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While for centuries Greek tragedies were performed only intermittently (Flashar 1991; Foley 1999; Macintosh et al. 2005; Hall and Macintosh 2005), the 1960s saw an enormous growth internationally in the staging of ancient dramas, and between 1960 and today, more Greek tragedies have been performed than in the entire period from antiquity to 1960.1 The new interest in ancient tragedy corresponded with a fundamental crisis in Western culture, issuing from the Shoah and gradually forcing its way into consciousness. After World War II, and especially since the 1960s, the question of history needed to be reconsidered. With the increasing dissolution of tradition, the interval between antiquity and the present became an unresolved problem. At the same time, a teleological understanding, which sees history as something that can be planned and calculated, had to be considered as failed, since fascism and communism "in the name of history" had erected totalitarian systems. What then appeared in this historical void?
The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.
La proliferación en las metrópolis globales de los llamados "barrios cerrados" o gated communities obedece a una interpretación de la ciudad en clave de amenaza. Una de sus consecuencias es la fragmentación del suelo público de modo tal, que junto a la presunta protección de algunos, acaba exponiéndose el desequilibrio y la interperie económica y social en las que habita el resto de ciudadanos. El análisis de la película La Zona (Plá, R. 2007) y el documental On the safe side (Wichmann, C. & Schmid, L.2010) pone de relieve los elementos esenciales que dan forma a este tipo de ocupación del territorio metropolitano creando dinámicas de exclusión, distanciamiento y alteridad. La comparación entre la ficción y la realidad documentada permite reflexionar sobre el futuro de las megalópolis y los modos de convivencia que puede llegar a generar la localización física del antagonismo entre la marginalidad y el elitismo.