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Since Haiman (1978), a general assumption concerning the information structure of conditional sentences is that "conditionals are topics". However, in Chadic South Bauchi West languages spoken in Northern Nigeria, as well as in Banda Linda, an Adamawa language spoken in the République Centre-Africaine, conditionals share their structure with focus, not topic. This seriously questions Haiman’s claim and forces us to reconsider the facts and characterizations of conditionals, topic and focus in general.
In order to do this, we will first examine the facts of conditionals in some Chadic languages, then their information structure. We will see how both data and theory invalidate Haiman's claim. Then we will see that if they are not topics, they are different from focus as well. We will argue that if the elements which make a topic or a focus can appear in conditionals, these must be separated from what constitutes the identity of conditions. Then, we will see if these can be characterized in the same way as Lambrecht characterizes temporal clauses, viz. as "activated propositions" (Lambrecht 1994). We will finally conclude that they should rather be defined as "fictitious assertions" (Culioli 2000).
Frauen- und Männerstimmen in Medien (Moderatorinnen und Moderatoren in Rundfunk und Fernsehen)
(2010)
Just 30 % of the effect of female and male speakers are activated by the lexems and sentences. 70 % are activated by paraverbal and extraverbal constituents. A deep voice is associated with authority and objectivity. We can realise this phenomenon at male voices. Women never reach such a deepness in their voices Their voice is sensed more expressive and it activates stereotypes like „emotional“ and „trivial“. The contents of female speakers are not taken as seriously as the contents of male speakers.
U radu se opisuje fonologija, morfologija i leksik govora Jurkova Sela u Žumberku, doseljeničkoga čakavskoga ikavsko-ekavskoga govora. Iako nema zamjenicu ča u samostalnoj upotrebi, govor čuva većinu temeljnih čakavskih crta. Ipak, stabilnost je sustava u nekim elementima narušena – što pokazuje supostojanje određenih dubleta u prozodiji i morfologiji. Leksik, uz ostalo, karakterizira prisutnost većeg broja germanizama, na žumberačkome prostoru očekivanih.
The claim of this paper is that embedded definites can, despite the appearances, be accounted for on the uniqueness approach. Far from being a surprise, we argue that the behavior of embedded definites is actually expected once two independent facts are taken into account: the ability of noun phrases to take scope, i.e., to be interpreted in a different place from their syntactic position, and the interaction of presuppositions and scope-taking elements. Specifically, we analyze embedded definites as a case of inverse linking (Gabbay and Moravscik, 1974; May, 1977): the embedded definite takes scope over the embedding one. The presupposition of the embedded definite is weakened as a result of the independently motivated process of intermediate accommodation (Kratzer, 1989; Berman, 1991). In our case, this process transfers the presupposition of the embedding definite into the restrictor of the embedded one.
Like other scope-taking processes, inverse linking is generally taken to be subject to locality constraints: if a syntactic island, such as a finite clause boundary, intervenes in the path of a scope-taking element, then the resulting reading is unavailable or degraded (Rodman, 1976). Since our account views embedded definites as cases of inverse linking, we predict that inserting an island into an embedded definite, all else being equal, should lead to a similar degradation. We report results from an online survey with 800 participants that confirm this prediction.
This paper gives an introduction to the Cantonese adaptation of Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), which is part of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery. We here discuss the motivation for adapting this assessment instrument into Cantonese, the adaptation process itself and potential contexts for use of the Cantonese MAIN.
Reference of pronouns may be constrained via lexical presuppositions, including marked F-features, implicated presuppositions, and deictic center shifting in certain languages.
This paper explores the acquisition of personal reference terms in Thai, a language that has a highly complex personal reference system. The participants of the study were 67 typicallydeveloping children (TD) and 29 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a population which has long been observed to have difficulties with pronouns. The children were asked to complete simple production and comprehension tasks on personal reference terms. Overall, ASD children performed on par in production but significantly poorer in comprehension than TD children. Given the freedom of choice in the production task, ASD children preferred using fixed referential terms for self-reference, whereas TD children opted for personal pronouns. In terms of comprehension, ASD children were shown to generally be able to detect the person features but they seemed to struggle the most with the pragmatic aspects of personal reference terms. Our results support previous literature that lexical presuppositions are acquired earlier than implicated presuppositions. We add to the literature that the types or the amount of implicated presuppositions matter in acquisition
The aim of this paper is to give the semantic profile of the Greek verb-deriving suffixes -íz(o), -én(o), -év(o), -ón(o), -(i)áz(o), and -ín(o), with a special account of the ending -áo/-ó. The patterns presented are the result of an empirical analysis of data extracted from extended interviews conducted with 28 native Greek speakers in Athens, Greece in February 2009. In the first interview task the test persons were asked to force(=create) verbs by using the suffixes -ízo, -évo, -óno, -(i)ázo, and -íno and a variety of bases which conformed to the ontological distinctions made in Lieber (2004). In the second task the test persons were asked to evaluate three groups of forced verbs with a noun, an adjective, and an adverb, respectively, by using one (best/highly acceptable verb) to six (worst/unacceptable verb) points. In the third task nineteen established verb pairs with different suffixes and the ending -áo/-ó were presented. The test persons were asked to report whether there was some difference between them and what exactly this difference was. The differences reported were transformed into 16 alternations. In the fourth task 21 established verbs with different suffixes were presented. The test persons were asked to give the "opposite" or "near opposite" expression for each verb. The rationale behind this task was to arrive at the meaning of the suffixes through the semantics of the opposites. In the analysis Rochelle's Lieber's (2004) theoretical framework is used. The results of the analysis suggest (i) a sign-based treatment of affixes, (ii) a vertical preference structure in the semantic structure of the head suffixes which takes into account the semantic make-up of the bases, and (iii) the integration of socioexpressive meaning into verb structures.
In this paper I present five alternations of the verb system of Modern Greek, which are recurrently mapped on the syntactic frame NPi__NP. The actual claim is that only the participation in alternations and/or the allocation to an alternation variant can reliably determine the relation between a verb derivative and its base. In the second part, the conceptual structures and semantic/situational fields of a large number of “-ízo” derivatives appearing inside alternation classes are presented. The restricted character of the conceptual and situational preferences inside alternations classes suggests the dominant character of the alternations component.
In the area of the Modern Greek verb, phenomena which consistently appear are headmarking, many potential slots before and/or after the verb root, noun and adverb incorporation, addition of adverbial elements by means of affixes, a large inventory of bound morphemes, verbal words as minimal sentences, etc. These features relate Modern Greek to polysynthesis. The main bulk of this paper is dedicated to the comparison of affixal and incorporation patterns between Modern Greek and the polysynthetic languages Abkhaz, Cayuga, Chukchi, Mohawk, and Nahuatl. Ultimately, a typological outlook for Modern Greek is proposed.
This study explores the changing culture of emotions and forms of love in German literature of the late 18th century. The paper attempts to demonstrate that love as a passion is not primarily a natural phenomenon, but a cultural one. The main part of the study presents three interpretations. Firstly, using Sophie von La Roche's novel "Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim", the author shows that in the age of sentimentalism the notion of love was based on loving oneself (amour propre). The second interpretation focuses on Goethe's "Die Leiden des jungen Werther" and concludes that the main function of love in this text is to make uncorrupted authentic communication possible in a world otherwise alienated by conventions. The final interpretation turns to Goethe's "Briefe aus der Schweiz" and "Römische Elegien", outlining love as a special form of hermeneutics of life and a fundamental condition for the process of creation.
This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.
Tone as a distinctive feature used to differentiate not only words but also clause types, is a characteristic feature of Bantu languages. In this paper we show that Bemba relatives can be marked with a low tone in place of a segmental relative marker. This low tone strategy of relativization, which imposes a restrictive reading of relatives, manifests a specific phonological phrasing that can be differentiated from that of non-restrictives. The paper shows that the resultant phonological phrasing favours a head-raising analysis of relativization. In this sense, phonology can be shown to inform syntactic analyses.
