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However far we are from either in practice, basic global and intergenerational justice, including climate change mitigation, are taken to be theoretically compatible. If population grows as predicted, this could cease to be the case. This paper asks whether that tragic legacy can now be averted without hard or even tragic choices on population policy. Current generations must navigate between: a high-stakes gamble on undeveloped technology; violating human rights; demanding unbearable sacrifices of the already badly off; institutional unfairness across adults; institutional unfairness across children; failing to protect children’s basic interests; and threatening the autonomy of the family. We are not yet forced to choose between bequeathing a tragic choice and making one, by adopting basically unjust measures. However, even the remaining options present a morally hard choice. The fact we face it is yet another damning indictment on the combined actions and collective failures of the global elite.
Climate justice
(2015)
Kulturalisierungen und Zuschreibungen ›kollektiver Identitäten‹ dienen in Debatten um die Einwanderungsgesellschaft Deutschland immer wieder dazu eine soziale Ordnung zu konstruieren, die zwischen denen unterscheidet, die dazu gehören und jenen, die nicht dazu gehören. Gleichzeitig formiert sich ›Identitätspolitik‹ als eine widerständige politische Praxis. Sie greift im Bewusstsein einer gemeinsamen Geschichte der Ausbeutung und Unterdrückung infolge einer zugewiesenen und konstruierten ›Identität‹ als ›Andere‹ diese als politischen Kampfbegriff auf und macht sie zum Mittel von Befreiungspolitik. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorgelegte Dissertation die Fragestellung: Welche Strategien politischen Handelns existieren, die zum Ziel haben, das Kraftfeld der identitären Projektionen und deren materiellen Folgen zu stören, politische und sozio-ökonomische Rechte einzufordern und ohne ›Identität‹ auszukommen?
In Auseinandersetzung mit Konzepten von Stuart Hall, Judith Butler, Antke Engel, Fatima El-Tayeb und Audre Lorde lote ich theoretisch die Möglichkeiten und Unmöglichkeiten nicht-identitärer Strategien politischen Handelns aus. Ein solches Handeln konzeptualisiere ich in Abgrenzung vom Gros der Ansätze sozialer Bewegungsforschung als eines, das nicht auf der Politisierung und Mobilisierung einer ›kollektiven Identität‹ basiert, sondern sich anti-identitär gegen Identitätszuschreibungen und deren Folgen wendet. Zugleich wirkt es ent-identifizierend, wenn es gelingt, vorhandene Identitätszuschreibungen zu dekonstruieren ohne neuen ›Identitäten‹ zu konstruieren. Anhand einer theoriegeleiteten, empirischen Analyse ausgewählter politischer Interventionen von FeMigra und Kanak Attak – zweier kollektiver Akteur_innen auf dem Feld der Migrations- und Antirassismuspolitik – werden die Bedingungen und die Strategien dieses Handelns sichtbar.
Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass nicht-identitäre Strategien politischen Handelns nur kontingent und temporär möglich sind, bevor sie wieder identitär vereinnahmt werden. Es sind aber gerade diese Momente, in denen schlaglichtartig erkennbar wird, dass die identitäre Zwangslogik nicht unausweichlich ist. Zentrales Motiv dieser nicht-identitären Momente ist ein Perspektivenwechsel, der darin besteht, nicht die Subjekte, sondern die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse in den Blick zu nehmen, die ›Migrant_innen‹ erst als ›Andere‹ hervorbringen und ausgrenzen. Ihre Strategien, die ich unter Rückgriff auf meine theoretischen Überlegungen als ›ent-identifizierender Artikulationen‹ (FeMigra) und ›VerUneindeutigungen‹ (Kanak Attak) interpretiere, richten FeMigra und Kanak Attak gegen jene materiellen Verhältnisse, die gesellschaftlichen Ein- und Ausschluss organisieren. Dabei fordern sie nicht die Anerkennung einer ›kollektiven Identität‹, sondern versuchen alternative Konzepte von Zugehörigkeit zu entwickeln. Zugehörigkeit wird dabei nicht an eine ›Identität‹ geknüpft, sondern als Resultat einer gelebten Realität verstanden. Soziale und politische Rechte und gesellschaftliche Teilhabe werden von nationaler Zugehörigkeit qua Staatsbürgerschaft entkoppelt. Damit können die von Kanak Attak und FeMigra formierten Bewegungen als Ausdruck einer schon existierenden anderen Gesellschaft begriffen werden, in der Praktiken der Inklusion und Formen der Bürger_innenschaft praktiziert werden, die durch Rassismen in der Mehrheitsgesellschaft verunmöglicht werden.
Die Untersuchung macht darüber hinaus deutlich, dass Widerstand jenseits von ›Identitäten‹ den Blick nicht nur auf Herrschaftsverhältnisse richtet, sondern auch durch diese erzeugt wird. Die verschiedenen Strategien sind ebenso durch die unterschiedlichen institutionell-organisatorischen Zusammenhänge wie durch die Veränderungen des historisch-sozialen, zeitdiagnostischen Kontextes (1990-2007) bedingt. Für die Entwicklung der beiden Akteur_innen und ihrer Motivation zu kollektivem Handeln und für das Verständnis der Strategien ist dieser Kontext, das heißt die Strukturen rassistischer Unterwerfung und kapitalistischer Ausbeutung, entscheidend. Die Interventionsformen sind damit Störungen des jeweils zeitgenössischen Systems und daher nicht verallgemeinerbar, sondern immer geprägt von den Verhältnissen, gegen die sie sich richten.
