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This thesis investigates whether professionals on the global financial markets, such as investment bankers, traders, and analysts, form a global social class.
Over recent decades, rising inequality has reinvigorated interest in issues of class. Despite the experience of world-wide economic crises demonstrating the global reach of the contemporary economy, the research areas of globalisation and class remain surprisingly disengaged from each other. Especially the question of global class formation remains underexplored.
The first part of this thesis examines why the issue of globalisation remains a niche within research on class. Therefore, the theoretical foundations of the dominant approaches to class are investigated, identifying the causes for the implicit “methodological nationalism” of modern mainstream class analysis in the underlying theories of the economy and social action. Vice-versa, an examination of globalisation theory shows that similar obstacles persist in the theoretical reasoning on inequality from a global perspective, precluding a conceptualisation of global class formation. In dialogue with the few existing approaches to conceptualize class on a global level, a framework for the study of global class formation based on Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of social fields is developed.
In part two of the thesis this framework is employed to examine empirically, whether the global field of finance is currently the source for the formation of a global financial class. The field of finance as the most globalised economic sector is a paradigmatic case for studying the formation of a global class. An interview study on the career trajectories of financial professionals from Frankfurt and Sydney uncovers that despite the legacy of national economic specificities on the institutional level, financial actors draw in their social praxis on global forms of social, cultural, and economic capital and have developed a common culture, worldview, praxis, and habitus, delineating the formation of a global financial class.
Cross-border exchange and comparison of forensic DNA data in the context of the Prüm decision
(2018)
This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides an overview of the Prüm regime. It first considers the background of the Prüm Convention and Prüm Decision. The subsequent two chapters summarize the Prüm regime in relation mainly to DNA data looking at value and shortcomings; and ethical, legal and social implications of forensic DNA typing and databasing in relation to the Prüm regime. Finally, based on the analysis, it provides the policy recommendations.
Based on an original dataset of 100 important pieces of legislation passed during the three presidencies of William J. Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack H. Obama (1992-2013), this study explores two sets of questions:
(1) How do presidents influence legislators in Congress in the legislative arena, and what factors have an effect on the legislative strategies presidents choose?
(2) How successful are presidents in getting their policy positions enacted into law, and what configurations of institutional and actor-centered conditions determine presidential legislative success?
The analyses show that in an hyper-polarized environment, presidents usually have to fight an uphill-battle in the legislative arena, getting more involved if they face less favorable contexts and the odds are against them.
Moreover, the analyses suggest that there is no silver-bullet approach for presidents' legislative success. Instead, multiple patterns of success exist as presidents - depending on the institutional and public environment - can resort to different combinations of actions in order to see their preferred policy outcomes enacted.
International society consists of states and the rules and institutions they share. Although international society has become a mundane feature of the world and the principal research focus of International Relations, it has become meaningless. More specifically, the technical rules that determine what states are and how they relate to other features of the world are units of semantic meaning, but their rampant, unprincipled proliferation has corroded their capacity to contain existential meaning. This deterioration is to be deplored because it alienates subjects from each other, it is totalising and excludes alternatives, and it is theoretically irreversible. To connect the two kinds of meaning, the first step is to reconceptualise international society as consisting strictly of constitutive rules whose meaning depends on the context they jointly compose, which implies that these rules can in turn be represented as signs in a semiotic structure. In order to evaluate the capacity of the signs to contain existential meaning, the next step is to adapt Baudrillard’s hierarchical typology of semiotic systems, ranging from the most meaningful systems based on symbolic exchange value to the vapid terminus of hyperreality based on sign value, in which semantic meaning is without value and existential meaning is impossible. The narrative traces the history of the signs of international law from the premodern period, when Christendom was understood as an approximation of the divine kingdom and a vehicle for salvation, to the present postmodern period, in which hundreds of articles of international maritime law make the decision to go to war over isolated rocks intelligible – even rational – and international trade law catalogues potato products to six digits. Three cases in particular exemplify this devolution in international law: the laws determining the territorial sea, the most-favoured national principle of international trade law, and nationality as a normative basis for statehood.