This paper examines locative relatives in Durban Zulu. We show that locative relatives differ from nominal relatives crucially in prosodic phrasing as well as in resumptive pronoun marking. We propose that the best way to account for locative relatives in Zulu is to resort to the old style adjunction analysis of relative clauses, with an empty operator. The system we propose assumes that such an adjunction analysis co-exists with a head-raising analysis, which accounts for the nominal relative clauses.
The current study focuses on the prosodic realization of negators in Saisiyat, an endangered aboriginal language of Taiwan, and compares its prosodic realization of negation with that of English. The results of this study indicate that sentential subjects are the most acoustically prominent items in the Saisiyat negative sentences measured. This contrasts sharply with the English experimental sentences, in which the negator itself was the most acoustically prominent item. These findings suggest that Saisiyat is a pitch-accent language; thus, the presence of negators does not significantly change the prosodic parameters of surrounding words. English, in contrast, is an intonation language, so the presence of negation results in substantial prosodic modification. This suggests that the phenomenon of negation is universally prominent; however, languages with different prosodic systems will adopt different strategies for realizing prominence.
Vowel dispersion in Truku
(2004)
This study investigates the dispersion of vowel space in Truku, an endangered Austronesian language in Taiwan. Adaptive Dispersion (Liljencrants and Lindblom, 1972; Lindblom, 1986, 1990) proposes that the distinctive sounds of a language tend to be positioned in phonetic space in a way that maximizes perceptual contrast. For example, languages with large vowel inventories tend to expand the overall acoustic vowel space. Adaptive Dispersion predicts that the distance between the point vowels will increase with the size of a language's vowel inventory. Thus, the available acoustic vowel space is utilized in a way that maintains maximal auditory contrast.
This paper presents the adaptation of MAIN to Gondi (Dantewada), Halbi and Hindi for Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilinguals. The Gondi and Halbi communities and the context in which Gondi-Hindi and Halbi-Hindi bilingual children are growing up are described, and the adaptation process is outlined together with its theoretical underpinnings. Finally, results from a study of 54 Halbi-Hindi bilinguals from Grade 3 (Mean age = 8.5 years), Grade 5 (Mean age = 10.9 years) and Grade 7 (Mean age = 12.9 years) are presented. The results showed that, for the macrostructure of Grade 3 and Grade 5, L1 retelling was significantly better than L2 retelling, though this pattern was not found in Grade 7 where the performance was at the same level across languages for retelling. Narrative macrostructure was consistently higher in tellings than in the retellings regardless of languages and grades.
In this study, cross-dialectal variation in the use of the acoustic cues of VOT and F0 to mark the laryngeal contrast in Korean stops is examined with Chonnam Korean and Seoul Korean. Prior experimental results (Han & Weitzman, 1970; Hardcastle, 1973; Jun, 1993 &1998; Kim, C., 1965) show that pitch values in the vowel onset following the target stop consonants play a supplementary role to VOT in designating the three contrastive laryngeal categories. F0 contours are determined in part by the intonational system of a language, which raises the question of how the intonational system interacts with phonological contrasts. Intonational difference might be linked to dissimilar patterns in using the complementary acoustic cues of VOT and F0. This hypothesis is tested with 6 Korean speakers, three Seoul Korean and three Chonnam Korean speakers. The results show that Chonnam Korean involves more 3-way VOT and a 2-way distinction in F0 distribution in comparison to Seoul Korean that shows more 3-way F0 distribution and a 2-way VOT distinction. The two acoustic cues are complementary in that one cue is rather faithful in marking 3-way contrast, while the other cue marks the contrast less distinctively. It also seems that these variations are not completely arbitrary, but linked to the phonological characteristics in dialects. Chonnam Korean, in which the initial tonal realization in the accentual phrase is expected to be more salient, tends to minimize the F0 perturbation effect from the preceding consonants by taking more overlaps in F0 distribution. And a 3-way distribution of VOT in Chonnam Korean, as compensation, can be also understood as a durational sensitivity. Without these characteristics, Seoul Korean shows relatively more overlapping distribution in VOT and more 3-way separation in F0 distribution.
This paper describes the rationale for the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) (Gagarina et al., 2012, 2015, 2019) to Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic) and presents some preliminary results from the macrostructure measures. Gaelic is a heritage minority language in Scotland being revitalised through immersion education, which spans across all levels of compulsory education (preschool, primary and secondary level). MAIN was adapted to Gaelic for two reasons: (i) to gauge the language abilities of children attending Gaelic immersion schools using an ecologically valid test, and (ii) to help identify areas of language impairment in children with Developmental Language Disorders within a broader battery of language tasks. Preliminary results from the macrostructure component indicate a wider range of Gaelic language abilities in six- to eight-year-old typically developing children in Gaelic-medium education. These results set the stage for future use of the tool within this context.
Die Beschreibungen der phonologischen und phonetischen Gebrauchsmerkmale erschöpfen sich aus der Sicht der informellen Kommunikation bekanntlich vorwiegend in den sprecherbezogenen phonologischen Prozessen, die dominant mit einer durch natürliches Sprechtempo bedingten ausspracheerleichternden Funktion einhergehen. Auch verfügt die moderne Interaktionslinguistik über Kenntnisse einiger linguistischer Funktionen von Intonation. Dennoch wissen wir immer noch sehr wenig über die soziale (d. h. auch strategische) Funktionalität der artikulatorischen und prosodischen (also der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen) Merkmale im Gesprächsverhalten. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die kontextsensitiven konversationsphonologischen Sprachmerkmale und ihre soziale Funktionsweise im Alltagsgespräch zu skizzieren. Die Problematik der Herangehensweise an die Erfassung der sozialen Bedeutung von konversationeller Phonetik, Phonologie und Prosodie wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Analysen der Kontextualisierung der sozialen Distanz in den Gesprächen bei verschiedenen informellen Gruppen Jugendlicher beleuchtet.
Im Rahmen meiner Doktorarbeit "Ich war dort, also, ich weiß, dass dort alles geordnet ist..." Deutschland und Deutsche in der Wahrnehmung von slowakischen Schülern habe ich explorativ vorgestellt, wie Deutschland und Deutsche bei den slowakischen Jugendlichen (Geburtsjahrgänge 1988/1989) wahrgenommen werden (primäres Forschungsziel). Neben der soziologischen Dimension wurde in diese Studie folgender didaktischer Aspekt einbezogen: Im aktuellen Fremdsprachenunterricht wird hervorgehoben, dass das Lernen von Fremdsprachen zur Entwicklung von Offenheit, Empathie und Toleranz gegenüber fremden Kulturen beitragen solle. Insofern wurde untersucht, ob und inwiefern der Deutschunterricht darauf einwirkt, wie Bilder von Deutschland und Deutschen bei slowakischen Schülern gep-rägt werden (sekundäres Forschungsziel). Im Hinblick auf die oben genannten Ziele lagen den Forschungsinteressen folgende zentrale Fragen zugrunde:
1. Welche Einstellungen und welches Wissen haben Jugendliche in der Slowakei in Bezug auf Deutschland und Deutsche? Wie vollzieht sich der Prozess der Ausprägung von Wahrnehmungen und welche Sozialisationsinstanzen bzw. Faktoren sind daran beteiligt?
2. Bestehen in den vorhandenen Deutschlandbildern Differenzen zwischen den Schülern mit und ohne Deutschunterricht1? Wenn ja, wie werden diese sichtbar?