The dissertation focuses on the semiconductor industry to analyze the current state of the international division of labor and its impact on the engineering labor process. Three extensive case studies on design centers of semiconductor companies located in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are used to bridge two major gaps in the current academic debate. While the discussion on the development of the international division of labor in manufacturing has already moved towards a more sophisticated perspective that acknowledges a multi-centric structure of international division of labor, on the level of engineering work the hierarchic dichotomy of center and periphery still prevails. Analyzing both location and upgrading processes as well as the labor process the study is able to challenge this perspective. With the focus on CEE the dissertation re-focuses the analysis on a region hitherto not very prominent in research on the international division of labor and the electronics industry. The semiconductor industry with its decade long history of internationalization of both production and product development allows the analysis to focus on local upgrading and control in the labor process that are already stabilized and not anymore distorted by adjustment dynamics of initial phases of internationalization. The study is organized in two major parts representing its two levels of perspective - industry and work. First, the industry perspective with the development of global networks of production and development is used to analyze the industry organization and geographic scope of the developing international division of labor. The Global Production Network approach with its upgrading perspective is combined with research on locational decisions of R&D operations, innovation dynamics and work categories to sketch the shifts in the electronics and semiconductor industry. The study is able to show how a network based industry organization is developing, that is however increasingly driving processes of vertical integration through triangular restructuring. Based on data from field research in CEE in three extensive case studies the focus is put on the upgrading process of chip design centers in global networks of production and development. Using work categories to assess both local upgrading as well as location within global design networks the study is able to show how peripheral operation are able to develop into relatively central design centers. The most important result of the study is its account on processes of integration, through which locally integrated product development teams emerge that comprise of almost all necessary functions for product development. With this the often perpetuated idea of an increasingly modularized and internationalized engineering work is challenged. Simultaneously, a new phase in the process of internationalization is described that is characterized by increased localization, while the integration into and reliance on global networks is growing. Second, the study analyzes the engineering labor process within global networks of production and design of the electronics industry. The Labor Process Theory (especially Friedman's approach) is used to analyze the control in the engineering labor process in chip design centers in CEE. Its main argument is that the labor process in peripheral product design locations in CEE has developed considerably with regards to levels of autonomy in work tasks organization and control structure. The labor process in these formerly peripheral design centers has developed towards a project organization where managerial strategies tend towards responsible autonomy. However, a layered structure of control strategies is used by management, where forms of direct control often undergird strategies of responsible autonomy. The ability to develop an efficient labor process organization is dependent on the ability to reduce the international interface contacts towards the beginning and the end of development projects. This is directly linked to the process of local integration, or functional upgrading, through which the technical and managerial capabilities that are necessary for such a work organization are developed locally. This is the point where the international division of labor and the labor process organization need to be developed in unison through company strategy. However, local worker struggle, mostly through resistance by individual engineers, has also decisive effects on the development of the labor process. Additionally, local factors such as the labor market are central to the analysis advancing a more dialectical perspective on the relations between global and local levels of internationalization. The analysis shows how integrated forms of international division of labor are increasingly developing.
Introduction - Issue 7
(2014)
A recent trend in international development circles is "New Institutionalism". In a slogan, the idea is just that good institutions matter. The slogan itself is so innocuous as to be hardly worth comment. But the push to improve institutional quality has the potential to have a much less innocuous impact on aid efforts and other aspects of international development. This paper provides a critical introduction to some of the literature on institutional quality. It looks, in particular, at an argument for the conclusion that making aid conditional on good institutional quality will promote development by reducing poverty. This paper suggests that there is little theoretical or empirical evidence that this kind of conditionality is good for the poor.
Justice, not development : Sen and the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality
(2014)
Starting from the merits of Sen's "Development as freedom", the article also explores its shortcomings. It argues that they are related to an uncritical adoption of the discourse of "development", which is the hegemonic framework for ameliorating global inequality today. This discourse implies certain limitations of thought and action, and the article points out three areas where urgent questions of global justice have been largely ignored by development theory and policy as a consequence. Struggles for justice on a global scale, this is the conclusion, should not take the detour of "development".
Rising powers are fundamentally shifting the relations of power in the global economic and political landscape. International political theory, however, has so far failed to evaluate this nascent multipolarity. This article fills this lacuna by synthesizing empirical and normative modes of inquiry. It examines the transformation of sovereignty exercised by emerging democracies and focuses especially on the case of Brazil. The paper shows that – in stark contrast to emerging democracies' foreign policy rhetoric – the "softening" of sovereignty, which means that emerging powers gain as well as lose certain aspects of sovereignty, has become the norm. The paper explores this softening of sovereignty from the perspective of global justice by assessing it on the basis of globalist, statist, and internationalist conceptions of global justice. We find that the emergent multipolarity contributes in various ways to the realization of the distinct socioeconomic and political criteria of these three conceptions of global justice. However, we also point out that the transformation of sovereignty generates particular problems for the realization of all three conceptions.