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Objective: To summarise the benefits and harms of treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Data sources: Embase, Medline, AMED, BIOSIS, CCMed, CDMS, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, DARE, HTA, NHS EED, Heclinet, SciSearch, several publishers’ databases, and reference lists of relevant secondary literature up to October 2009. Review methods: Included studies were randomised controlled trials of specific treatment for gestational diabetes compared with usual care or "intensified" compared with "less intensified" specific treatment. Results: Five randomised controlled trials matched the inclusion criteria for specific versus usual treatment. All studies used a two step approach with a 50 g glucose challenge test or screening for risk factors, or both, and a subsequent 75 g or 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. Meta-analyses did not show significant differences for most single end points judged to be of direct clinical importance. In women specifically treated for gestational diabetes, shoulder dystocia was significantly less common (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.75), and one randomised controlled trial reported a significant reduction of pre-eclampsia (2.5 v 5.5%, P=0.02). For the surrogate end point of large for gestational age infants, the odds ratio was 0.48 (0.38 to 0.62). In the 13 randomised controlled trials of different intensities of specific treatments, meta-analysis showed a significant reduction of shoulder dystocia in women with more intensive treatment (0.31, 0.14 to 0.70). Conclusions: Treatment for gestational diabetes, consisting of treatment to lower blood glucose concentration alone or with special obstetric care, seems to lower the risk for some perinatal complications. Decisions regarding treatment should take into account that the evidence of benefit is derived from trials for which women were selected with a two step strategy (glucose challenge test/screening for risk factors and oral glucose tolerance test).
Background: Previously, we showed that glioma pathogenesis related protein (GliPR) is induced in CEM T cells upon HIV-1 infection in vitro. To examine whether GliPR plays a role as HIV dependency factor (HDF), we tested the effect of GliPR suppression by siRNA on HIV-1 replication. Results: Induction of GliPR expression by HIV-1 was confirmed in P4-CCR5 cells. When GliPR was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced as measured by HIV-1 transcript levels, HIV-1 p24 protein levels, and HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene expression, suggesting that GliPR is a cellular co-factor of HIV-1. Microarray analysis of uninfected HeLa cells following knockdown of GliPR revealed, among a multitude of gene expression alterations, a down-regulation of syndecan-1, syndecan-2, protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), the catalytic subunit beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACB), nuclear receptor co-activator 3 (NCOA3), and cell surface protein CD59 (protectin), all genes having relevance for HIV-1 pathology. Conclusions: The up-regulation of GliPR by HIV-1 and the early significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication mediated by knockdown of GliPR reveal GliPR as an important HIV-1 dependency factor (HDF), which may be exploited for HIV-1 inhibition.
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders which are characteristically comprised of impairments in social interaction, communication and restricted interests/behaviours. Several cell adhesion transmembrane leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system and are thought to be key regulators of its development. Here we present an association study analysing the roles of four promising candidate genes - LRRTM1 (2p), LRRTM3 (10q), LRRN1 (3p) and LRRN3 (7q) - in order to identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs.
Methods: In order to gain a better understanding of how the genetic variation within these four gene regions may influence susceptibility to ASDs, a family-based association study was undertaken in 661 families of European ancestry selected from four different ASD cohorts. In addition, a case-control study was undertaken across the four LRR genes, using logistic regression in probands with ASD of each population against 295 ECACC controls.
Results: Significant results were found for LRRN3 and LRRTM3 (P < 0.005), using both single locus and haplotype approaches. These results were further supported by a case-control analysis, which also highlighted additional SNPs in LRRTM3.
Conclusions: Overall, our findings implicate the neuronal leucine-rich genes LRRN3 and LRRTM3 in ASD susceptibility.
