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Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the standard of care for metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progressing during or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Real-world clinical practice tends to represent more diverse patient characteristics than randomized clinical trials. We sought to evaluate overall survival (OS) outcomes in the total study population and in key subsets of patients who received nivolumab for previously treated advanced NSCLC in real-world settings in France, Germany, or Canada.
Materials and methods: Data were pooled from two prospective observational cohort studies, EVIDENS and ENLARGE, and a retrospective registry in Canada. Patients included in this analysis were aged ≥18 years, had stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, and received nivolumab after at least one prior line of systemic therapy. OS was estimated in the pooled population and in various subgroups using the Kaplan-Meier method. Timing of data collection varied across cohorts (2015–2019).
Results: Of the 2585 patients included in this analyses, 1235 (47.8 %) were treated in France, 881 (34.1 %) in Germany, and 469 (18.1 %) in Canada. Median OS for the total study population was 11.3 months (95 % CI: 10.5–12.2); this was similar across France, Germany, and Canada. The OS rate was 49 % at 1 year and 28 % at 2 years for the total study population. In univariable Cox analyses, the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in nonsquamous disease, liver, or bone metastases were associated with significantly shorter OS, whereas tumor programmed death ligand 1 expression and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1 were associated with significantly prolonged OS. Similar OS was noted across subgroups of age and prior lines of therapy.
Conclusion: OS rates in patients receiving nivolumab for previously treated advanced NSCLC in real-world clinical practice closely mirrored those in phase 3 studies, suggesting similar effectiveness of nivolumab in clinical trials and clinical practice.
Die Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist die häufigste nicht-traumatische, autoimmun-vermittelte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), welche vor allem bei jüngeren Patienten mit Invalidisierung und anhaltenden neurologischen Defiziten einhergehen kann.
Im Rahmen eines optimalen Therapiekonzepts wurden deshalb immer neuere und potentere Medikamente eingeführt. Mit den Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptor-1 (S1P1) -Agonisten Fingolimod und Siponimod sind seit mehreren Jahren Medikamente auf dem Markt deren Wirksamkeit bewiesen, jedoch die genauen Wirkprinzipien noch nicht vollends verstanden sind. Angenommen wurde bisher eine Lymphozytendepletion aufgrund einer Hemmung der Lymphozyteninfiltation ins ZNS über den ubiquitär exprimierten, G-protein gekoppelten S1P1-Rezeptor. Neben Wirksamkeiten im Bereich des Immunsystems spielt der S1P1-Rezeptor und sein natürliches Substrat, das S1P, in vielen essenziellen Bereichen eine entscheidende Rolle, unter anderem in der Ausbildung und Reifung des vaskulären Systems in der Embryogenese.
Die genaue Untersuchung des S1P1-Signalwegs in-vivo gestaltete sich deshalb erschwert, da S1P1-Knock-Out-Mäuse einen letalen Phänotyp ausbilden. Jedoch deuten immer mehr Untersuchungen auch auf eine direkte S1P1-Rezeptor-vermittelte Wirksamkeit von Fingolimod auf Zellen des ZNS hin, somit eine Wirkung über die bisher bekannte Lymphozytenaffektion hinaus. Eine genaue Darstellung der im ZNS-beteiligten Zellen und ihrer S1P1-Aktivität gelang bisher auf zellulärer Ebene nicht.
Mit dem in dieser Arbeit genutzten Mausmodell der genmodifizierten S1P1-Signaling-Maus sollte erstmals eine lokoregionale und zelluläre Untersuchung der am S1P1-Signalweg beteiligten Zellen im Rahmen von physiologischen und experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE)-Bedingungen im ZNS erfolgen. Hierbei entspricht die EAE weitgehend einem tierexperimentellen Korrelat der menschlichen MS. Bei Aktivierung eines S1P1-Rezeptors bei der S1P1-Signaling-Maus erfolgt durch eine gekoppelte Signalkaskade eine konsekutive Expression eines Histonproteins, welches an ein grün-fluoreszierendes Protein gekoppelt ist. Es resultiert eine grüne Fluoreszenz des Zellkerns der betroffenen Zelle. Bei der Kontroll-Maus findet sich keine Kopplung zwischen Rezeptor und im Zellkern befindlicher Proteine.
Hierbei konnte mit Hilfe von Immunhistochemie sowie der quantitativen Methode der Durchflusszytometrie ein S1P1-Signaling in peripheren Organen wie beispielweise der im Rahmen der MS bedeutsamen Milz nachgewiesen werden. Dadurch eröffnen sich Einblicke in Migrationsverhalten und Zusammensetzung der Lymphozyten-Subtypen und deren S1P1-Signaling im Rahmen von physiologischen Bedingungen und unter EAE-Bedingungen.