This paper argues that extant approaches to presupposition projection that either rely on strict linear order (Schlenker, 2009) or hierarchy (Romoli and Mandelkern, 2017) cannot provide a uniform account of data drawn from head-final languages. While building on Schlenker’s theory, this paper resolves the issues by restricting the calculation of local contexts to specific points in the parsing process. The consequence is that the theory makes a prediction robust to the head directionality parameter
Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dem Vergleich deutscher und tschechischer Phraseme, welche die Emotion Scham und ihre Abstufungen wie Peinlichkeit und Verlegenheit darstellen. Als Ausgangspunkt der Analyse wurde auf der Grundlage von Recherchen in zwei phraseologischen Wörterbüchern ein zweisprachiges phraseologisches Korpus zusammengestellt, wodurch die Anzahl der festen Wendungen eingeschränkt und eindeutig definiert wurde. Das Korpus wurde mit Hilfe einer weiteren Analyse von Sprachkorpora teilweise modifiziert. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die gegenübergestellten deutschen und tschechischen Phraseme entsprechend des Grades ihrer Äquivalenz klassifiziert. Wenn in den benutzten Wörterbüchern keine Entsprechung in der Ausgangs- bzw. Zielsprache angegeben war, wurden darüber hinaus Äquivalente der phraseologischen Wendungen in deutschen und tschechischen Korpora gesucht.
Der Ausdruck von Emotionen in der deutschen und tschechischen Phraseologie am Beispiel von Scham
(2010)
Ĉlánek se zabývá vyjádřením emoce „stud“ v ĉeských a německých frazeologismech. Z nejrozsáhlejších ĉeských a německých frazeologických slovníkŧ byly nejprve vyexcerpovány frazeologismy týkající se studu, které byly následně dohledány v korpusech jednotlivých jazykŧ a poté analyzovány z hlediska jejich konceptu. Výzkum shromáţděných textŧ poukázal i na některé situace, ve kterých se emoce studu u jedince objevuje, např. je-li přistiţen nahý. Analýza ukázala, ţe stud je v obou jazycích spojován s konceptem ĉervené barvy a konceptem neviditelnosti. Realizace posledně zmiňovaného konceptu spoĉívá v tom, ţe se chce osoba ukrýt např. pod zem, popřípadě nechce být jinak viděna ani se sama dívat na ostatní. Několik německých frazeologismŧ navíc poukazuje na koncept smrti, který nebyl v ĉeské frazeologii vázající se ke studu doloţen.
Die Frau als Beute
(2009)
Obsahem popsaného výzkumu jsou stereotypy spojené s muņským a ņenským pohlavìm, konkrétně koncept odráņejìcì se jak v německých tak českých frazeologismech- "ņena jako kořist". K ověřenì tohoto tvrzenì je vyuņito dvou účelově různých korpusů. Prvnì představujì frazeologické slovnìky, na jejichņ základě jsou stanoveny frazeologismy vyjadřujìcì daný koncept. Tato ustálená spojenì jsou pak vyhledávána v jazykových korpusech (pro německý jazyk byl zvolen COSMAS II, české doklady pocházì z Českého národnìho korpusu).
Výzkum dokázal, ņe tvrzenì o ņeně jako kořisti je v jazyce jen částečně podloņeno. Podle korpusových dokladů se také ņena "vydává na lov" a muņi pak často "uvìznou v jejìch sìtìch".
This article examines the expression and description of fear in German and Czech phraseology. Fear – one of the primary emotions – is viewed in a broad sense. The analysis of this semantic field also includes such variations as anxiety, panic, fright, horror, and terror. As it is impossible to cover the full phraseological range for this semantic field in both languages, the boundaries of the corpus were set with reference to the repertoire of expressions included in selected phraseological dictionaries. The use of these idiomatic expressions in practice was verified with reference to large-scale corpora in the individual languages. The article offers an analysis of the corpus from a cognitive perspective. For each of the languages, the first step was to identify the concepts which are mediated via selected phraseological expressions. The concepts were then compared, revealing similarities and differences between German and Czech in this respect.
Analyse ausgewählter (sprachwissenschaftlicher) Nachschlagewerke und ihrer Benutzerfreundlichkeit
(2013)
This metalexicographic study compares four selected (linguistic) dictionaries. The results will potentially assist teachers in choosing a dictionary for students of German in the early phase of their studies. Selected lemmas are analyzed in a case study from the perspective of linguistic, academic and additional information; these lemmas are taken from the categories of phonetics and phonology, as these disciplines are generally covered first in a German degree programme. The selected dictionaries are also compared in terms of the range of phonetic and phonological concepts covered.
Bulas de medicamentos alemãs e brasileiras em contraste : alguns resultados da análise linguística
(2012)
Na presente pesquisa foi desenvolvido um estudo linguístico contrastivo de textos de bulas de medicamentos da Alemanha e do Brasil com o objetivo de verificar a existência de diferenças e semelhanças entre eles. Para isso, um total de 20 bulas foram comparadas em seus níveis macro e microestrutural, após uma investigação detalhada das principais características do gênero em questão. Ao final da análise contrastiva, foi confirmada a presença de convergências e divergências no gênero, tendo em vista o par linguístico adotado, e também identificadas algumas explicações para tal.
Inhärenz und Etablierung
(1981)
Die folgenden Überlegungen zum Problem der Inhärenz und Etablierung beziehen ihre wesentlichen Anregungen aus dem Aufsatz von H. Seiler "Zum Problem der sprachlichen Possessivität" (1972), wo eben dieses Problem eingebettet wird in den Rahmen von Inhärenz und Etablierung. […] Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, ausgehend von einer vorläufigen Definition der letztgenannten Begriffe […] und angelehnt an eine kasussemantische Methodik, Possessivität als ein sprachliches Phänomen zu beschreiben, das verstanden werden muß im Rahmen allgemeiner relationaler Erscheinungen: Inhärenz und Etablierung ist in meinem Verständnis immer Inhärenz und Etablierung semantischer Relationen, einem Lexem ist immer eine solche Relation (mehr oder weniger) inhärent, es wird stets zwischen Lexemen eine Relation etabliert. Damit ist auch eine Brücke zur Valenz, die man als Inhärenz im verbalen Bereich verstehen könnte, gegeben […]. Nach einer Klärung des Umfeldes wird die Inhärenz zunächst für das Deutsche und Türkische einer genaueren Untersuchung unterworfen, eine weitere Detailanalyse ist dem Nahuatl gewidmet. Untersuchungen zu weiteren Sprachen […] sollen das gewonnene Bild erweitern und modifizieren. Die Untersuchungen zur Etablierung können nur als allererste Ansätze gelten, wie die gesamte Arbeit lediglich den Anspruch stellt, den Bereich nicht etwa erschöpfend abzuhandeln, sondern nur die Richtung aufzuzeigen, in der mögliche Ergebnisse zu suchen sind.
Fronting a noun phrase changes the focus structure of a sentence. Therefore, it may affect truth conditions, since some operators, in particular quantificational adverbs, are sensitive to focus. However, the position of the quantificational adverb itself, hence its informational status, is usually assumed not to have any semantic effect. In this paper I discuss a reading of some quantificational adverbs, the relative reading, which disappears if the adverb is fronted. I propose that this reading relies not only on focus, but on B-accent (fall-rise intonation) as well. A fronted Q-adverb is usually pronounced with a B-accent; since only one element can be B-accented, this means that the scope of the adverb contains no B-accented material, hence no relative readings. Thus, the effects of fronting range more widely than is usually assumed, and quantificational adverbs are a useful tool with which to investigate these effects.
In this paper I discuss four type of bare nominal, and note that, in some sense, all of them appear to imply stereotypicality. I consider an account in terms of Bidirectional Optimality Theory: unmarked (bare) forms give rise to unmarked (stereotypical) interpretations. However, it turns out that, while the form of bare numerals is unmarked, the interpretation sometimes is not. I suggest that the crucial notion is not unmarkedness, but optimal inference: unmarked forms give rise to interpretations that are best used for drawing inferences. I propose a revision of Bidirectional Optimality Theory to reflect this.
Die vorliegende Arbeit sieht sich im Rahmen der Diskursanalyse. Ihr Ziel ist es, einen Beitrag zu Fragestellungen zu leisten, die um die Strukturierung von gesprochener Sprache und Möglichkeiten ihrer Erfassung kreisen. Die in ihr untersuchte Sprache ist das Samoanische, eine der Sprachen, die aufgrund vielfacher linguistischer Forschung eher als 'bekannt' zu bezeichnen ist.