Background: Initiated by a clinical case of critical endotracheal tube (ETT) obstruction, we aimed to determine factors that potentially contribute to the development of endotracheal tube obstruction by its inflated cuff. Prehospital climate and storage conditions were simulated. Methods: Five different disposable ETTs (6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 mm inner diameter) were exposed to ambient outside temperature for 13 months. In addition, every second of these tubes was mechanically stressed by clamping its cuffed end between the covers of a metal emergency case for 10 min. Then, all tubes were heated up to normal body temperature, placed within the cock of a syringe, followed by stepwise inflation of their cuffs to pressures of 3 kPa and >=12 kPa, respectively. The inner lumen of the ETT was checked with the naked eye for any obstruction caused by the external cuff pressure. Results: Neither in tubes that were exposed to ambient temperature (range: -12°C to +44°C) nor in those that were also clamped, visible obstruction by inflated cuffs was detected at any of the two cuff pressure levels. Conclusions: We could not demonstrate a critical obstruction of an ETT by its inflated cuff, neither when the cuff was over-inflated to a pressure of 12 kPa or higher, nor in ETTs that had been exposed to unfavorable storage conditions and significant mechanical stress.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor use and viral evolution were analyzed in blood samples from an HIV-1 infected patient undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Coreceptor use was predicted in silico from sequence data obtained from the third variable loop region of the viral envelope gene with two software tools. Viral diversity and evolution was evaluated on the same samples by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, phenotypic analysis was done by comparison of viral growth in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a CCR5 (R5)-deficient T-cell line which was controlled by a reporter assay confirming viral tropism. In silico coreceptor predictions did not match experimental determinations that showed a consistent R5 tropism. Anti-HIV directed antibodies could be detected before and after the SCT. These preexisting antibodies did not prevent viral rebound after the interruption of antiretroviral therapy during the SCT. Eventually, transplantation and readministration of anti-retroviral drugs lead to sustained increase in CD4 counts and decreased viral load to undetectable levels. Unexpectedly, viral diversity decreased after successful SCT. Our data evidence that only R5-tropic virus was found in the patient before and after transplantation. Therefore, blocking CCR5 receptor during stem cell transplantation might have had beneficial effects and this might apply to more patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, we revealed a scenario of HIV-1 dynamic different from the commonly described ones. Analysis of viral evolution shows the decrease of viral diversity even during episodes with bursts in viral load.
Background: The importance of the Notch signaling in the development of glomerular diseases has been recently described. Therefore we analyzed in podocytes the expression and activity of ADAM10, one important component of the Notch signaling complex. Methods: By Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analysis we characterized the expression of ADAM10 in human podocytes, human urine and human renal tissue. Results: We present evidence, that differentiated human podocytes possessed increased amounts of mature ADAM10 and released elevated levels of L1 adhesion molecule, one well known substrate of ADAM10. By using specific siRNA and metalloproteinase inhibitors we demonstrate that ADAM10 is involved in the cleavage of L1 in human podocytes. Injury of podocytes enhanced the ADAM10 mediated cleavage of L1. In addition, we detected ADAM10 in urinary podocytes from patients with kidney diseases and in tissue sections of normal human kidney. Finally, we found elevated levels of ADAM10 in urinary vesicles of patients with glomerular kidney diseases. Conclusions: The activity of ADAM10 in human podocytes may play an important role in the development of glomerular kidney diseases.
Background: B. burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) is the etiological agent of Lyme borreliosis in humans. Spirochetes have adapted themselves to the human immune system in many distinct ways. One important immune escape mechanism for evading complement activation is the binding of complement regulators Factor H (CFH) or Factor H-like protein1 (FHL-1) to Complement Regulator-Acquiring Surface Proteins (CRASPs). Results: We demonstrate that B. garinii OspA serotype (ST4) PBi resist complement-mediated killing by binding of FHL-1. To identify the primary ligands of FHL-1 four CspA orthologs from B. garinii ST4 PBi were cloned and tested for binding to human CFH and FHL-1. Orthologs BGA66 and BGA71 were found to be able to bind both complement regulators but with different intensities. In addition, all CspA orthologs were tested for binding to mammalian and avian CFH. Distinct orthologs were able to bind to CFH of different animal origins. Conclusions: B. garinii ST4 PBi is able to evade complement killing and can bind FHL-1 to membrane expressed proteins. Recombinant proteins BGA66 can bind FHL-1 and human CFH, while BGA71 can bind only FHL-1. All recombinant CspA orthologs from B. garinii ST4 PBi can bind CFH from different animal origins. This partly explains the wide variety of animals that can be infected by B. garinii.
