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Low platelet count predicts reduced survival in potentially resectable hepatocellular carcinoma
(2022)
The prognostic role of platelet count in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear, and in fact both thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis are reported as predictors of unfavourable outcomes. This study aimed to clarify the prognostic value of preoperative platelet count in potentially resectable HCC. We retrospectively reviewed 128 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC at a tertiary academic centre (2007–2019). Patient data were modelled by regression analysis, and platelet count was treated as a continuous variable. 89 patients had BCLC 0/A tumours and 39 had BCLC B tumours. Platelet count was higher in patients with larger tumours and lower in patients with higher MELD scores, advanced fibrosis, and portal hypertension (p < 0.001 for all listed variables). After adjusting for BCLC stage and tumour diameter, low platelet count associated with reduced overall survival (hazard ratio 1.25 per 50/nL decrease in platelet count, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.53, p = 0.034) and increased perioperative mortality (odds ratio 1.96 per 50/nL decrease in platelet count, 95% CI 1.19–3.53, p = 0.014). Overall, low platelet count correlates with increased liver disease severity, inferior survival, and excess perioperative mortality in resectable HCC. These insights might be applied in clinical practice to better select patients for resection.
Unresolved inflammation maintained by release of danger‐associated molecular patterns, particularly high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1), is crucial for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. To further characterize interactions between leucocytes and necrotic cancerous tissue, a cellular model of necroinflammation was studied in which murine Raw 264.7 macrophages or primary splenocytes were exposed to necrotic lysates (N‐lys) of murine hepatoma cells or primary hepatocytes. In comparison to those derived from primary hepatocytes, N‐lys from hepatoma cells were highly active—inducing in macrophages efficient expression of inflammatory cytokines like C‐X‐C motif ligand‐2 , tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐23‐p19. This activity associated with higher levels of HMGB1 in hepatoma cells and was curbed by pharmacological blockage of the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE)/HMGB1 axis or the mitogen‐activated protein kinases ERK1/2 pathway. Analysis of murine splenocytes furthermore demonstrated that N‐lys did not comprise of functionally relevant amounts of TLR4 agonists. Finally, N‐lys derived from hepatoma cells supported inflammatory splenic Th17 and Th1 polarization as detected by IL‐17, IL‐22 or interferon‐γ production. Altogether, a straightforward applicable model was established which allows for biochemical characterization of immunoregulation by HCC necrosis in cell culture. Data presented indicate a remarkably inflammatory capacity of necrotic hepatoma cells that, at least partly, depends on the RAGE/HMGB1 axis and may shape immunological properties of the HCC microenvironment.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly resistant to anticancer therapy and novel therapeutic strategies are needed. Chronotherapy may become a promising approach because it may improve the efficacy of antimitotic radiation and chemotherapy by considering timing of treatment. To date little is known about time‐of‐day dependent changes of proliferation and DNA damage in HCC. Using transgenic c‐myc/transforming growth factor (TGFα) mice as HCC animal model, we immunohistochemically demonstrated Ki67 as marker for proliferation and γ‐H2AX as marker for DNA damage in HCC and surrounding healthy liver (HL). Core clock genes (Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Bmal 1, Rev‐erbα and Clock) were examined by qPCR. Data were obtained from samples collected ex vivo at four different time points and from organotypic slice cultures (OSC). Significant differences were found between HCC and HL. In HCC, the number of Ki67 immunoreactive cells showed two peaks (ex vivo: ZT06 middle of day and ZT18 middle of night; OSC: CT04 and CT16). In ex vivo samples, the number of γ‐H2AX positive cells in HCC peaked at ZT18 (middle of the night), while in OSC their number remained high during subjective day and night. In both HCC and HL, clock gene expression showed a time‐of‐day dependent expression ex vivo but no changes in OSC. The expression of Per2 and Cry1 was significantly lower in HCC than in HL. Our data support the concept of chronotherapy of HCC. OSC may become useful to test novel cancer therapies.
To analyze prospectively the interventional and clinical aspects of computed tomography-guided direct intratumoural injection of a novel chemotherapeutic administration and the parenchymal changes of tumour and necrosis in malignant liver tumours. Eight patients with 17 colorectal liver metastases were treated with a mean of 5.1 injections and nine patients with 13 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules with a mean of 3.1 treatments with computed tomography guided local applications of a novel cisplatin/epinephrine gel. This application provides a higher local and lower systemic drug concentration. Volumes of tumour and necrosis prior and after treatment were measured by computer generated volumetric analysis. Contrast enhanced studies verified pretherapeutic viable tumour volumes with a value of 77.4 ml in the metastases and 29.2 ml in the hepatocellular carcinoma nodules. Intratumoural drug application resulted in a significant increase of necrosis and a decrease in viable tumour volume to be 68.3 ml in metastases and 14.5 ml in hepatocellular carcinoma. Local therapy control rate for the follow up to 6 months was 38 and 71% for the group of metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Direct intratumoural injection of cisplatin/epinepthrine injectable gel is a feasible and good tolerated method and results in the development of a statistically significant increase in necrosis in malignant liver tumours. For hepatocellular carcinoma a higher local therapy control rate compared to colorectal metastases can be reported.