In der Forschung zu Grammatikalisierungsphänomenen wurden die Untersuchungsergebnisse häufig in Form grafischer Schemata dargestellt. Die einschlägige Forschungsliteratur spricht daher von 'grammaticalization paths', 'chains' und 'channels'. Wir möchten in dieser Arbeit erstens einen Überblick darüber bieten, welche Grammatikalisierungspfade – und zu welchen traditionellen grammatischen Domänen – bisher vorgeschlagen wurden. Zweitens möchten wir mittels der Zusammmenstellung der Pfade in einem Gesamtbild veranschaulichen, wie ein Grammatik-Modell aussehen könnte, dem die Grammatikalisierungstheorie zugrunde liegt. Ein solcher Überblick ist aus mehreren Gründen problematisch: Zum einen liegen für einige Grammatikalisierungsentwicklungen verschiedene Vorschläge vor, von denen wir jeweils die auswählten, für die ausreichend Belegmaterial angeführt wurde. Ein anderes Problem stellt die Heterogenität der grafischen Schemata dar, für die wir versucht haben, ein einheitliches Format zu erarbeiten, um sie in unser Gesamtmodell zu integrieren. In gleicher Weise wurden die Vorschläge einbezogen, die nicht in grafischer Gestalt vorlagen. Ein grundlegendes Kriterium für die Auswahl aus der vielfältigen Literatur war, daß die Bewegung eines sprachlichen Elements entlang seines historisch belegten Pfades betrachtet wurde. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Gesamtgrafik in Bezug auf die von Himmelmann 1992 skizzierte Grammatikalisierungtheorie in einzelnen Aspekten erläutert. Der zweite Teil dient der Einordnung der historisch belegten Entwicklungen in das Gesamtschema, wobei zwei Pfade gesondert behandelt werden. Zum Abschluß möchten wir kurz auf die Möglichkeiten und die Mängel des Modells eingehen.
Das Phänomen der Inkorporation, spezieller Nominalinkorporation (NI), wurde ursprünglich in der Forschung vor allem in nordamerikanischen Indianersprachen untersucht und zu ihrer typologischen Beschreibung herangezogen. Daraus ergab sich eine Definition von NI als einem morphologischen Verfahren, bei dem ein prädikativer Ausdruck (V) einen referenzfähigen Ausdruck (N) inkorporiert, um einen komplexen prädikativen Ausdruck (V) abzuleiten. Nach heutigen Erkenntnissen jedoch gilt NI als relativ universell vertretenes Verfahren, das in den Sprachen der Welt mehr oder weniger prominent zu finden ist. Strittig ist dabei, ob das Inkorporat nur seinen syntaktischen Status – dies wäre als weit gefaßte Definition zu bezeichnen – oder auch seinen Wortstatus – dagegen eng gefaßte Definition (=Komposition) – verliert. Mit dieser Frage verbunden scheint die Diskussion um den Status von NI innerhalb eines Sprachmodells: Handelt es sich um ein syntaktisches Verfahren und ist als solches produktiv mit einer relativen Eigenständigkeit der Elemente (Sadock 1986/Baker 1988) oder um Lexikalisierung (Mithun 1984), also um einen Wortbildungsmechanismus mit einer zumindest tendenziellen Verfestigung der beteiligten Elemente? Allen diesen Modellen gemeinsam bleibt jedoch die Tatsache, daß sie im Bereich der Morphologie ansetzen. Wir wollen in dieser Arbeit den umgekehrten Weg beschreiten und anhand des von Mithun (1984) aufgestellten Katalogs von Charakteristika nach Phänomenen "nicht-morphologischer" NI suchen und sie am Material der jeweiligen Sprache erörtern.
As relações multiculturais dentro de uma dada sociedade passam, necessariamente, por relações comunicacionais. Determinados grupos minoritários com histórico de imigração, dentro de uma sociedade totalizante, podem desenvolver modos de comunicação e expressão específicos que afetam, diretamente, a linguagem ...
The present study aims to investigate how foreign language learners at the German for Academic Purposes (GAP) program at a Brazilian federal university interact in their mother tongue about their motivations to learn a foreign language as well as their motivations to participate in study abroad programs. Data were collected using focus group methodology with three focus groups of six students each (A1, A2 and B1 levels). We chose to analyze the A1 group. We conducted metaphor-led discourse analysis of the data in order to examine metaphors and metonymies, which emerged in the focus group interactions. We were able to identify the presence of systematic metaphors such as learning is hard work and learning is jumping hurdles, intertwined with conceptual metaphors such as education is a journey and difficulties are weights, which point at the motivation for learning verbalized by Brazilian foreign language learners who took part in the study.
Mehrsprachigkeit wird heute in vielen Kontexten diskutiert und unter verschiedenen Aspekten erforscht. Vor allem im Zuge der gegenwärtigen Migrationsbewegungen und der steigenden privaten und professionellen Mobilität wird unsere Gesellschaft immer häufiger vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen gestellt. Dem Fremdsprachenunterricht kommt in diesem Kontext eine große Bedeutung zu.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die grundlegenden bildungspolitischen Ziele zur Förderung individueller bzw. gesellschaftlicher Mehrsprachigkeit auf europäischer Ebene wird in diesem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die neuen Erkenntnisse der Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung sich im Zweitsprachunterricht effizient einsetzen lassen und zur Förderung einer mehrsprachigen Kompetenz beitragen können.
O presente trabalho discute diferentes estratégias de retextualização no processo de tradução de um texto acadêmico, especialmente no caso de transposição de um gênero mais próximo à oralidade a outro, mais próximo da escrituralidade. A edição crítica em português que incorpora estas estratégias de retextualização é desenvolvida tomando como base não só a primeira edição do manual didático-científico Textlinguistik de Eugenio Coseriu, fixada em alemão por Albrecht a partir de gravações em áudio de aulas ministradas por Coseriu em 1977/78, como também as edições em italiano e espanhol. Neste trabalho, diferentes estratégias de verbalização que permitem o deslocamento do texto em direção à escrituralidade são ilustradas e fundamentadas teoricamente, segundo os pressupostos teóricos do modelo de Tradições Discursivas, de base coseriana, que entende a língua como um diassistema de textos e variedades linguísticas localizadas no contínuo de oralidade e escrituralidade.
Este artigo apresenta um estudo quantitativo do uso dos modos Konjunktiv e Indikativ no discurso indireto no alemão. Através da análise de um corpus de 400 textos online do gênero notícia de jornal, descrevem-se fatores que influenciam a escolha do modo do discurso indireto. Para a realização deste estudo partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses: a escolha do modo do discurso indireto pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de verbo do discurso citante (sagen/dizer, erklären/explicar), pela posição deste (antes ou depois do discurso citado), pelo tempo verbal do verbo finito do discurso citante, tipo de verbo do discurso citado (regular, irregular, auxiliar), se a oração subordinada é introduzida ou não por conjunção, grau de inserção da oração subordinada e distância entre discurso citante e discurso citado.
Previous work examining the role of antecedent accessibility in pronominal coreference has often linked coreference to prominent structural positions that in turn are linked to information structure statuses such as topic. Three experiments examine the influence of topichood independently of structural prominence by exploring the influence of the pragmatic notion of aboutness on the written production of pronominal coreferring expressions. The results show that being mentioned in an about-phrase increases the likelihood that a referent will be selected as the future topic of a following sentence as well as increasing the proportion of responses with early, pronominal coreference to that referent, at the expense of coreference with the subject. These results suggest that coreference is sensitive to the status of other, structurally non-prominent referents in discourse, and that the pragmatic notion of aboutness influences pronominal coreference.
This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.
This paper experimentally investigates presupposition projection from the scope of the quantifiers every and at least one, as triggered by the factive verb be aware and the iterative adverb again.