Introduction: Hypothermia improves survival and neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in-jury. It is unknown whether cardiac arrest also triggers the release of cerebral inflammatory molecules, and whether therapeutic hypothermia alters this inflammatory response. This study sought to examine whether hypothermia or the combination of hypothermia with anes-thetic postconditioning with sevoflurane affect cerebral inflammatory response after cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Methods: Thirty pigs (28 - 34kg) were subjected to cardiac arrest following temporary coro-nary artery occlusion. After 7 minutes of ventricular fibrillation and 2 minutes of basic life support, advanced cardiac life support was started according to the current AHA guidelines. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 21 animals who were randomized to ei-ther normothermia at 38degreesC, hypothermia at 33degreesC or hypothermia at 33degreesC combined with se-voflurane (each group: n = 7) for 24 hours. The effects of hypothermia and the combination of hypothermia with sevoflurane on cerebral inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary resuscitation were studied using tissue samples from the cerebral cortex of pigs euthanized after 24 hours and employing quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA techniques. Results: Global cerebral ischemia following resuscitation resulted in significant upregulation of cerebral tissue inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (mean +/- SD; interleukin (IL)-1beta 8.7 +/- 4.0, IL-6 4.3 +/- 2.6, IL-10 2.5 +/- 1.6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha 2.8 +/- 1.8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) 4.0 +/- 1.9-fold compared with sham control) and IL-1beta protein concentration (1.9 +/- 0.6-fold compared with sham control). Hypothermia was associated with a significant (P <0.05 versus normothermia) reduction in cerebral inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-1beta 1.7 +/- 1.0, IL-6 2.2 +/- 1.1, IL-10 0.8 +/- 0.4, TNFalpha 1.1 +/- 0.6, ICAM-1 1.9 +/- 0.7-fold compared with sham control). These results were also confirmed for IL-1beta on protein level. Experimental settings employing hypothermia in combination with sevoflurane showed that the volatile anesthetic did not confer additional anti-inflammatory effects com-pared with hypothermia alone. Conclusions: Mild therapeutic hypothermia resulted in decreased expression of typical ce-rebral inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This may confer, at least in part, neuroprotection following global cerebral ischemia and resuscitation.
Die Rolle von Antiepileptika im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten letaler kardialer Arrhythmien wird kontrovers diskutiert. Zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt ist bei Patienten mit Epilepsie die Ursache für die im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung erhöhte Mortalität nicht hinreichend geklärt. Die Ätiologie und Pathophysiologie des Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients (SUDEP) ist nur teilweise bekannt, wodurch die Durchführung präventiver Maßnahmen nur bedingt möglich ist. Es konnten bestimmte Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten eines SUDEP identifiziert werden, wobei unter anderem die antikonvulsive Polytherapie einen unabhängigen Risikofaktor darstellt. Bezüglich der pathogenetischen Mechanismen spielen neben der Entstehung eines neurogenen pulmonalen Ödems und einer zentralen Apnoe auch kardiale Arrhythmien eine bedeutende Rolle. Valproinsäure als ein sehr häufig eingesetztes Antiepileptikum wird verdächtigt, eine Verlängerung der QT-Zeit im Elektrokardiogramm (EKG) zu