An die Soziologie werden zunehmend Fragen des ökonomischen Nutzens und der gesellschaftlichen Relevanz herangetragen. Ein Wissen um den gesellschaftlichen Impact soziologischen Wissens und die Artikulation eines Nutzens für die Praxis sind wertvolle Werkzeuge im Kampf um die Alimentation soziologischer Forschung. Aber wie wird soziologisches Wissen überhaupt angewendet? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird soziologisches Wissen definiert und dessen Anwendung expliziert. Unter Zuhilfenahme von Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenssoziologie wird zunächst eine Definition erarbeitet. Anschließend werden Forschungsgebiete, die sich mit der Anwendung von (soziologischen) Wissen beschäftigen, vorgestellt – allen voran die soziologische Verwendungsforschung. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Explikation der Anwendung soziologischen Wissens erarbeitet, vor dessen Hintergrund aktuelle Bemühungen, soziologisches Wissen stärker anzuwenden, betrachtet werden. Die abschließende Diskussion beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten und Restriktionen der Anwendung soziologischen Wissens und betont die Rolle der Soziologie als kritische gesellschaftliche Aufklärungsinstanz.
Due to immigration influxes, Germany’s ethnic diversity is on steady rise. Although citizens of immigrant origin make up a high percentage of the population in all Western European countries, they are descriptively underrepresented in most legislative bodies. As widely acknowledged, political parties form the key channels through which societal developments are fed into parliament. By selecting parliamentary candidates, they constitute the most crucial nexus of the population to be represented and legislative bodies. Despite the pivotal role of the intra-party candidate selection in shaping who runs for election, the question of how candidates of immigrant background fare in the candidate selection and whether the criteria political parties use for selecting candidates of immigrant background are the same as for native-born candidates remained a blind spot of the research on minority representation. Therefore, the dissertation scrutinizes the thresholds candidates of immigrant background need to overcome to run for legislative office. It thus tackles the questions of how political parties go about selecting candidates of immigrant background in comparison to native-born candidates and which contextual factors drive their choice of selection behavior. For this purpose, the dissertation develops three ideal-typical selection strategies political parties can adopt towards candidates of immigrant background, which are referred to as neutrality, opening or closure, and empirically tests which selection strategy is in use. To explore parties’ selection behavior towards candidates of immigrant background, the dissertation combines the advantages of quantitative analysis by employing candidate surveys at the state and national level, with advantages of qualitative analysis by conducting interviews with candidates of immigrant background. As the analysis reveals, neutrality is the predominant selection strategy that political parties use towards candidates of immigrant background, the reason being that neutral selection practices involve the fewest intra-party conflicts.
Die Arbeit untersucht am Fall der Religionspolitik in den Verfassungsgebungsprozessen der deutschen Bundesländer, ob Verfassungen eher das Ergebnis von Konflikt oder Konsens sind. Die Länderverfassungen zeigen eine hohe religionspolitische Vielfalt, die in dieser Arbeit erstmals vollständig erhoben und systematisiert wird. Die religionspolitischen Normen der Verfassungen werden vier Typen von Religionspolitik zugewiesen (Statusverleihung, Redistribution, Religionsfreiheit und Restriktion). Für die Verbreitung der einzelnen Normen werden die historischen Verläufe von 1919 bis 2015 analysiert und Trends beschrieben. Für die Erklärung der Unterschiede entwickelt die Arbeit ein ökonomisches Modell des Parteienwettbewerbs, in dem religiöse Parteien, insbesondere CDU und CSU, die zentrale Rolle spielen. In dem Modell wird angenommen, dass religiöse Parteien (einschließlich der Union) nur dann die Interessen nicht- und andersreligiöser Wähler berücksichtigen – wenn dies für ihren Wahlerfolg notwendig ist. Die zentrale Idee des Modells ist, dass religionspolitische Policies unterschiedliche Kosten und Nutzen für religiöse und nichtreligiöse Wähler implizieren. Diesen Kosten und Nutzen müssten religiöse Parteien Rechnung tragen, wenn sie Politikergebnis und Wahlergebnis gleichzeitig optimieren – d.h. rational abwägend agieren. Aus der Überprüfung dieses Modells lässt sich ableiten, ob die Religionspolitik in Verfassungen das Ergebnis offener Verhandlungen mit dem Ziel der Herstellung bzw. Abbildung eines gesellschaftlichen Konsenses sind – oder ob sie vielmehr das Ergebnis harter politischer Auseinandersetzungen sind und die gesellschaftlichen Machtverhältnisse reproduzieren. Je weniger Ersteres und je mehr Zweiteres gegeben ist, desto weniger können Verfassungen voraussetzungslos als Rahmen oder Bezugspunkt eines fairen politischen Wettstreits dienen. Die Arbeit belegt dieses Modell empirisch mit einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz aus multiplen Regressionsanalysen und fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA).