The first issue we are concerned with is whether presuppositions project universally or existentially from quantified sentences. Different theoretical accounts endorse opposing views here (e.g., Heim, 1983; Geurts, 1999; Beaver, 2001; Schlenker, 2008, 2009; Fox, 2012), while recent experimental work (Chemla, 2009; Tiemann, 2014) suggests that the force of the projected presupposition varies by quantifier.
The second issue we look at is how the descriptively observed readings arise—in particular, as a direct result output from the projection mechanism, or via additional, independent mechanisms such as domain restriction (e.g., Geurts and van Tiel, 2016): if the domain of the quantifier is restricted, this can yield what looks like non-universal inferences in light of the overall, unrestricted domain, even if the projection mechanism itself yields a universal presupposition. Finally, we test whether the presupposed content also forms part of the entailed content, at least for certain triggers (Sudo, 2012; Klinedinst, 2016; Zehr and Schwarz, 2016).
Our results yield clearly different patterns for every and at least one, with every giving rise to universal presuppositions, which, to a very limited extent, can be weakened by domain restriction, and at least one overwhelmingly giving rise to non-universal presuppositions. Our results also indicate the availability of presupposition-less readings for both triggers in the task at hand, apparently more prevalent than domain restriction. Thereby, we present novel evidence that helps to pinpoint which of the theoretical options can be substantiated experimentally.
Os materiais audiovisuais, como filmes e seriados, proporcionam ao professor a oportunidade de apontar exemplos de diferentes tipos de falantes da língua-alvo: tanto falantes nativos (comumente tomados como modelo) quanto interculturais (HOUSE 2007), sendo estes falantes não nativos que se apropriaram adequadamente da língua estrangeira para a comunicação. Apresentar falantes interculturais ao aluno é importante para que ele possa romper com a concepção de falante nativo ideal como modelo de aprendizagem (RAJAGOPALAN 2012); por essa razão, é imprescindível que esse tipo de personagem seja representado adequadamente em seriados e filmes. Tendo isso em vista, pretendemos analisar, neste trabalho, os seriados Erste Wege in Deutschland e Jojo sucht das Glück, no que se refere a suas protagonistas (ambas, supostamente, falantes interculturais). Foram analisados, respectivamente, dois e cinco episódios das séries, buscando refletir sobre as protagonistas com base na caracterização de falante intercultural nos estudos da área (BYRAM, GRIBKOVA E STARKEY 2002; HOUSE 2007; OLIVEIRA 2012). Os resultados apontam para uma representação artificial dessas personagens, pois elas reproduzem, de forma geral, características típicas de um falante idealizado, o qual gera imagens estereotipadas da língua-alvo.
Rezension zu A. Celinić; I. Kurtović Budja; A. Čilaš Šimpraga; Ž. Jozić: Prinosi hrvatskoj dijalektnoj fonologiji. Split – Zagreb: Književni krug Split – Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, 2010.
Rad je nastavak istraživanja nazivlja za rodbinske veze u hrvatskome jeziku. Promatra rodbinsko nazivlje u čakavskome narječju hrvatskoga jezika, i to samo za jednu rodbinsku vezu u značenju ‘sestrina kći’. Narječna građa ekscerpirana je iz upitnika za Hrvatski jezični atlas prikupljenih na teritoriju čakavskoga narječja i dostupnih dijalektnih rječnika čakavskih govora. Usto, donose se potvrde iz povijesnih rječnika koje su uspoređene s hrvatskim standardnim jezikom. Pronađeni su sljedeći nazivi: bratučeda, nećakinja, neputa, nevoda, nevča, sestrična…
We present an architecture for the integration of shallow and deep NLP components which is aimed at flexible combination of different language technologies for a range of practical current and future applications. In particular, we describe the integration of a high-level HPSG parsing system with different high-performance shallow components, ranging from named entity recognition to chunk parsing and shallow clause recognition. The NLP components enrich a representation of natural language text with layers of new XML meta-information using a single shared data structure, called the text chart. We describe details of the integration methods, and show how information extraction and language checking applications for realworld German text benefit from a deep grammatical analysis.
U radu se analiziraju učinci jezične politike u hrvatskoj u dvama vremenskim presjecima: u pedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća na primjeru popularnoznanstvene historiografije te u 2000. godini na primjeru tiskanih medija. Empirijska analiza pokazuje da se u prvom razdoblju (u tom konkretnom žanru) nije nametao ujednačen hrvatsko-srpski jezični izraz te da se ni u drugom slučaju nije nametnulo isključivo hrvatsku preskriptivnu normu (odnosno koristili su se srbizmi i navodni srbizmi). Kad je u pitanju druga vremenska razina, analiza pokazuje da su se mediji polarizirali po tom pitanju: izbor poželjnih jezičnih jedinica ovisio je o ideološkom profilu medija. U radu se zaključuje da nam još uvijek nedostaje znanje o jezičnoj zbilji koja bi mogla verificirati teze generalizirajućeg tipa: »U Jugoslaviji su se hrvatskom jeziku nametali srbizmi.« ili »U neovisnoj su se Hrvatskoj potiskivali srbizmi.« ili koje druge. Tek nam empririjska istraživanja u više domena komuniciranja, u više stilova i žanrova, u više vremenskih razdoblja, s brigom o frekvenciji jezičnih pojava, mogu odgovoriti na pitanje o načinu, vremenu i mjestu ostvarivanja jedne ili druge jezične politike.
In this paper, a class of sentences in German is discussed that are often called whexclamatives. […]
So called wh-exclamatives can be roughly characterized as wh-clauses that are embedded under exclamative predicates like erstaunt sein/to be amazed at [...] or that are used as the basis for an exclamation [...].
One can ask if wh-exclamatives are a clause-type of their own, in particular, whether they are different from wh-clauses in question environments, that is under question predicates like to ask or to wonder or used as questions. It is often assumed that wh-clauses in exclamative contexts, both embedded and unembedded, are indeed different from wh-clauses in interrogative or question environments [...], at least regarding their semantical type, see for example Elliot (1971, 1974), Grimshaw (1979, 1981), Zaefferer (1983, 1984), Altmann (1 987, 1993). […]
I assume with Grimshaw (1979) that so called wh-exclamatives and wh-interrogatives are alike with respect to their syntactical properties. In addition, I think that they are also alike semantically. So, what I like to do here is to evaluate the following hypothesis:
So-called wh-exclamatives are of the same semantical type as wh-interrogatives.
Based on the bilingualism and ethnolinguistic identity research, this study aims to observe the role identity and linguistic attitudes play in a minority mother language’s maintenance or shifting process in early bilingualism cases in a societal bilingualism situation. The analyzed context comprises native speakers of essentially bilingual communities that migrate to an urban center like Porto Alegre, where the opportunities for minority mother language use are drastically restrained by the monolingual Portuguese context. It’s asked how this language was maintained and what is the identity and linguistic attitude after the removal of the original context identified as more rural, isolated and ethnic and culturally different. The data collection derives from semi-structured interviews, recorded and subsequently transcribed. The data analysis suggests that the ‘geographic’ factor isn’t so relevant to the maintenance/shifting of a minority language than the speaker’s ‘micro-decisions’ to preserve the cultural and affectionate ties with their origin group, the family. Besides family group, community, school and government should be called to come together to construct new ways for the linguistic and cultural preservation of the bilingual community in Brazil. In that sense, this research intends to contribute to a wider understanding of the identity and linguistics attitudes’ role in the languages’ teaching and learning in general.
Die tschetschenische und die deutsche Sprache gehören bekanntlich zu unterschiedlichen Sprachfamilien. Die traditionelle morphologische Klassifikation zählt das Tschetschenische zu den agglutinierenden Sprachen. Dennoch zeigt das Tschetschenische viele gemeinsame Züge mit den Sprachen anderer genealogischer Strukturen, so zum Beispiel – unserer These nach – mit dem Deutschen auf dem Gebiet der Phonetik. Hinsichtlich der Morphologie und der Syntax gib es Ähnlichkeiten mit den slawischen Sprachen, vornehmlich dem Russischen. Die tschetschenischen Sprachforscher betonen aber, dass ihre Sprache unter den anderen kaukasischen, agglutinierenden Sprachen einen besonderen Platz einnimmt, weil man in ihr viele Merkmale der Flektierbarkeit beobachten kann, besonders bei der Deklination von Gattungsnamen, Adjektiven und Partizipien.