bewirken. Eine Verlängerung der Plateauphase des Aktionspotentials führt zu einer instabilen Repolarisation, wodurch einfallende frühe Nachdepolarisationen bereits wieder ein Aktionspotential auslösen können. Ein erworbenes Long-QT-Syndrom (LQTS), zu dem auch die medikamentenbedingte QT-Verlängerung zählt, birgt das Risiko, durch die Auslösung von Herzrhythmusstörungen im Sinne von Torsade de Pointes an einem plötzlichen Herztod zu versterben. Im Rahmen dieser prospektiven Studie wurden 50 Kinder mit Epilepsie unter der Therapie mit Valproinsäure bezüglich des Auftretens kardialer Nebenwirkungen untersucht. Das Studienprotokoll beinhaltete ein standardisiertes EKG mit Bestimmung der Zeiten, Lagetypen, Hypertrophie- und Schädigungszeichen. Parallel wurde die Dosierung von Valproinsäure und deren Plasmaspiegel bestimmt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es herauszufinden, ob die antikonvulsive Therapie mit Valproinsäure durch die Auslösung eines medikamentenbedingten LQTS zu einem erhöhten kardialen SUDEP-Risko bei pädiatrischen Epilepsiepatienten führen könnte. Die 25 weiblichen und 25 männlichen Patienten im mittleren Alter von 12,2 Jahren wurden wegen verschiedener Epilepsieformen behandelt. Sie nahmen Valproinsäure durchschnittlich über eine Zeitdauer von 5,8 Jahren ein (Range 3 Monate bis 32 Jahre), wobei 58% eine Monotherapie, 26% in Zweier- und 16% eine Dreier-56 Kombinationstherapie erhielten. Die durchschnittliche Dosierung lag bei 26,6 mg/ kgKG/ Tag (Range 10,5 bis 63,8 mg/ kgKG/ Tag), der im Plasma gemessene Valproinsäure-Spiegel zwischen 19,7 und 147,4 μg/ml (Mittelwert 88,8 ± 24,3 μg/ml; Median 91 μg/ml). Die gemessenen EKG-Zeiten lagen alle im altersentsprechenden Normbereich: --> PR-Intervall: Range 100-170 ms, Median: 124 ms, Mittelwert: 126,7 ± 18,5 ms --> QRS-Dauer: Range 56-108 ms, Median 79 ms, Mittelwert 79,94 ± 11,3 ms --> QT-Zeit: Range 264-400 ms, Median 348 ms, Mittelwert 343,34 ± 35,9 ms -->QTc-Zeit (Normwert < 440 ms bei Jungen und < 460 ms bei Mädchen): Range 377-433 ms, Median 403 ms, Mittelwert 402,9 ± 11,1 ms. Bezüglich der Lagetypen fanden sich bei 42% ein Indifferenz-, bei 46% ein Steil- und bei 8% ein Linkstyp. Bei einem Patienten mit Tuberöser Sklerose lag ein Rechtstyp vor. Dieser wies einen vollständigen Rechtsschenkelblock auf, welcher bei Zustand nach reseziertem Rhabdomyom des rechten Ventrikels durch die operative Durchtrennung des Reizleitungssystems verursacht wurde. Den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung zufolge lassen sich bei Kindern unter Therapie mit Valproinsäure keine Veränderungen im EKG, insbesondere keine QT-Verlängerungen, als möglicher Risikofaktor für eine kardiale Arrhythmie nachweisen. Aus diesen Daten lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass dieses Antiepileptikum nicht das Risiko erhöht, an einem QT-bedingten SUDEP zu versterben. Trotz eines erhöhten Risikos unter einer antiepileptischen Polytherapie kann bisher nicht von einer erhöhten Inzidenz durch die Therapie mit einem bestimmten Antikonvulsivum ausgegangen werden. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die Rolle der einzelnen Pharmaka in diesem Zusammenhang besser einschätzen zu können. Bisher ist davon auszugehen, dass eine gute Anfallskontrolle das SUDEP-Risiko entscheidend verringert. Bis der Pathomechanismus des SUDEP detaillierter geklärt ist, gelten eine Optimierung der antiepileptischen Therapie und eine Vermeidung von bisher bekannten Risikofaktoren als sinnvollste präventive Maßnahmen. Abschließend ist festzuhalten, dass sich im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung bei Kindern unter antikonvulsiver Therapie mit Valproinsäure kein Hinweis auf QT-Verlängerungen als möglicher Risikofaktor für einen SUDEP fand.
