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Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts scheint auch in Deutschland politische Bewegung in die Arbeitsmarktpolitik gekommen zu sein. Angesichts von in der Spitze über 5 Millionen offiziellen Arbeitslosen und immer deutlicher zu Tage tretender Defizite bei der (damaligen) Bundesanstalt für Arbeit war ein „weiter so“ nicht mehr vermittelbar. Es bestand die Hoffnung, dass die über 5-jährige Tradition aktionistischer, erfolgloser, ja sogar problemverschärfender bundesdeutscher Arbeitsmarktpolitik endlich zu Ende gehen würde. Prinzipien wie „Fördern und Fordern“ wurden erstmals von beiden großen Volksparteien nicht nur ablehnend diskutiert, sondern als Grundvoraussetzung für eine zukunftsfähige Beschäftigungspolitik erkannt. Mit ihrer „Agenda 2010“ und den „Hartz-Reformen“ versuchte die rot-grüne Bundesregierung, das Bild eines tiefgreifenden Umbaus der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik hin zu mehr Effizienz und weniger Arbeitslosigkeit zu vermitteln. Doch hat eine grundlegende Reform der Arbeitsmarktpolitik wirklich stattgefunden? Dieser Frage gehen die beiden Autoren der vorliegenden Studie, Norbert Berthold und Sascha von Berchem, nach. Sie zeigen auf, wie über Jahrzehnte hinweg von den jeweiligen Regierungen und den sie tragenden Parteien eine völlig verfehlte Arbeitsmarktpolitik verfolgt wurde. Das Ergebnis der Analyse, ob bei den jüngsten Reformen diesbezüglich Lernerfolge zu erkennen sind, ernüchtert: Nach wie vor kann die deutsche Arbeitsmarktpolitik keinen echten Beitrag zum Abbau der Arbeitslosigkeit leisten. In vielen Bereichen blieben die Reformschritte ein bloßes Kratzen an der Oberfläche. Hinzu kommt, dass vormals bestehende institutionelle Defizite durch neue ersetzt wurden, z.B. bei der Zusammenlegung von Arbeitslosenhilfe und Sozialhilfe. All dem stellen die Autoren ein Reformkonzept entgegen, das konsequent versucht, Marktkräfte und Wettbewerb zum Abbau der Arbeitslosigkeit zu nutzen. Kernpunkt ist ein dezentraler Ansatz, der die Erprobung und Realisierung unterschiedlicher, an die jeweiligen Gegebenheiten angepassten Strategien zulässt. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass die Politik die Zeichen der Zeit erkennt. Ohne mutige Schritte bleiben die begonnenen Reformen ein Torso. Deutschland braucht nicht die Verwaltung des Elends auf immer höherem administrativen Niveau. Unserem Land helfen genauso wenig immer neue „Pilotprojekte“ und Wortgeklingel wie „Job-Floater“, „Ich- AG“, „Job-Aqtiv“ und „Equal Pay“. Was wir brauchen, sind ein ordnungspolitisch fundiertes Konzept, mehr Freiheit und mehr Wettbewerb. Mit einem Arbeits„markt“, der seinen Namen verdient, werden wir wieder mehr Wohlstand für alle schaffen können. Michael Eilfort Bernd Raffelhüschen
Dieses Handbuch enthält über die vom russischen Staate bis zum 1. Januar 1913 emittierten, übernommenen oder garantierten Anleihen alle Auskünfte, die den Besitzern von Nutzen sein könnten. Es ist in drei Abschnitte eingeteilt: i) Eigentliche Staatsanleihen. ii) Vom Staate garantierten von Eisenbahn-Gesellschaften emittierte Obligationen. iii) Papiere, die von Regierungs-Instituten emittiert sind und demgemäß die Garantie des Staates genießen. Gedruckt im Auftrage der Kredit-Kanzlei des russischen Finanzministeriums.