This working paper gives insights on a theoretical perspective on class formation in the context of global financial markets and presents first empirical findings regarding the formation of a global financial class. It draws on numerous encounters with financial professionals that were inter- viewed in Frankfurt (Germany) and Sydney (Australia). As a preliminary conclusion from those inves- tigations on a micro-perspective, we state that acting on the market creates a sense of global socia- bility, whereby organizations only play a secondary role. Careers in finance follow internationally homogenized pathways. This process of global class formation is taking place prominently in global financial centers. Therefore we link the level of investigation on a micro-perspective (experience of financial professionals) with global city life and the fabric of the city. This results in empirical findings on a meso-level from an ethnography of the social and professional urban environment of finance in the two global cities. Symbolic struggles engraved in the built environment of Frankfurt and Sydney are traced and discussed against the background of every-day-practices of aspiration in the financial districts investigated.
Sozialräume der Global Financial Class : Untersuchungen in den Finanzzentren Frankfurt und Sydney
(2016)
Dieses Working Paper untersucht die Bedeutung von Global Cities für die Formierung einer globalen Finanzklasse anhand der Finanzzentren Frankfurt und Sydney. In einer vergleichenden Ethnographie dieser beiden Städte werden urbane Räume und soziale Kontexte erforscht, die durch die kulturellen Praktiken und stilistischen Gemeinsamkeiten der modernen Finanzklasse geprägt sind. Es werden dabei vier charakteristische kulturelle Muster identifiziert: Dies sind die Muster der Repräsentation, der Exklusivität, der Aspiration und der sozialen Durchlässigkeit.
Im Muster der Repräsentation verbindet sich das Finanzwesen auf eine symbolische Weise mit Politik und Gesellschaft, während im Muster der Exklusivität der Kern ökonomischer Praktiken dem Zugriff der Allgemeinheit entzogen wird. Das Muster der Aspiration ermöglicht Praktiken der Herstellung und des Austestens von Zugehörigkeit, während der Modus sozialer Durchlässigkeit eine Auseinandersetzung mit anderen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und die Aufnahme fremder kultureller Muster durch Praktiken der cultural omnivorousness ermöglicht.
Die Praktiken, die diese vier typischen Muster konstituieren, nehmen dabei jeweils lokale Eigenhei- ten auf, die in einen global verlaufenden Klassenbildungsprozess eingespeist werden und diese glo- bale Klasse in den Städten verankern.
Im Kontext der Diskussion zur „Globalisierung des Managements“ und der daraus entstandenen These einer transnationalen Klasse untersuchen wir in diesem Beitrag den Stellenwert internationaler Berufserfahrung bei Bankvorständen in Deutschland und weltweit. Bisherige Forschungen (etwa Pohlmann 2009) argumentieren, dass bei den Top-100- Industrieunternehmen in den USA, Ostasien und Deutschland Karriereverläufe im mittleren und Spitzenmanagement kaum internationalisiert sind und Hauskarrieren die Regel seien. Unsere eigene explorative Untersuchung legt die Vermutung nahe, dass die Situation im deutschen sowie im globalen Bankensektor anders aussieht. Vor allem in Deutschland verlaufen die Top-Karrieren im Unterschied zu Industrieunternehmen deutlich internationaler, was auf andere personelle Konstellation im Feld des global vernetzten Finanzsektors hinweist. Im deutschen wie im globalen Finanzsektor könnten wir es hierbei mit dem Phänomen einer „Transnationalisierung ohne Migration“ zu tun haben.
