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Class I and II histone deacetylases (HDAC) are considered important regulators of immunity and inflammation. Modulation of HDAC expression and activity is associated with altered inflammatory responses but reports are controversial and the specific impact of single HDACs is not clear. We examined class I and II HDACs in TLR-4 signaling pathways in murine macrophages with a focus on IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε) which has not been investigated in this context before. Therefore, we applied the pan-HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) as well as HDAC-specific siRNA. Administration of HDACi reduced HDAC activity and decreased expression of IKKε although its acetylation was increased. Other pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, iNOS, TNFα) also decreased while COX-2 expression increased. HDAC 2, 3 and 4, respectively, might be involved in IKKε and iNOS downregulation with potential participation of NF-κB transcription factor inhibition. Suppression of HDAC 1–3, activation of NF-κB and RNA stabilization mechanisms might contribute to increased COX-2 expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that TSA and SAHA exert a number of histone- and HDAC-independent functions. Furthermore, the data show that different HDAC enzymes fulfill different functions in macrophages and might lead to both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects which have to be considered in therapeutic approaches.
Objectives: The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is challenging, especially in severely affected patients who require intubation and sedation. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. Design: We performed a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Setting: The study was conducted with patients admitted between April 4 and May 15, 2020 to our ICU. Patients: We included five patients who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Intervention: Even with high doses of several IV sedatives, the targeted level of sedation could not be achieved. Therefore, the sedation regimen was switched to inhalational isoflurane. Clinical data were recorded using a patient data management system. We recorded demographical data, laboratory results, ventilation variables, sedative dosages, sedation level, prone positioning, duration of volatile sedation and outcomes. Measurements & Main Results: Mean age (four men, one women) was 53.0 (± 12.7) years. The mean duration of isoflurane sedation was 103.2 (± 66.2) hours. Our data demonstrate a substantial improvement in the oxygenation ratio when using isoflurane sedation. Deep sedation as assessed by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was rapidly and closely controlled in all patients, and the subsequent discontinuation of IV sedation was possible within the first 30 minutes. No adverse events were detected. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isoflurane sedation in five patients suffering from severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Volatile isoflurane was able to achieve the required deep sedation and reduced the need for IV sedation.
Background: Gait kinematics after total hip replacement only partly explain the differences in the joint moments in the frontal plane between hip osteoarthritis patients after hip replacement and healthy controls. The goal of this study was to determine if total hip replacement surgery affects radiological leg alignment (Hip-Knee-Shaft-Angle, femoral offset, Neck-Shaft-Angle and varus/valgus alignment) and which of these parameters can explain the joint moments, additionally to the gait kinematics.
Methods: 22 unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients who were scheduled for total hip replacement were included in the study. Preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively all patients had biplanar radiographic examinations and 3D gait analysis.
Results: The operated leg showed significantly (P < 0.05) more varus (1.1°) as well as a larger femoral offset (+ 8 mm) and a larger Hip-Knee-Shaft-Angle (+ 1.3°) after total hip replacement; however no significant differences in the joint moments in the frontal plane compared to healthy controls were found. The hip moment (first half of stance) and the knee moments (first and second half of stance) were mostly determined by the varus/valgus alignment (29% and respectively 36% and 35%). The combination with a kinematic parameter (knee range of motion, foot progression angle) increased the predictive value for the knee moments.
Conclusion: In our patient group the joint moments after total hip replacement did not differ from healthy controls, whereas radiological leg alignment parameters changed significantly after the total hip replacement. A combination of these radiological leg parameters, especially the varus alignment, and the deviating kinematics explain the joint moments in the frontal plane during gait after total hip replacement surgery. For surgeons it is important not to create too much of a structural varus alignment by implanting the new hip joint as varus alignment can increase the knee adduction moment and the risk for osteoarthritis of the medial knee compartment.
Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered with DRKS (German Clinical Trials Register) under the number DRKS00015053. Registered 1st of August 2018.
