artikelsystem und über eine verbale Aspektkategorie verfügt, liefert es eine ausgezeichnete Gelegenheit, die Verwendung von nominalen und verbalen Aspektmarkierungen im frühen Spracherwerb aufzuzeigen. Der Artikel präsentiert die Daten aus einer Langzeitstudie und einer experimentellen Testreihe. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die bulgarischen Kinder am Anfang vom Prinzip der Aspektkomposition Gebrauch machen. Aspektuell unmarkierte Verben werden durch definite Objekte ergänzt, um begrenzte Handlungen auszudrücken. Der schnelle Erwerb der Aspektmorphologie verschiebt die Gewichtung im Satz von den nominalen zu den verbalen Aspektmarkern. Im Alter von zweieinhalb Jahren beherrschen die bulgarischen Kinder die sprachspezifische syntaktische Anforderung, dass perfektiv markierte Prädikate quantitativ definite Argumente verlangen.
The paper presents results from a combined production and comprehension study addressing some of the factors which guide the establishment of intersentential pronominal reference in child and adult Bulgarian. We investigate the time course and different stages in the acquisition of null, personal and demonstrative pro-nouns and their specific anaphoric functions. We target possible age-induced changes in the salience hierarchy of referent features such as animacy and grammatical role. Following the general consent in the field of anaphora research, we assume a division of labour between different pronominal forms with respect to the salience of their referents. Based on the data of Bulgarian preschool children we investigate the validity of this form-function relation, its language-specific shape and its developmentally induced variation. The results reveal an initial prominence of animate referents which later on develops into preference for animate subjects. Although the investigated 3 to 5 year old Bulgarian children do not stick to the adult anaphora resolution strategy, they comply with the principle of the reversed mapping within the range of tested pronouns and react according to their salience criteria which promote animate subjects as the most prominent co-reference candidates.
The aim of this paper is to outline the means for encoding information structure in Yucatec Maya. Yucatec Maya is a tone language, displaying a three-fold opposition in the tonal realization of syllables. From the morpho-syntactic point of view, the grammar of Yucatec Maya contains morphological (topic affixes, morphological marking of out-of-focus predicates) and syntactic (designated positions) means to uniquely specify syntactic constructions for their information structure. After a descriptive overview of these phenomena, we present experimental evidence which reveals the impact of the nonavailability of prosodic alternatives on the choice of syntactic constructions in language production.
Integration and social advancement in our time without a solid language skills are no longer possible. What has not been done for decades, they now try through the integration abroad and in Germany make up very successful. But German is unfortunately only the first, though perhaps the most important step for a successful integration. The next question should now be: Lack of integration in spite of good knowledge of German - why?
Schwager (2011) and Sudo (2014) argued that there are cases of the so-called third readings of attitude reports, initially discovered by Fodor (1970), that cannot be accounted for in terms of a theory of indexed world variables (Percus, 2000), which is often referred to as the Standard Solution. More complicated alternatives to the Standard Solution have been recently formulated in the literature in a number of papers. We argue that all the seemingly problematic cases can be naturally accounted for in terms of the Standard Solution, if we take into account the existence of previously unrecognized elided material in these reports.
Mit der Möglichkeit, anhand digitaler Telefonanschlüsse Familiennamen nach Bestand, Trägerzahl und räumlicher Verbreitung mit großer Genauigkeit zu erfassen, hat eine neue Epoche der Anthroponomastik begonnen. Der Schatz von 850661 verschiedenen Familiennamen, die im Jahre 2005 in 28205713 privaten Festnetzanschlüssen registriert waren, ist immens, und die Fragestellungen zu seiner Erforschung sind in ihrer Ausrichtung und in ihrer Anzahl unerschöpflich. In dieser Situation ergaben sich vordringlich zwei Aufgaben: Erstens musste angesichts der von Jahr zu Jahr wachsenden Bevölkerungsmobilität, angesichts der Auswirkung neuerer Namengesetzgebung und angesichts der schnell zunehmenden Ablösung lokalisierter Festnetzanschlüsse durch Mobiltelefone der Namenbestand spätestens jetzt aufgrund der zuverlässigsten Quelle und in legitim nutzbarer Weise gesichert und archiviert werden. Die geschichtlich gewachsenen Namenlandschaften sind gerade noch, und zwar in erstaunlicher Stabilität, erhalten. Die Daten wurden nach Klärung der Datenschutzfragen von der Deutschen Telekom auf Stand Juni 2005 dem Deutschen Familiennamenatlas zur Verfügung gestellt und ihre Nutzung zur namenkundlichen Forschung mit Vertrag vom 28.06.2005 geregelt.
This paper discusses how focus change s prosodic structure in Tokyo Japanese. It is generally believed that focus blocks the intonational process of downstep and causes a pitch reset. This paper presents experimental evidence against this traditional view by looking at the prosodic behavior of Wh words, which receive focus lexically in Japanese as in other languages. It is demonstrated, specifically, that the focused Wh element does not block downstep although it receives a much higher pitch than its preceding element. This suggests that presence of lexical focus does not trigger pitch reset in Japanese.
A visual articulatory model and its application to therapy
of speech disorders : a pilot study
(2005)
A visual articulatory model based on static MRI-data of isolated sounds and its application in therapy of speech disorders is described. The model is capable of generating video sequences of articulatory movements or still images of articulatory target positions within the midsagittal plane. On the basis of this model (1) a visual stimulation technique for the therapy of patients suffering from speech disorders and (2) a rating test for visual recognition of speech movements was developed. Results indicate that patients produce recognition rates above level of chance already without any training and that patients are capable of increasing their recognition rate over the time course of therapy significantly.
This article takes stock of the basic notions of Information Structure (IS). It first provides a general characterization of IS — following Chafe (1976) — within a communicative model of Common Ground (CG), which distinguishes between CG content and CG management. IS is concerned with those features of language that concern the local CG. Second, this paper defines and discusses the notions of Focus (as indicating alternatives) and its various uses, Givenness (as indicating that a denotation is already present in the CG), and Topic (as specifying what a statement is about). It also proposes a new notion, Delimitation, which comprises contrastive topics and frame setters, and indicates that the current conversational move does not entirely satisfy the local communicative needs. It also points out that rhetorical structuring partly belongs to IS.