In methodischer Hinsicht macht unsere Studie auf die Grenzen quantitativer Forschungsdesigns bei der Untersuchung internationaler Berufserfahrung und internationalen Arbeitspraxen aufmerksam. Daher plädieren wir für ein an die Kategorien der Bourdieu‘schen Sozialtheorie angelehntes qualitatives Forschungsdesign für die Untersuchung der Herausbildung einer globalen Klasse auf den globalisierten Finanzmärkten.
Globale Finanzplätze im Vergleich : Frankfurt und Sydney zwischen Global City und lokaler Variation
(2015)
Frankfurt und Sydney sind international bedeutende Knotenpunkte des Global- Cities-Netzwerks. Als transnationale Finanzzentren erreichen sie im Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) ähnliche Platzierungen. Populäre Rankings wie der GFCI entfalten ihre Wirkungsmacht in einem politischen Diskurs, der die Konkurrenz von Finanzzentren in einem hierarchischen Städtenetzwerk betont und so die Orientierung an den Champions der Finanzmetropolen forciert. Der hier vorgenommene kontrastive Vergleich Frankfurts und Sydneys zeigt hingegen, dass die stark von Globalisierungs- und Finanzialisierungstendenzen beeinflussten Städte sich nicht einfach einem Idealtypus von Global Cities angleichen. Vielmehr sorgt die Einbettung in unterschiedliche Entwicklungslinien – im Falle Frankfurts in die Tradition einer koordinierten Marktwirtschaft, im Falle Sydneys in die Tradition einer liberalen Marktwirtschaft – für die Ausbildung von Finanzsystemen mit unterschiedlichem Charakter und unterschiedlicher Reichweite. So weist der Finanzplatz Frankfurt im Vergleich mit Sydney eine starke globale Vernetzung auf, wenngleich die Merkmale der koordinierten Marktwirtschaft - geringere Börsenkapitalisierung der Unternehmen, einer primär kreditbasierten Unternehmensfinanzierung und geringere Finanzmarktorientierung der Bevölkerung nachwirken. Demgegenüber profitiert der Finanzstandort Sydney von einer durchwegs finanzialisierten Ökonomie, was sich in der Finanzmarktorientierung von Unternehmen und jener der allgemeinen Bevölkerung ausdrückt, weist aber eine stärkere Binnenorientierung, also die Fokussierung auf den nationalen Markt auf.
The Muskoka Initiative – or the Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) Initiative has been a flagship foreign policy strategy of the Harper Conservatives since it was introduced in 2010. However, the maternal health initiative has been met with a number of key criticisms in relation to its failure to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of women in the Global South2. In this article, I examine these criticisms and expose the prevalent and problematic discourse employed in Canadian policy papers and official government speeches pertaining to the MNCH Initiative. I examine the embodiment of the MNCH and how these references to women’s bodies as “walking wombs” facilitate: the objectification and ‘othering’ of women as mothers and childbearers; a discourse of ‘saving mothers’ in a paternalistic and essentialist language; and the purposeful omission of gender equality. Feminist International Relations (IR) and post-colonial literature, as well as critical/feminist Canadian foreign policy scholarship are employed in this paper to frame these critiques.