Background: Non-clear cell renal cell cancers (nccRCC) are rare entities, and the optimal therapy in metastatic disease has still to be defined. Methods: In this small prospectively randomized phase IIa multicenter trial, we investigated temsirolimus (TEM) versus sunitinib (SUN) as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic nccRCC. The patients were randomized 1:1 to either TEM in a dose of 25 mg i.v. once a week or SUN with 50 mg p.o. daily for 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). In total, 22 patients were included with predominantly papillary RCC (16/22) followed by chromophobe RCC and others. Results: The male to female ratio was 16:6. The tumor control rate (CR + PR + SD) was 58% for TEM and 90% for SUN-treated patients. There was also a trend for improved PFS with 9.3 versus 13.2 months (HR 1.64; 95% CI 0.65–4.18) in favor of SUN. There was no trend for overall survival. Conclusions: Despite this trial had to be terminated earlier due to low recruitment, the results match the other studies published so far with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and SUN, which show a trend in favor of SUN for ORR and PFS.
Postoperative Psychosen
(1916)
Emil Sioli †
(1923)
Der Zahnarzt im Felde
(1916)
Über Rassenhygiene
(1913)
Background: The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the work of neurologists regarding static posture (> 4 s) and to identify awkward postures. Methods: A total of 9 neurologists (assistant physicians; 3 male, 6 female) participated in this study. Kinematic data were collected using the computer-assisted acquisition and long-term analysis of musculoskeletal loads (CUELA; IFA, Sankt Augustin, Germany) system. Daily work (“office work,” “measures on patients,” and “other activities”) was analyzed with a computer-based task analysis. Results: During ”measures on patients,” more than 80% of the total percentage of non-neutral posture was assumed with a flexed position of the head and entire back, both during “blood collection” (4.7% of the time) and while “placing intravenous catheters” (8.3% of the time). In contrast, long static postures (> 30 s) in the head and neck area, including the thoracic spine, were adopted during “office work.” Despite the increased total percentage of non-neutral attitudes during measures on patients, the time share of 3.4% of the total working time is so small that the risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is negligible. In contrast, office work, which comprises 50.8% of the total working time and longer static postures, has a potential risk for the development of MSD. Conclusion: The present study is the first kinematic pilot analysis in the field of in-patient neurological assistants. Non-neutral as well as static postures in everyday work could be identified. Potential MSD can be reduced by optimizing the working height and by taking regular breaks to loosen the musculoskeletal system.
Mitochondrial dysfunction may activate innate immunity, e.g. upon abnormal handling of mitochondrial DNA in TFAM mutants or in altered mitophagy. Recent reports showed that also deletion of mitochondrial matrix peptidase ClpP in mice triggers transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory factors. Here, we studied ClpP-null mouse brain at two ages and mouse embryonal fibroblasts, to identify which signaling pathways are responsible, employing mass spectrometry, subcellular fractionation, immunoblots, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Several mitochondrial unfolded protein response factors showed accumulation and altered migration in blue-native gels, prominently the co-chaperone DNAJA3. Its mitochondrial dysregulation increased also its extra-mitochondrial abundance in the nucleus, a relevant observation given that DNAJA3 modulates innate immunity. Similar observations were made for STAT1, a putative DNAJA3 interactor. Elevated expression was observed not only for the transcription factors Stat1/2, but also for two interferon-stimulated genes (Ifi44, Gbp3). Inflammatory responses were strongest for the RLR pattern recognition receptors (Ddx58, Ifih1, Oasl2, Trim25) and several cytosolic nucleic acid sensors (Ifit1, Ifit3, Oas1b, Ifi204, Mnda). The consistent dysregulation of these factors from an early age might influence also human Perrault syndrome, where ClpP loss-of-function leads to early infertility and deafness, with subsequent widespread neurodegeneration.
Die Pathophysiologie der Bandscheibendegeneration (intervertebral disc degeneration, IVDD) und ihre molekularen Mechanismen sind noch in weiten Teilen unverstanden. Ihre Ursachen und Risikofaktoren sind vielfältig und schließen unter anderem Alter, Geschlecht, Umwelteinflüsse oder mechanische Belastungen mit ein.