This dissertation investigates developments in the performance of J. S. Bach’s music in the second half of the 20th century, as reflected in recordings of the Mass in B Minor, BWV 232. It places particular emphasis on issues relating to concepts of expression through performance. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, most Bach performers shared a partial consensus as to what constitutes expression in performance (e.g., intense sound; wide dynamic range; rubato). Arguments against the application of such techniques to Bach’s works were often linked with the view that his music is more “objective” than later repertoires; or, alternatively, that expressive elements in Bach’s music are self-sufficient, and should be not be intensified in performance. Historically-informed performance (HIP), from the late 1960s onwards, has been characterised by greater attention to the inflection of local details (i.e., individual figures and motifs). In terms of expressive intensity, this led to contradictory results. On the one hand, several HIP performances were characterised by a narrow overall dynamic range, light textures, fast tempi and few contrasts; these performances were often considered lightweight. On the other hand, HIP also promoted renewed interest in the practical application of Baroque theories of musical rhetoric, inspiring performances which projected varied intensity within movements. More recently, traditional means of expression have enjoyed renewed prominence. Ostensibly “romantic” features such as broad legati, long-range crescendi and diminuendi, and organic shaping of movements as wholes have been increasingly adopted by HIP musicians. In order to substantiate the narrative outlined above, the significance of the evidence preserved in sound recordings had to be checked against other sources of information. This dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part focuses on specific “schools” of prominent Bach performers. Complete recordings of the Mass are examined in relation to the biographical and intellectual backgrounds of the main representatives of these schools, their verbally-expressed views on Bach’s music and on their own role as performers, and their style as documented in recordings of other works. The second part examines the performance history of specific movements within the Mass, comparing the interpretations preserved in sound recordings with relevant verbal analyses and commentaries. The dissertation as a whole therefore combines the resources of reception and performance studies. Beyond its specific historical conclusions concerning Bach performance in the post-war era, it also provides specific insights into Bach’s music, its meaning and its role in contemporary culture.
Plural semantics for natural language understanding : a computational proof-theoretic approach
(2005)
The semantics of natural language plurals poses a number of intricate problems – both from a formal and a computational perspective. In this thesis I investigate problems of representing, disambiguating and reasoning with plurals from a computational perspective. The work defines a computationally suitable representation for important plural constructions, proposes a tractable resolution algorithm for semantic plural ambiguities, and integrates an automatic reasoning component for plurals. My solution combines insights from formal semantics, computational linguistics and automated theorem proving and is based on the following main ideas. Whereas many existing approaches to plural semantics work on a model-theoretic basis using higher-order representation languages I propose a proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics based on a flat firstorder semantic representation language thus showing that a trade-off between expressive power and logical tractability can be found. The problem of automatic disambiguation of plurals is tackled by a deliberate decision to drastically reduce recourse to contextual knowledge for disambiguation but rely instead on structurally available and thus computationally manageable information. A further central aspect of the solution lies in carefully drawing the borderline between real ambiguity and mere indeterminacy in the interpretation of plural noun phrases. As a practical result of my computational proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics I can use my methods to perform automated reasoning with plurals by applying advanced firstorder theorem provers and model-generators available off-the shelf. The results are prototypically implemented within the two logic-oriented natural language understanding applications DRoPs and Attempto. DRoPs provides an automatic plural disambiguation component for uncontrolled natural language whereas Attempto works with a constructive disambiguation strategy for controlled natural language. Both systems provide tools for the automated analysis of technical texts allowing users for example to automatically detect inconsistencies, to perform question answering, to check whether a conjecture follows from a text or to find equivalences and redundancies.
Enthält:
"Die Fackel" als Verlagserzeugnis 1899 - 1936
Verlag Jahoda & Siegel, Wien 1905 - 1935 [Nr. 1 (1899) - Nr. 922 (1936)]
Zeitschriften, die sich an der "Fackel" entzündeten : Vorbilder, Schmarotzer und Blätter aus dem Geist der "Fackel" : ein Jahrhundertphänomen
Die Volltexte der Zeitschrift sind hier abrufbar: http://rzblx1.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2268917