Evaluation der Effektivität der kombinierten TACE von Bletilla striata (mit und ohne Ligatur) im Vergleich zur TACE ohne Bletilla striata als Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms HCC im tierexperimentellen Modell an der ACI-Ratte. Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 30 ACI-Ratten in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: In Gruppe A (Kontrollgruppe) dienten 10 ACI-Ratten als Kontrolltiere. In Gruppe G und H (Therapiegruppen) wurden jeweils 10 ACI-Ratten als Versuchstiere untersucht. Den Tieren wurde dazu zu Beginn des Versuches ein Tumor implantiert (2mm ³), der aus einem Tier (Spendertumor) außerhal b des eigentlichen Versuches entnommen wurde. Jedem Tier der Therapie- und Kontrollgruppe wurde dieser zwei Kubikmillimeter große Tumor unter die Lebe rkapsel des Lobus sinistra eingepflanzt (Intrahepatische Tumorimplantation, IHTI). Diese Tumorstücke wurden aus dem Spendertumor, der aus Tumorzellen des Morris- Hepatoms 3924A innerhalb von vierzehn Tagen im Spendertier heranwuchs, zugeschnitten. Dreizehn Tage nach der
Tumorimplantation erfolgte eine erste Kernspinuntersuchung (MRT1). Einen Tag später wurde bei den Tieren, durch eine retrograd e Injektion in die A. gastroduodenalis, die
Therapie mit Bletilla striata (BS) begonne n. Es wurde den Ratten mit Sandwichtechnik über einen Zeitraum von 20 Minuten Mitomy cin (0,1 mg) + Lipiodol (0,1 ml) + BS appliziert. In Therapiegruppe G wurde diese Therapie mit und in Gruppe H ohne
Ligatur der A. hepatica propria durchgeführt. In der Kontrollgruppe A wurde die TACE ohne BS und ohne Ligatur angewandt. Es wurden von jedem Tier zwei Kernspinaufnahmen gemacht (MRT 1 und MRT2). Vor der Applikation wurde die erste
(MRT1) und 13 Tage nach der Opera tion wurde eine zweite (MRT 2) der Tiere erstellt. Von jedem Tier wurden anschließend die Kernspinaufnahmen miteinander verglichen und die Volumenzunahmen festgestellt (MRT1 / MRT2 = V1 / V2).
Das Maßgebliche Tumorvolumen vor Applikation (V 1) war in Gruppe G 0,0374 cm 3, in Gruppe H 0,0573 cm 3 und in Kontrollgruppe A 0,0380 cm 3. Nach Applikation (V 2) war das Maßgebliche Tumorvolumen in Gruppe G 0,0355 cm 3 (BS mit Ligatur), in Gruppe H 0,2248 cm 3 (nur BS) und in Kontrollgruppe A 0,3674 cm 3. Das Maßgebliche Verhältnis (V 2 / V 1) war in Gruppe G 1,5324, in Gruppe H 6,2791 und in Kontrollgruppe A 9,1382. Nach Analyse der Daten durch den Dunnett ́s Test (1)(ANOVA), konnte für Therapiegruppe G eine signifikante Eindämmung des Tumorwachstums (P < 0,01) und für Gruppe H keine Eindämmung (P > 0,05) nachgewiesen werden. Nach Student-New man-Keuls Test gab es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen G und A (P < 0,05). Die besten therapeutischen Ergebnisse konnten In Gruppe G erzielt werd en. Keines der Tiere starb während der Implantation bzw. der postoperativen Ph ase, es ließ sich jedoch die Bildung von intrahepatischen Metastasen bei zwei Tieren der Kontrollgruppe feststellen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Effektivität der TACE im tierexperimentellen Modell wird durch die kombinierte Applikation mit Bletilla striata und Ligatur der A.hepaticapropria im Vergleich zur klassischen Anwendung der TACE ohne Modifikation deutlich gesteigert. Bletilla striata ist in der Anwendung für die Chemoembolisation ein wirkungsvolles und verlässliches Embolisat . Es stellt sich nun die Aufgabe, experimentell und klinisch zu verifizieren, in welchem Maße der Einsatz einer Ligatur zum tragen kommt.