Bratoljub Klaić odabrao je oblik poslanice da bi progovorio o knjizi svoga prijatelja i istaknutoga hrvatskoga jezikoslovca Ljudevita Jonkea "Književni jezik u teoriji i praksi" koja je u vrijeme kada se pojavila (1964.) izazvala veliko zanimanje stručne i šire kulturne javnosti. Odabirom oblika poslanice htio je naglasiti pohvalničke namjere svojega teksta, ali i pružiti podršku kolegi i prijatelju koji je često prolazio teške trenutke zbog svoje borbe za pravo hrvatskoga naroda da sam odlučuje o imenu svojega jezika i o njegovoj normi.
This study explores four German nominalization patterns (-ung; -erei; Ge- -X-e; nominalized infinitives) using corpus and web data. We conclude that they can be considered a word formation paradigm, as some functions depend on paradigmatic oppositions. Our case study supports gradual differences between inflectional and word formation paradigmaticity.
This article compares the noun plural systems of ten Germanic languages focusing on the number of allomorphs, their formal shape and the assignment principles used for allomorph distribution. It further aims at identifying the interrelating factors, categories, and features decisive for the very different ways in which plural allomorphy is organized in languages of the same origin. The major relevant factors are pointed out with special emphasis on the role of gender, semantic and rhythmic assignment, and the role of high token frequency. On formal grounds, the fusion vs. separation of case and number as well as the role of zero morphology vs. redundant marking, of stem alternation and the direction of influence between stem and affix are discussed.
In this article we examine and "exapt" Wurzel's concept of superstable markers in an innovative manner. We develop an extended view of superstability through a critical discussion of Wurzel's original definition and the status of marker-superstability versus allomorphy in Natural Morphology: As we understand it, superstability is - above and beyond a step towards uniformity - mainly a symptom for the weakening of the category affected (cf. 1.,2. and 4.). This view is exemplified in four short case studies on superstability in different grammatical categories of four Germanic languages: genitive case in Mainland Scandinavian and English (3.1), plural formation in Dutch (3.2), second person singular ending -st in German (3.3), and ablaut generalisation in Luxembourgish (3.4).
In den letzten Jahren ist eine kaum überschaubare Anzahl von Büchern zum Thema Körpermodifikationen erschienen, was aber bisher fehlt, ist ein klares Verständnis und eine kurze überblicksartige Dаrstellung der gängigen Formen der Fachausdrücke im Bereich der ästhetischen Chirurgie, die dem linguistisch-medizinisch Interessierten einen prägnanten Einblick in die Herkunft, die Wоrtbildung und die Häufigkeit und vergleichende Analyse der medizinischen Termini liefert. Deshalb soll in diesem Artikel versucht werden, einen kleinen Beitrag zur Bildung und Entwicklung ästhetisch-medizinischer Terminologie zu leisten. Bei dem vorliegenden Artikel handelt es sich um eine deskriptive Terminоlоgiearbeit, deren Ziel es ist, die verwendete Terminologie eines Fachgebietes zu beschreiben und aufzuzeichnen
Tiwa (Tibeto-Burman; India) has two series of epistemic indefinites: one whose epistemic effects arise via an anti-singleton constraint similar to Spanish alg´un (Alonso-Ovalle and Men´endez-Benito, 2010), and another, wide-scope indefinite whose epistemic effects must be derived differently. I propose that for these latter indefinites, ignorance arises not through domain constraints, but as a result of their choice functional nature through competition with other indefinites. Tiwa’s wide scope indefinites then constitute a new kind of epistemic indefinite, showing that ignorance implicatures for indefinites can arise through different sorts of competition.
Kadınlar ve erkekler yapısal farklılıkları dışında birçok açıdan ayrılıklar göstermektedir. Bu ayrılıklar sadece fiziki görünüşte, giyimde, hareketlerde değil, genel olarak davranış, uygulama, düşünme, alışkanlıklar ve dil gibi alanlarda da görülebilmektedir. Ayrıca kadın ve erkeğe sahip oldukları biyolojik cinsiyetleri haricinde toplumsal roller de yüklenmektedir. Bu roller de kadın ve erkek arasında mevcut olan farklılıkların toplumsal açıdan etkileşime girmesini sağlamaktadır. Toplumsal etkileşimler kadınlarla erkeklerin dillerinde de gözlemlenebilmektedir. Dil, bu durumda biyolojik cinsiyet ve toplumsal rol etkileşimlerinin bir arada bulunduğu bir öğedir. Aynı dili konuşmalarına, dilin aynı sözcükleri ve kurallarını kullanmalarına rağmen, kadınların dilleri ile erkeklerin dilleri arasında farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Genel olarak deskriptif - analitik yöntemle ilerleyecek olan bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'deki kadın dili araştırmalarına göz atmaktır. Çalışmanın kuramsal kısmında, Türkiye'de yapılmış olan kadın dili araştırmalarına değinilerek hangi durumda olduğunun gözden geçirilmesi düşünülmektedir. Dünyada kadın ve erkek dili ile ilgili çalışmalara 20. yüzyıl başlarında ağırlık verilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar sadece içeriksel değil, aynı zamanda sözlüksel, retorik ve sözdizimsel bağlamda da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Özellikle Almanya’da oldukça geniş bir araştırma alanı olan bu konunun, Türkiye'de bu kadar geniş çapta ele alınmadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde medyadaki kadın dili ele alınacaktır. Bu kısımda medya metinleri değerlendirilerek söz konusu metinlerdeki kadın dili incelenecektir. Kadın dili değişkeninin görsel medyada hangi özellikleri ile ortaya çıktığı, ne şekilde gözlemlenebildiği gerek içeriksel, gerekse sözlüksel, retorik ve sözdizimsel bağlamda incelenecektir.
Dislocation without movement
(2004)
This paper argues that French Left-Dislocation is a unified phenomenon whether it is resumed by a clitic or a non-clitic element. The syntactic component is shown to play a minimal role in its derivation: all that is required is that the dislocated element be merged by adjunction to a Discourse Projection (generally a finite TP with root properties). No agreement or checking of a topic feature is necessary, hence no syntactic movement of any sort need be postulated. The so-called resumptive element is argued to be a full-fledged pronoun rather than a true syntactic resumptive.
The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
I present data that suggest the universal entailments of counterfactual donkey sentences aren’t as universal as some have claimed. I argue that this favors the strategy of attributing these entailments to a special property of the similarity ordering on worlds provided by some contexts, rather than to a semantically encoded sensitivity to assignment.
Mention some of all
(2006)
In the interpretation of natural language one may distinguish three types of dynamics: there are the acts or moves that are made; there are structural relations between subsequent moves; and interlocutors reason about the beliefs and intentions of the participants in a particular language game. Building on some of the formalisms developed to account for the first two types of dynamics, I will generalize and formalize Gricean insights into the third type, and show by means of a case study that such a formalization allows a direct account of an apparent ambiguity: the ‘exhaustive’ versus the ‘mention some’ interpretation of questions and their answers. While the principles which I sketch, like those of Grice, are motivated by assumptions of rationality and cooperativity, they do not presuppose these assumptions to be always warranted.
Crosslinguistic research on the production of tense morphology in child language has shown that young children use past or perfective forms mainly with telic predicates and present or imperfective forms mainly with atelic predicates. However, this pattern, which has come to be known as the Aspect First Hypothesis, has been challenged in a number of comprehension studies. These studies suggest that children do not rely on aspectual information for their interpretation of tense morphology. The present paper tests the validity of the Aspect First Hypothesis in child Greek by investigating Greek-speaking children’s early comprehension of present, past and future tense morphology as well as the role that lexical aspect plays in the early use of tense morphology. It is suggested that although Greek-speaking children have not yet fully mapped the tense concepts to the correct tense morphology, tense acquisition does not seem to be significantly affected by the aspectual characteristics (i.e. the telicity) of the verb.