Die Darstellung des S1P1-Signalings im ZNS, als Hauptmanifestationsort der MS, gelang unter Zuhilfenahme der EAE mit dem genmodifizierten Mausmodell jedoch nicht. Da sich keine Unterschiede in der GFP-Expression zwischen der Signaling-Maus und der heterozygoten Kontroll-Maus zeigen, sind keinerlei Rückschlüsse auf ein echtes S1P1-Signaling möglich. Es zeigen sich zwar deutliche Expressionsunterschiede des GFP im Vergleich erkrankter und gesunder Versuchstiere, Rückschlüsse auf eine echte S1P1-Aktivität konnten jedoch nicht getroffen werden.
Zusammenfassend eignet sich das hier genutzte Mausmodell der genmodifizierten S1P1-Maus zur Untersuchung peripherer Organe und ihrem S1P1-Signaling, z.B. zur Untersuchung kardiovaskulärer Fragestellungen oder zur dezidierteren Veranschaulichung peripher lymphatischer Prozesse.
Zur Untersuchung ZNS-eigener Zellen sowie zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob und wie sie über den S1P1-Rezeptor agieren, bedarf es jedoch noch der Entwicklung eines geeigneteren Tiermodells.
Die bereits erprobte Möglichkeit der Biolumineszenz zeigte in vorherigen Untersuchungen zwar eine S1P1-Aktivität in-vivo, jedoch sind hier keinerlei Untersuchungen auf zellulärer Basis möglich, sodass mit dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung ein direkter Nachweis der S1P1-Aktivität auf zellulärer Ebene im ZNS nicht möglich ist.
GATA2 deficiency is a heterogeneous multi-system disorder characterized by a high risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and myeloid leukemia. We analyzed the outcome of 65 patients reported to the registry of the European Working Group (EWOG) of MDS in childhood carrying a germline GATA2 mutation (GATA2mut) who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). At 5 years the probability of overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) was 75% and 70%, respectively. Non-relapse mortality and relapse equally contributed to treatment failure. There was no evidence of increased incidence of graft-versus-host-disease or excessive rates of infections or organ toxicities. Advanced disease and monosomy 7 (−7) were associated with worse outcome. Patients with refractory cytopenia of childhood (RCC) and normal karyotype showed an excellent outcome (DFS 90%) compared to RCC and −7 (DFS 67%). Comparing outcome of GATA2mut with GATA2wt patients, there was no difference in DFS in patients with RCC and normal karyotype. The same was true for patients with −7 across morphological subtypes. We demonstrate that HSCT outcome is independent of GATA2 germline mutations in pediatric MDS suggesting the application of standard MDS algorithms and protocols. Our data support considering HSCT early in the course of GATA2 deficiency in young individuals.
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in Germany. Around 60,000 people were diagnosed CRC in 2016 in Germany. Since 2019, screening colonoscopies are offered in Germany for men by the age of 50 and for women by the age of 55. It is recently discussed if women should also undergo a screening colonoscopy by the age of 50 and if there are any predictors for getting CRC.
Methods: Colonoscopies of 1553 symptomatic patients younger than 55 years were compared with colonoscopies of 1075 symptomatic patients older than 55 years. We analyzed if there are any significant differences between those two groups in the prevalence of CRC and its precursor lesions or between symptomatic men and women. We evaluated if there is a correlation between abdominal symptoms and the prevalence of CRC.
Results: In 164/1553 symptomatic patients, 194 (12.5%) polyps were detected. In total, six colorectal carcinomas (0.4%) were detected. There were no significant differences between men and women. In symptomatic patients ≥ 55 years, significantly more polyps were found (p<0.0001; 26.6% vs. 12.5%). Totally, 286 polyps (26.6%) were removed in 1075 symptomatic patients older than 55 years. Anorectal bleeding was the only abdominal symptom being a significant indicator for the prevalence of the occurrence of colon and rectum cancer in both groups (p=0.03, OR=2.73 95%-CI [1.11;6.70]), but with only low sensitivity (44%).
Conclusion: Due to no significant differences in men and women, we recommend screening colonoscopies also for women by the age of 50.