Für das der Bandscheibe eng verwandte Knorpelgewebe wurde in aktuellen Studien der Einfluss des Sympathikus bzw. dessen Neurotransmitters Noradrenalin (NE) via adrenerger Rezeptoren (AR) auf die Zellproliferation, die Expression von Molekülen der extrazellulären Matrix und somit auch auf die Degeneration beschrieben. In Bandscheiben wurde bereits das Vorhandensein von sympathischen Nervenendigungen nachgewiesen, allerdings wurde die Expression der Adrenozeptoren hier noch nie untersucht. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war also die Analyse der ARs im Gewebe der Bandscheibe und die Evaluation der Korrelation mit der Bandscheibendegeneration.
Das für die Analyse benötigte Gewebe stammt von Patienten, bei welchen eine Wirbelkörperverblockung (Spondylodese) durchgeführt wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Spondylodese wird das Bandscheibengewebe des betroffenen Segmentes entfernt. Der Degenerationsgrad der anonymisierten Proben wurde prä- und intraoperativ bestimmt und im entnommenen Gewebe sowie in isolierten Zellen die Expression aller bekannten ARs mittels reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) untersucht. Zum Nachweis der ARs auf Proteinebene wurden einzelne humane Proben auch immunhistochemisch analysiert. Des Weiteren wurde anhand von Wildtyp- und sogenannten SM/J-Mäusen, die eine spontane IVDD entwickeln, die Proteinexpression der ARs und der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) von gesunden und geschädigten Bandscheiben an histologischen Schnitten verglichen. Schließlich wurde an isolierten und kultivierten humanen Zellen ein Stimulationsversuch mit Noradrenalin durchgeführt, um zu prüfen, ob es nach Aktivierung der ARs zu einer intrazellulären Signalweiterleitung kommt.
In Nativgewebe der humanen Bandscheibe konnte die messenger Ribonukleinsäure (mRNA) von α1a-, α1b-, α2a-, α2b-, α2c-, β1- und β2-ARs nachgewiesen werden. Nach siebentägiger Zellkultur im Monolayer präsentierte sich ein nur dezent abweichendes Genexpressionsmuster. Auf Proteinebene war das Signal des β2-AR nur im Bereich des Annulus fibrosus (AF) detektierbar jedoch nicht im Nucleus pulposus (NP). Selbiges war auch in murinen Schnitten festzustellen, wobei sich bei Wildtype (WT)-Mäusen hauptsächlich im inneren AF β2-positive Zellen fanden, während sich das Signal bei der SM/J-Maus weiter in Richtung des äußeren AF und des NP ausdehnte. α2a-AR und α2c-AR waren hingegen auf Proteinebene nicht nachweisbar. Bei der immunhistochemischen Untersuchung relevanter ECM-Moleküle zeigte sich für Kollagen II, Kollagen XII, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) und Decorin (DCN) eine Verteilung, die mit der des β2-AR-Signals korreliert. Der Stimulationsversuch in humaner Zellkultur ergab eine Aktivierung der für die ARs relevanten Proteinkinase A (PKA)- und extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERK1/2) -Signalwege.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal die Existenz und Funktionalität von Adrenozeptoren im Bandscheibengewebe nachgewiesen werden. Unterschiede in der Expression der ARs, kombiniert mit Veränderungen der ECM-Zusammensetzung könnten ein Hinweis auf den Einfluss des Sympathikus bei IVDD sein. Die aktuelle demographische Entwicklung und die sich hieraus ergebende gesundheitsökonomische Belastung machen die Ergründung molekularer Mechanismen der IVDD und die daraus resultierende Entwicklung innovativer Behandlungsmethoden zu Kardinalfragen moderner orthopädischer Grundlagenforschung.