Wenn wir die Situation des Fremdsprachenunterrichts in der Türkei betrachten, können wir sagen, dass drei westliche Sprachen, d.h. Englisch, Französisch und Deutsch, bis 1997 erst ab der Sekundarstufe I und II als Pflichtfach unterrichtet wurden. Im Jahre 1997 wurden mit der Verabschiedung eines neuen Gesetzes grundlegende Reformen im türkischen Schulwesen eingeleitet. Durch das neue Schulgesetz wurde die Pflichtschulzeit von fünf auf acht Jahre erhöht und dadurch auch eine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Anschluss an die EU-Standards geschaffen. Mit Beginn des Schuljahres 1997/98 trat eine weitere Neuregelung in Kraft. Seitdem beginnt der Fremdsprachenunterricht bereits in der 4. Jahrgangsstufe als Pflichtfach mit 2-4 Wochenstunden, in der 6. Klasse kommt eine zweite Fremdsprache als Wahlfach hinzu. Das Bildungsministerium hat für den Pflichtschulbereich Englisch als verbindliche erste Fremdsprache festgelegt. [...] Die türkischen Schulen sollten [...] den Schülern als zukünftige EU-Bürger wenigstens zwei europäische Fremdsprachen anbieten. Dann hätte die deutsche Sprache in der Türkei die Möglichkeit, sich neben dem Englischen als zweite Fremdsprache zu etablieren, weil sie im schulischen Bereich als zweite Fremdsprache eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Förderung der Mehrsprachigkeit schließt also immer auch die Förderung der deutschen Sprache ein. Aufgrund der intensiven Kontakte zwischen Deutschen und Türken, die vor etwa 700 Jahren begannen, besitzt die deutsche Sprache ein historisches Prestige in der Türkei. Im Folgenden möchten wir kurz auf die geschichtliche Entwicklung dieser Beziehung eingehen, um zu erklären, warum die deutsche Sprache in der Türkei eine besondere Stellung hat.
Mit den sich wandelnden Anforderungen an den Fremdsprachenunterricht, die jeweilige Fremdsprache so zu unterrichten, dass sie schriftlich wie mündlich auch außerhalb schulischer Aufgabenstellungen verwendet werden kann, wandeln sich auch dementsprechend die Methoden. Diese variierenden Methoden nehmen häufig auf, was zuvor vielleicht von den vorausgegangenen Methoden vernachlässigt wurde und gehen auf aktuelle Bedürfnisse der Gesellschaft ein. Zudem berücksichtigen diese Methoden neueste Ergebnissen der unterschiedlichen Bezugswissenschaften. Deutsch als Fremdsprache/Zweitsprache ist von dieser Entwicklung der Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts nicht auszunehmen. Ausgehend von diesen Festlegungen soll im Folgenden die Methode der Dramapädagogik und deren Bedeutung für den Erwerb der Fremdsprache kurz besprochen werden.
Mit der Untersuchung von vorintegrativen Sprachförderung von Neuzuwanderern unter dem Aspekt des Spracherwerbs und der Integration bewegt sich Nimet Tan mit ihrer Dissertation, die unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Hermann Funk entstanden ist, im weiten und interdisziplinären Feld der Spracherwerbs- sowie Sprachkontakt- und Integrationsforschung. Die Aktualität und Relevanz einer Arbeit, die sich mit dem Umgang Mehrsprachiger mit ihren sprachlichen Potenzialen und damit auch mit den gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen kultureller und sprachlicher Heterogenität beschäftigt, soll hier dargelegt werden.
2013 yılında ilk kez gerçekleştirilen Öğretmenler için Alan Bilgisi (ÖABT) Almanca sınavı üniversitelerin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarında ve Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümlerinde okuyan lisans öğrencileri için umut kapısı olmuştur. Bu bölümlerin öğrencileri önceki yıllarda "mezun olup diploma sahibi olmak" gibi bir amaçla okuduklarından dolayı derslere karşı motivasyonları düşük kalmaktaydı. ÖABT ve beraberinde getirdiği Almanca öğretmeni olarak atanma fırsatı sayesinde bu öğrenciler artık lisans eğitimlerini daha fazla ciddiye almaya ve olabildiğince donanımlı bir şekilde mezun olmaya çalışmaktadır.
Yukarıdaki bilgilerden hareketle bu çalışmamızda öncelikli olarak ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriği, kapsamı, alanlara göre soru dağılımı ve puan ağırlıkları incelenecek, daha sonra da Eğitim Fakültelerinin Alman Dili Eğitimi Anabilim Dallarının müfredatı ele alınacak ve böylelikle bu bölümlerde okutulan derslerin ÖABT Almanca sınavının içeriğiyle ne derece uyumlu ve sınavı kazanıp atanabilmek adına ne derece yeterli olduğu tartışılacaktır. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi lmanca Öğretmenliği öğrencileri ile yapılan anket çalışması ışığında da öğrencilerin sınava dair görüşleri ve beklentileri analiz edilmiş ve çalışmaya monte edilmiştir.
We will argue that some seemingly adverbial free DPs in the instrumental in Russian which are traditionally termed measure instrumental are best understood as secondary predicates. We present the relevant syntactic assumptions and propose a semantics of this use of DPs in the instrumental. This proposal hears on the distinction between adjunct modification and secondary predication.
An adjunct-DP in the free instrumental case occurs in a number of surface positions where the DP is syntactically optional. does not depend on any element in the sentence, and has a number of different interpretations. We introduce Bailyn's proposal which postulates a uniform syntactic environment for all the uses of instr. This calls for a uniform semantics of these DPs which can nevertheless accomodate the different interpretations. Starting with the hypothesis of Roman Jakobson about the semantics of the instrumental case we formulate a semantic interpretation theory based on abduction. We give a uniform semantics for three different adjunct uses of instr in this framework. In the concluding part of the paper we discuss some possible alternatives and ramifications as well as questions and objections raised with respect to the treatment proposed in this paper.
Although it is a generally acknowledged fact that Neo-Latin consists of a set of linguistic varieties, there is a short supply of research into its linguistic diversification, especially in non-literary texts. One of the characteristical text classes within Neo-Latin tradition are canonical visitations, a special type of ecclesiastical administrative texts, produced extensively after the Council of Trent in all parts of Europe that had Roman Catholic hierarchical structures. The present paper analyses the language of three canonical visitations written in 18th century Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) and tries to recognise linguistic peculiarities that could prove to be distinguishing properties for canonical visitations and similar texts.
Recent work on argument selection couched in a lexical decomposition approach (Ehrich & Rapp 2000) postulates different linking properties for verbs and nouns, challenging current views on argument inheritance. In this paper, I show that the different behavior with respect to verbal and nominal linking observed for Present-Day German does not carry over to ung-nominals in Early New High German. Deverbal nouns and corresponding verbs rather behave alike with respect to argument linking. I shall argue that this change is motivated by the growing rift between ung-nominals and their verbal bases both focussing on different parts oftheir lexicosemantic structure in Present-Day German. Evidence for the verb-like behavior of ung-nominals in Early New High German comes from the regular meaning relation between verbs and corresponding derived nouns, the actional properties of event-denoting nouns, and the patterning of ung-nominals with nominalized infinitives. Even their syntactic behavior reflects the verbal character of ung-nominals during that period of the German language. The diachronic facts can be accounted for in a straightforward way once we adopt a lexical decomposition approach to argument selection.