Background: This prospective randomized trial is designed to compare the performance of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) using Lipiodol-only with additional use of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in BCLC-stage-B based on metric tumor response. Methods: Sixty-one patients (44 men; 17 women; range 44–85) with HCC were evaluated in this IRB-approved HIPPA compliant study. The treatment protocol included three TACE-sessions in 4-week intervals, in all cases with Mitomycin C as a chemotherapeutic agent. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed prior to the first and 4 weeks after the last TACE. Two treatment groups were determined using a randomization sheet: In 30 patients, TACE was performed using Lipiodol only (group 1). In 31 cases Lipiodol was combined with DSMs (group 2). Response according to tumor volume, diameter, mRECIST criteria, and the development of necrotic areas were analyzed and compared using the Mann–Whitney-U, Kruskal–Wallis-H-test, and Spearman-Rho. Survival data were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Results: A mean overall tumor volume reduction of 21.45% (± 62.34%) was observed with an average tumor volume reduction of 19.95% in group 1 vs. 22.95% in group 2 (p = 0.653). Mean diameter reduction was measured with 6.26% (± 34.75%), for group 1 with 11.86% vs. 4.06% in group 2 (p = 0.678). Regarding mRECIST criteria, group 1 versus group 2 showed complete response in 0 versus 3 cases, partial response in 2 versus 7 cases, stable disease in 21 versus 17 cases, and progressive disease in 3 versus 1 cases (p = 0.010). Estimated overall survival was in mean 33.4 months (95% CI 25.5–41.4) for cTACE with Lipiosol plus DSM, and 32.5 months (95% CI 26.6–38.4), for cTACE with Lipiodol-only (p = 0.844), respectively. Conclusions: The additional application of DSM during cTACE showed a significant benefit in tumor response according to mRECIST compared to cTACE with Lipiodol-only. No benefit in survival time was observed.
Background: Decedents who are repatriated to Germany from abroad are not systematically registered nationwide. In Hamburg, in addition to an epidemic hygienic examination, registration and examination of the content of the documents accompanying the corpses of German citizens has been carried out since 2007. In this way, unclear and non-natural deaths in particular are to be followed up as necessary.
Material and methods: Protocols of external and internal autopsies of German nationals who died abroad and were repatriated to Hamburg via the port or airport between 2007 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated with respect to numbers, completeness of the autopsy abroad and correctness of manner and cause of death.
Results: Between 2007 and 2018 a total of 703 corpses were repatriated via the port or airport of Hamburg and examined by the Port Medical Service for epidemic hygiene and for anything conspicuous in the documents accompanying the corpse. Of them, 307 corpses were examined at the Institute of Legal Medicine at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. In total, 82.4% of the examined cases had an incorrect, unspecific or incomplete foreign death certificate. Of the deceased, 238 were subjected to a second external autopsy by a forensic pathologist and 69 deceased were autopsied again or for the first time in Hamburg. It was found that 84% of the autopsies performed abroad were not performed according to German and European standards. The most common discrepancy was incomplete preparation of the organs. In almost one quarter of the autopsies performed in Hamburg a different cause of death than abroad was determined at autopsy.
Conclusion: Since the quality of autopsies performed abroad sometimes does not meet the standards in Germany and Europe and many papers accompanying corpses are incomplete or incorrectly filled out, a systematic review procedure in the home country is recommended. Through the system established in Hamburg in 2007, at least a re-evaluation of the cases takes place.
Background: In a phase 3 clinical study, patients from Germany with moderate to severe psoriasis who were naïve to systemic treatment and received risankizumab had greater and more rapid disease improvements compared with those who received fumaric acid esters (FAEs).
Objective: To evaluate patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients treated with risankizumab compared with FAEs.
Methods: Adult patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either risankizumab 150 mg subcutaneous injections at weeks 0, 4 and 16 or FAEs (Fumaderm®) provided according to the prescribing label. PRO secondary endpoints assessed were Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36v2), Patient Benefit Index (PBI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L). PROs were assessed at weeks 0, 16 and 24.
Results: Sixty patients each were randomized to receive risankizumab or FAEs. A significant PSS improvement was observed with risankizumab vs. FAEs at weeks 16 and 24 for total and psoriasis-associated redness, itching and burning scores (P < 0.001). DLQI scores were significantly lower (reflecting better health-related quality of life) with risankizumab vs. FAEs, with least squares (LS) mean differences of −7.4 and −7.6 at weeks 16 and 24, respectively (both P < 0.001). Patients randomized to risankizumab also had larger improvements in SF-36 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores, HADS anxiety and depression scores, PtGA, and EQ-5D-5L index and visual analogue scale scores (all P ≤ 0.002) at weeks 16 and 24 compared with FAEs. PBI was significantly higher, indicating greater benefit, with risankizumab vs. FAEs, with an LS mean difference of 1.1 and 1.3 at weeks 16 and 24, respectively (both P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Risankizumab provides significant benefits over FAEs in improving PROs across several dimensions in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.
Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten sind häufige, angeborene Fehlbildungen beim Menschen und werden zumeist schon innerhalb des ersten Lebensjahres operativ korrigiert. In 5-11% der Fälle ist das Vorliegen einer solchen Anomalie mit einer schwierigen Laryngoskopie assoziiert und kann ein modifiziertes Vorgehen bei der Sicherung des Atemweges erfordern. Videolaryngoskopische Techniken kommen hierbei vermehrt zum Einsatz und können auch im Kindesalter zu einer Verbesserung der Intubationsbedingungen beitragen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Intubationsbedingungen zwischen der indirekten Laryngoskopie mittels Glidescope® GVL Spatel Gr. 2 und der indirekten sowie direkten Laryngoskopie mittels C-MAC® Miller-Spatel Gr. 1 bei Kindern mit Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte miteinander verglichen.
Über einen Zeitraum von acht Monaten wurden Kinder mit Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte prospektiv abwechselnd entweder indirekt mit dem Glidescope® oder direkt und indirekt mit dem C-MAC® laryngoskopiert. Die Visualisierung der Glottisebene nach der modifizierten Cormack und Lehane Klassifikation war das Hauptzielkriterium. Sekundäre Zielparameter waren unter anderem die Zeit bis zur optimalen Sicht und die Zeit bis zur Intubation.
36 Kinder, die sich einer elektiven Korrektur einer Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte unterzogen, wurden eingeschlossen und erfolgreich intubiert. Jeweils 18 Kinder wurden mit dem C-MAC® Miller-Spatel Gr. 1 und mit dem Glidescope® GVL-Spatel Gr. 2 laryngoskopiert. Im Vergleich zwischen direkter und indirekter Laryngoskopie mit dem C-MAC® zeigte sich bei vier (22%) Kindern eine deutliche Verbesserung der Visualisierung der Glottisebene von einer schlechten Visualisierung (CL2b, 3 und 4) hin zu einer guten Visualisierung (CL2a und 1) der Glottisebene. Bei Verwendung des Glidescope® lag lediglich in einem Fall eine schlechte Visualisierung der Glottisebene vor.
Der Einsatz indirekter videolaryngoskopischer Techniken kann die Visualisierung der Glottisebene verbessern und reduziert die Anzahl an schwierigen Laryngoskopien bei Kindern mit Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte.
The role and timing of radiotherapy (RT) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) remains controversial. While recent trials support the oncological safety of early salvage RT (SRT) compared to adjuvant RT (ART) in selected patients, previous randomized studies demonstrated that ART might improve recurrence-free survival in patients at high risk for local recurrence based on adverse pathology. Although ART might improve survival, this approach is characterized by a risk of overtreatment in up to 40% of cases. SRT is defined as the administration of RT to the prostatic bed and to the surrounding tissues in the patient with PSA recurrence after surgery but no evidence of distant metastatic disease. The delivery of salvage therapies exclusively in men who experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) has the potential advantage of reducing the risk of side effects without theoretically compromising outcomes. However, how to select patients at risk of progression who are more likely to benefit from a more aggressive treatment after RP, the exact timing of RT after RP, and the use of hormone therapy and its duration at the time of RT are still open issues. Moreover, what the role of novel imaging techniques and genomic classifiers are in identifying the most optimal post-operative management of PCa patients treated with RP is yet to be clarified. This narrative review summarizes most relevant published data to guide a multidisciplinary team in selecting appropriate candidates for post-prostatectomy radiation therapy.
Focal therapy is a modern alternative to selectively treat a specific part of the prostate harboring clinically significant disease while preserving the rest of the gland. The aim of this therapeutic approach is to retain the oncological benefit of active treatment and to minimize the side-effects of common radical treatments. The oncological effectiveness of focal therapy is yet to be proven in long-term robust trials. In contrast, the toxicity profile is well-established in randomized controlled trials and multiple robust prospective cohort studies. This narrative review summarizes the relevant evidence on complications and their management after focal therapy. When compared to whole gland treatments, focal therapy provides a substantial benefit in terms of adverse events reduction and preservation of genito-urinary function. The most common complications occur in the peri-operative period. Urinary tract infection and acute urinary retention can occur in up to 17% of patients, while dysuria and haematuria are more common. Urinary incontinence following focal therapy is very rare (0–5%), and the vast majority of patients recover in few weeks. Erectile dysfunction can occur after focal therapy in 0–46%: the baseline function and the ablation template are the most important factors predicting post-operative erectile dysfunction. Focal therapy in the salvage setting after external beam radiotherapy has a significantly higher rate of complications. Up to one man in 10 will present a severe complication.