This paper argues that it is necessary to focus on gender rather than exclusively on women in discussions on global poverty eradication. It argues firstly, that the drivers of poverty are complex and multifaceted leading to a least two different forms of deprivation – transitory and structural poverty – each requiring different forms of analysis and treatment. Transitory poverty can arise as a consequence of an event or shock that would diminish an individual’s capacity to retain or secure employment and where a State lacks an appropriate form of social protection. Structural poverty, on the other hand, arises where groups are excluded from the workforce on a more permanent basis due to a wide variety of factors of discrimination such as sex, race, ethnicity, and age. Focusing on the sex of an individual alone cannot explain why some are more likely to experience different forms of poverty than others. Policies that protect women against transitory poverty, such as care related allowances, are not sufficient to eradicate structural poverty. Secondly, structural poverty prompts an examination of gender roles and relations. Unlike the category of ‘women’, the concept of gender demands consideration of a wider range of intersecting factors that influence life chances. The structure of contemporary gender relations, where women continue to experience higher levels of violence, and carry the greatest burden of responsibility for non-market based production activities, create the social conditions where domination and dependence thrive, and where persistently high rates of poverty seem inevitable. Such circumstances are generated by human agency. Thus, thirdly, it argues that these circumstances can and should be changed through human action. Knowledge of these circumstances gives rise to moral obligations for both men and women to avoid upholding values and practices that lead to domination and dependence as a matter of basic justice.
In this paper, I examine how maternal myths are deployed in popular development literature. Using critical discourse analysis and working within a feminist postcolonial framework I analyse five texts produced by development organizations for popular consumption. I identify how maternal myths are constructed in each text and conduct a contextual analysis of four myths to identify their ideological significance within the development sector. I conclude that that in their construction of maternal myths, these texts, while intended to elicit support for gender and development interventions, reinforce exploitative gender roles and relations and limit women’s experiences of development.
As the lowest in the caste hierarchy, Dalits in Indian society have historically suffered caste-based social exclusion from economic, civil, cultural, and political rights. Women from this community suffer from not only discrimination based on their gender but also caste identity and consequent economic deprivation. Dalit women constituted about 16.60 percent of India’s female population in 2011. Dalit women’s problems encompass not only gender and economic deprivation but also discrimination associated with religion, caste, and untouchability, which in turn results in the denial of their social, economic, cultural, and political rights. They become vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation due to their gender and caste. Dalit women also become victims of abhorrent social and religious practices such as devadasi/jogini (temple prostitution), resulting in sexual exploitation in the name of religion. The additional discrimination faced by Dalit women on account of their gender and caste is clearly reflected in the differential achievements in human development indicators for this group. In all the indicators of human development, for example, literacy and longevity, Dalit women score worse than Dalit men and non-Dalit women. Thus, the problems of Dalit women are distinct and unique in many ways, and they suffer from the ‘triple burden’ of gender bias, caste discrimination, and economic deprivation. To gain insights into the economic and social status of Dalit women, our paper will delve more closely into their lives and encapsulate the economic and social situations of Dalit women in India. The analyses of human poverty and caste and gender discrimination are based on official data sets as well as a number of primary studies in the labor market and on reproductive health.
Ibegin by providing some background to conceptions of responsibility. I note the extent of disagreement in this area, the diverse and cross-cutting distinctions that are deployed, and the relative neglect of some important problems. These facts make it difficult to attribute responsibility for climate change, but so do some features of climate change itself which I go on to illuminate. Attributions of responsibility are often contested sites because such attributions are fundamentally pragmatic, mobilized in the service of a normative outlook. We should be pluralists about responsibility and shape whatever conceptions can help to explain, guide, and motivate our responses to climate change. I sketch one such notion, ‘intervention-responsibility’, and argue that it should be ascribed to international regimes and organizations, states and other jurisdictions, individuals, and firms. Each has different capacities and thus different intervention-responsibilities responsibilities, but these differences are not always mirrored in public discussion. In particular, the moral responsibility of firms has been greatly neglected.
t is becoming less and less controversial that we ought to aggressively combat climate change. One main reason for doing so is concern for future generations, as it is they who will be the most seriously affected by it. Surprisingly, none of the more prominent deontological theories of intergenerational justice can explain why it is wrong for the present generation to do very little to stop worsening the problem. This paper discusses three such theories, namely indirect reciprocity, common ownership of the earth and human rights. It shows that while indirect reciprocity and common ownership are both too undemanding, the human rights approach misunderstands the nature of our intergenerational relationships, thereby capturing either too much or too little about what is problematic about climate change. The paper finally proposes a way to think about intergenerational justice that avoids the pitfalls of the traditional theories and can explain what is wrong with perpetuating climate change.