Das Lehrwerk Deutsch für Physiotherapeuten ist das Ergebnis des KEGA-Projektes Nr. 3/5114/07. Ružena Kozmová und ihr Kollektiv, zu dem Daniela Drinková, Lucia Sabová und Astrid Hanzlíčková gehören, nahmen sich vor, ein Werk zu schaffen, das "den Bereich der komplexen Krankenbehandlung anspricht" (S. 3). Als solches entspricht es dem Bedarf des Instituts für Physiotherapie, Balneologie und Krankenrehabilitation an der Universität der Hl. Kyrill und Method (von der die Autorinnen stammen), es könnte jedoch auch in allen anderen Bildungseinrichtungen Interesse erwecken, in denen Deutsch als Fremdsprache für Berufe im Gesundheitswesen unterrichtet wird.
This paper gives a survey over the forms that can be used as prepositions in contemporary German. Apart from prototypical prepositions such as an [at, by], auf [on] or in [in], there are prepositions with the form of a content word or the form of a syntactical structure. Prepositions with the form of a content word look like adverbs (e.g. abseits [away], außerhalb [outside]), verbs (entsprechend [corresponding], betreffend [concerning]), adjectives (nahe [near], seitlich [at the side]) or nouns (trotz [despite], kraft [by virtue]); prepositions with the form of a syntactical structure look like prepositional phrases (im Gefolge [in the wake], am Rande [on the brink]). These "atypical" prepositions are of special interest for two reasons: (1) they raise the question of the delimitation of the grammatical category "preposition"; (2) unlike prototypical prepositions, they are often characterized by semantically irrelevant variations in position (preposing vs postposing) and in the choice of the governed case (dative vs genitive). These synchronic variations are documented by authentic examples from a large corpus of written German of the 90s, and are explained on the basis of a diachronic gramrnaticalization rnodel.
Worum geht es in dieser Arbeit? Dies ist eine Arbeit über Websites. Darüber, wie sie gelesen und geschrieben werden und wie man das lernen kann. Da es in dieser Arbeit um Lesen, Schreiben und Lernen geht, fließen in sie sowohl Aspekte der Sprachwissenschaft als auch der Sprachdidaktik ein. Was will diese Arbeit? Diese Arbeit hat zwei Ziele, ein sprachwissenschaftliches und ein sprachdidaktisches. In sprachwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht sollen, auf der Grundlage einer gründlichen Analyse seiner Eigenschaften, die Besonderheiten des Lesens und Schreibens im World Wide Web herausgearbeitet werden. Aufbauend auf dieser Analyse sollen im sprachdidaktischen Teil der Arbeit die Kompetenzen ermittelt und in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt werden, die zur Erstellung von Websites notwendig sind. Das so entstehende Kompetenzmodell bildet die Basis für eine zielgerichtete, effektive und evaluierbare Umsetzung der Gestaltung von Websites in der Schule und die Grundlage für weiterführende empirische Arbeiten. Wie ist die Arbeit aufgebaut? Im ersten Kapitel der Arbeit wird die Entwicklung der technischen und strukturellen Formate geschildert, welche die Grundlage des Websiteformats bilden. Darauf aufbauend werden seine wichtigsten Eigenschaften beschrieben. Im zweiten Kapitel wird das Websiteformat von anderen kommunikativen Formaten abgegrenzt und mit Hilfe der besonderen Charakteristika, die es besitzt, sein überwältigender Erfolg erklärt. Im dritten Kapitel wird unter Rückgriff auf Ergebnisse der Leseforschung und empirische Untersuchungen zum Lesen im World Wide Web erarbeitet, welchen Einfluss das Websiteformat auf das Lesen von Texten hat und welche Unterschiede es zum Lesen von Texten in anderen kommunikativen Formaten gibt. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ein Bewertungs- und Analyseraster für die Lesbarkeit von Texten im Websiteformat entwickelt. Im vierten Kapitel wird auf der Grundlage verschiedener Modelle des Schreibprozesses dargestellt, was das Schreiben für das Websiteformat vom Schreiben für andere Formate unterscheidet, was dabei besonders beachtet werden muss und welche Entwicklungen für die Zukunft zu erwarten sind. Dabei werden, unter Berücksichtigung des in Kapitel drei erarbeiteten Bewertungs- und Analyserasters, Hinweise für eine sinnvolle Vorgehensweise bei der Gestaltung von Websites gegeben. Im fünften Kapitel wird vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen bildungspolitischen Diskussion ein Kompetenzmodell für die Gestaltung von Websites entwickelt, das als Basis für die Festlegung von Bildungsstandards und die Beschreibung der Rahmenbedingungen dient, unter denen diese in der Schule verwirklicht werden können. In einer abschließenden Diskussion werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse nochmals herausgearbeitet und es wird auf Perspektiven für zukünftige sprachwissenschaftliche und sprachdidaktische Forschungsvorhaben hingewiesen.
Recent approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) generally fall into two classes: (1) information-intensive approaches and (2) information-poor approaches. Our hypothesis is that for memory-based learning (MBL), a reduced amount of data is more beneficial than the full range of features used in the past. Our experiments show that MBL combined with a restricted set of features and a feature selection method that minimizes the feature set leads to competitive results, outperforming all systems that participated in the SENSEVAL-3 competition on the Romanian data. Thus, with this specific method, a tightly controlled feature set improves the accuracy of the classifier, reaching 74.0% in the fine-grained and 78.7% in the coarse-grained evaluation.
Introduction
(2007)
The annotation guidelines introduced in this chapter present an attempt to create a unique infrastructure for the encoding of data from very different languages. The ultimate target of these annotations is to allow for data retrieval for the study of information structure, and since information structure interacts with all levels of grammar, the present guidelines cover all levels of grammar too. After introducing the guidelines, the current chapter also presents an evaluation by means of measurements of the inter-annotator agreement.
In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of our first version of the database "ANNIS" (ANNotation of Information Structure). For research based on empirical data, ANNIS provides a uniform environment for storing this data together with its linguistic annotations. A central database promotes standardized annotation, which facilitates interpretation and comparison of the data. ANNIS is used through a standard web browser and offers tier-based visualization of data and annotations, as well as search facilities that allow for cross-level and cross-sentential queries. The paper motivates the design of the system, characterizes its user interface, and provides an initial technical evaluation of ANNIS with respect to data size and query processing.
Webbasierte Lehre in der Kooperation : ALU Freiburg i. Br. – Staatliche Universität St. Petersburg
(2008)
Im Folgenden beschreiben wir die webbasierte Lehre (Online-Lehre) im Rahmen des Projektes „Lehrkooperation im Bereich Germanistische Linguistik zwischen dem Deutschen Seminar I der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. und dem Lehrstuhl für Deutsche Philologie der Staatlichen Universität St. Petersburg (Russland): Studienpraktika und Online-Seminare“. Das Projekt wurde in den Jahren 2001–2005 durchgeführt und von der VolkswagenStiftung (Hannover) finanziert. Vorausgegangen war als „Pilotprojekt“ ein Workshop für Studierende aus Freiburg und St. Petersburg, der im Oktober 2000 zum Thema „Phänomene der Wissenschaftssprache“ am Lehrstuhl für Deutsche Philologie der Staatlichen Universität St. Petersburg stattfand.
This paper focusses On the discussion of the preservation of expressive aspects in translation., Considerations are grounded on the HJELMSLEVian concepts of the isomorphy between the planes of content and expression, which are both constituted by-substance and form. The present study intends to show that the connotative equivalence of a text can only be achieved in the target language when attention is paid to both the formal-stylistic and the textual-normative dimensions. This involves the appropriation of the stylistic values of the linguistic expression in the source language and, mainly, the understanding of the tropes and the relationships between them. Thus, the present study draws on discourse analysis, comprehending "enunciation" theories and the rhetorical and pragmatic considerations on the level of expression. Considering that the literary text is privileged in providing stylistically marked choices, it is important to highlight the phonetic and semantic correspondences, that is, the close relationship between sound and meaning, which harbours one of the major difficulties in translation. The theory is applied to "Os Sertões" (English translation: "Rebellion on the Backlands") by Euclides da Cunha.