Introduction: Penile carcinomas are rare tumors throughout Europe. Therefore, little attention is drawn to this disease. That makes it important to study tumor-associated key metrics and relate these to known data on penile neoplasias. Materials and methods: A cohort of 60 well-defined penile invasive carcinomas with known human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status was investigated. Data on tumor type, grading and staging were recorded. Additionally, data on the peri- and intratumoral immune cell infiltrate in a semiquanititave manner applying an HE stain were assessed. Results: Our study showed a significant correlation of immune cell infiltrate and pT stage with overall survival. Therefore, in a subset of tumors, PD-L1 staining was applied. For tumor proportion score (TPS), 26 of 30 samples (87%) were scored >0%. For the immune cell score (IC), 28 of 30 samples (93%) were defined as >0% and for CPS, 29 of 30 samples (97%) scored >0. PD-L1 expression was not associated with overall survival. Conclusion: PD-L1 is expressed in penile carcinomas, providing a rationale for targeted therapy with checkpoint inhibitors. We were able to show that immune reaction appears to be prognostically relevant. These data enhance the need for further studies on the immune cell infiltrate in penile neoplasias and show that PD-L1 expression is existent in our cohort, which may be a potential target for checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Synovial adipose stem cells (sASC) can be differentiated into catecholamine-expressing sympathetic neuron-like cells to treat experimental arthritis. However, the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is known to be toxic to catecholaminergic cells (see Parkinson disease), and this may prevent anti-inflammatory effects in inflamed tissue. We hypothesized that TNF exhibits inhibitory effects on human differentiated sympathetic tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neuron-like cells. For the first time, iTH+ neuron-like sympathetic cells were generated from sACSs of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue. Compared to untreated controls in both OA and RA, TNF-treated iTH+ cells demonstrated a weaker staining of catecholaminergic markers in cell cultures of RA/OA patients, and the amount of produced noradrenaline was markedly lower. These effects were reversed by etanercept. Exposure of iTH+ cells to synovial fluid of RA patients showed similar inhibitory effects. In mixed synovial cells, significant effects of TNF on catecholamine release were observed only in OA. This study shows that TNF inhibits iTH+ synovial cells leading to the decrease of secreted noradrenaline. This might be a reason why discovered newly appearing TH+ cells in the synovium are not able to develop their possible full anti-inflammatory role in arthritis.
Für Patienten mit lebensbedrohlichen Herzkrankheiten ist die Extracorporeal-Life-Support-Behandlung (ECLS) eine sinnvolle Therapiemöglichkeit. Sie bietet für Patienten im kardiogenen Schock ein Zeitfenster, um eine myokardiale Erholung zu erreichen. Hierbei kann in Abhängigkeit vom Krankheitsbild die zusätzliche Anwendung von IABP die Heilungschancen begünstigen. In der durchgeführten retrospektiven Studie wurden 118 Patienten betrachtet, die in der Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie der Universität Frankfurt am Main im Zeitraum von Dezember 2001 bis Ende 2013 eine ECLS-Therapie erhalten haben. Bei 59 Patienten wurde die ECLS-Unterstützung in Kombination mit IABP durchgeführt. Die beiden Patientenkollektive - mit und
ohne IABP- sind hinsichtlich ihrer Risikofaktoren vergleichbar. Ausgehend von der Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit wurde analysiert, ob der gleichzeitige Einsatz der IABP bei ECLS – Therapie von Vor- oder sogar von Nachteil ist. Hierfür wurden für die beiden Therapiegruppen Überlebenszeitanalysen nach Kaplan-Meier durchgeführt. Der statistische Vergleich der Überlebensraten und des Weaningerfolgs erfolgte mit Hilfe des Log-Rank-Tests.
Die Auswertung der erhobenen Daten hat ergeben, dass kein signifikanter Unterschied bei der 30-Tages-Überlebensrate und dem Weaningerfolg für die beiden Patientenkollektive mit und ohne zusätzliche IABP-Anwendung vorhanden ist. Risikofaktoren wie ein hohes Lebensalter oder eine bereits vor Einlieferung stattgefundene Intubation verringern außerdem die Überlebenschancen nach ECLS - Therapie. Ein fortgeschrittenes NYHA-Stadium konnte nicht als negativer prädiktiver Faktor identifiziert werden.
In der Literatur kommt man bezüglich der Mortalität unter alleiniger ECLS-Therapie oder dem zusätzlichen Einsatz einer IABP zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Diese besagen teilweise, dass ECLS und IABP einander ergänzende Methoden sind, die sich durchaus synergistisch auf den Behandlungserfolg auswirken können und dass die Mortalität beim zusätzlichen Einsatz einer IABP signifikant niedriger ist. Die Durchführung weiterer prospektiver Studien mit vergleichbaren Patientenkollektiven zur Untersuchung des Outcomes bei den unterschiedlichen Behandlungsmethoden ist jedoch erforderlich, um ein aussagekräftiges Fazit ziehen zu können.