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Background: Ewing sarcoma patients have a poor prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Integration of combination immunotherapeutic strategies into first-/second-line regimens represents promising treatment options, particularly for patients with intrinsic or acquired resistance to conventional therapies. We evaluated the susceptibility of Ewing sarcoma to natural killer cell-based combination immunotherapy, by assessing the capacity of histone deacetylase inhibitors to improve immune recognition and sensitize for natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
Methods: Using flow cytometry, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands was assessed in chemotherapy-sensitive/-resistant Ewing sarcoma cell lines, plasma and tumours. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was evaluated in Chromium release assays. Using ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine, the contribution of the DNA damage response pathway to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced ligand expression was assessed.
Results: Despite comparable expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands, chemotherapy-resistant Ewing sarcoma exhibited reduced susceptibility to resting natural killer cells. Interleukin-15-activation of natural killer cells overcame this reduced sensitivity. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-pretreatment induced NKG2D-ligand expression in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner and sensitized for NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity (2/4 cell lines). NKG2D-ligands were expressed in vivo, regardless of chemotherapy-response and disease stage. Soluble NKG2D-ligand plasma concentrations did not differ between patients and controls.
Conclusion: Our data provide a rationale for combination immunotherapy involving immune effector and target cell manipulation in first-/second-line treatment regimens for Ewing sarcoma.
Much is known about the computation in individual neurons in the cortical column. Also, the selective connectivity between many cortical neuron types has been studied in great detail. However, due to the complexity of this microcircuitry its functional role within the cortical column remains a mystery. Some of the wiring behavior between neurons can be interpreted directly from their particular dendritic and axonal shapes. Here, I describe the dendritic density field (DDF) as one key element that remains to be better understood. I sketch an approach to relate DDFs in general to their underlying potential connectivity schemes. As an example, I show how the characteristic shape of a cortical pyramidal cell appears as a direct consequence of connecting inputs arranged in two separate parallel layers.
The small bowel is essential to sustain alimentation and small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) may severely limit its function. Small bowel imaging is a crucial element in diagnosing small
bowel CD, and treatment control with imaging is increasingly used to optimize the patients outcome. Thereby, capsule endoscopy, Balloon-assisted enteroscopy, and Magnetic resonance imaging have become key players to manage CD patients. In this review, role of small bowel imaging is detailed discussed for use in diagnosing and managing Crohn's disease patients.
Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages and pH monitoring have been used in the diagnosis of chronic aspiration in children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). This study was conducted to prove a correlation between the detection of alimentary pulmonary fat phagocytosis and an increasing amount of proximal gastroesophageal reflux. It was assumed that proximal gastroesophageal reflux better correlates with aspiration than distal GER. Patients from 6 months to 16 years with unexplained recurrent wheezy bronchitis and bronchial hyperreactivity, or recurrent pneumonia with chronic cough underwent 24-hour double-channel pH monitoring and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Aspiration of gastric content was determined by counting lipid laden alveolar macrophages from BAL specimens. There were no correlations between any pH-monitoring parameters and counts of lipid-laden macrophages in the whole study population, even when restricting analysis to those with abnormal reflux index expressing clinically significant GER. Quantifying lipid-laden alveolar macrophages from BAL in children with gastroesophageal-related respiratory disorders does not have an acceptable specificity to prove chronic aspiration as an underlying etiology. Therefore, research for other markers of pulmonary aspiration is needed.
Hintergrund: In dieser prospektiven Studie wurden erstmals die Auswirkung der Lageveränderung von der Rücken- auf Bauchlagerung auf Hämodynamik und Säure-Basen-Haushalt unter Einlungenventilation bei Patienten untersucht, die sich einer elektiven endoskopischen Ösophagusresektion unterzogen.
Methodik: Insgesamt wurden 10 Patienten (Alter 63 ± 12 Jahre) der ASA-Klassen I-III eingeschlossen. Ausgeschlossen waren Patienten der ASA-Klasse IV-V und Patienten bei denen die Einlungenventilation aus technischen Gründen nicht durchführbar war. Aufgezeichnet wurden neben hämodynamischen Parametern (HF, MAD, ZVD, PAPmean, HI, SVRI) auch respiratorische Parameter (pH, BE, HCO3-, paCO2, paO2, SaO2, SgvO2).
Ergebnisse: Hämodynamik: Die Herzfrequenz stieg unter Einlungenventilation in Bauchlage signifikant gegenüber dem Ausgangswert an. Auch der ZVD stieg 30min nach Umlagerung vom Rücken in Bauchlage unter Einlungenventilation signifikant an. Der Herzindex lag unter Einlungenventilation in Bauchlage signifikant unter dem Endwert.
Säure-Basen-Haushalt: paCO2 und Standard-Bicarbonat (HCO3-) lagen sowohl vor als auch nach Umlagerung im Normbereich. Der pH und der base excess (BE) zeigten einen minimalen Abfall 15min. nach Lagerungsmanöver vom Rücken- in die Bauchlage. Der Sauerstoffpartialdruck (paO2) fiel signifikant um 50% im Vergleich zum Ausgangswert unter Einlungenventilation ab. Die gemischt-venöse Sättigung (SgvO2) fiel ebenfalls unter Einlungenventilation unter den Normbereich, während der Umlagerung vom Rücken auf den Bauch konnte ein Anstieg der SgvO2 um 1,5% verzeichnet werden. Nach Umlagerung traten keine signifikanten Veränderungen der Werte auf.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung zeigen, dass laparoskopische Ösophagusresektionen mit Veränderungen der hämodynamischen und respiratorischen Parameter einhergehen, die klinische Relevanz war dabei in dem von uns untersuchten Kollektiv als gering anzusehen.