Zahlreiche Studien haben gezeigt, dass sich trotz der Verwendung von Dentinadhäsiven in deninbegrenzten Klasse-II-Kavitäten keine randspaltfreien Füllungen erzielen lassen. Die Ergebnisse dieser in-vitro-Studie zeigen dies ebenfalls, dass mit Dentinadhäsiven der fünften und sechsten Generation keine komplett spaltfreien Kompositfüllungen im Dentin hergestellt werden können. Zu diesem Schluss kam auch Manhart, J. et al 2000. Selbst bei Anwendung moderner Dentinadhäsivsysteme unter Einhaltung aller Verarbeitungsvorschriften lässt sich das Zustandekommen einer Komposit-Dentinhaftung in Klasse-II-Kavitäten nicht mit Sicherheit vorhersagen. Bei allen getesteten Dentinadhäsiven wurde an den Kavitätenrändern Farbstoffpenetration nachgewiesen. Die Farbstoffpenetration zeigte an den Kavitäten die Tendenz von approximal nach pulpal geringer zu werden. Optibond Solo mit Füllstoffgehalt erreichte in der Farbstoffpenetration am zervikalenFüllungsrand mit (54,54 %) und ohne (31,89 %) Liquorsimulation die besten Resultate. Auch am oralen Füllungsrand hatte Optibond Solo mit (36,38 %) und ohne (37,09 %) Liquorfluss die besten Ergebnisse. An der vestibulären Kavitätengrenze waren Optibond Solo und Syntac Sprint an der Spitze: mit Liquorsimulation Syntac Sprint 32,68 %, Optibond Solo 38,42 %; ohne Liquorsimulation Syntac Sprint 35,97 %, Optibond Solo 35,3 %. Alle Ränder zusammen betrachtet, wies ebenfalls Optibond Solo die geringste Farbstoffpenetration auf: mit Liquor 43,2 %, ohne Liquor 34,72 %. Das wasserhaltige Syntac SC belegte den letzten Platz bei Auswertung aller Ränder zusammen mit Liquor 82,89 %, ohne Liquorsimulation war hingegen Etch & Prime 3.0 absolutes Schlusslicht (80,03 %). Das schlechteste Ergebnis erreichte Syntac SC ebenfalls am vestibulären Füllungsrand ohne (75,59 %) und mit Liquorsimulation (81,16 %), sowie zervikal mit Liquor (95,32 %). Syntac SC konnte genauso mit der angewandten Moist-bonding-Technik in der REM (20 % "perfekte Ränder" vor und 8 % nach Thermocycling) nur den letzten Platz einnehmen. Das acetonbasierende Adhäsiv Syntac Sprint erlangte in der REM sowohl vor (77 %) als auch nach (76 %) Temperaturwechselbadbelastung den höchsten Anteil an "perfekten Rändern", gefolgt von Optibond Solo mit 65 % vor und 50 % nach Thermocycling. Die Temperaturwechselbadbelastung hatte Einfluss auf die Qualität der Randadaptation. Bei allen untersuchten Dentinadhäsiven reduzierte sich der prozentuale Anteil an perfekten Rändern nach Thermocycling im Vergleich zuvor. Die Qualität des Zustandekommens eines akzeptablen Füllungsrandes ist von der chemischen Zusammensetzung, insbesondere dem enthaltenen Lösungsmittel, dem Füllstoffgehalt und der Dentinfeuchtigkeit abhängig. Die Durchführung der Simulation des Liquors führte am zervikalen Rand bei Syntac SC (ohne: 92,54 %; mit: 95,32 %), Optibond Solo (ohne: 31,89 %; mit: 54,55 %) und Scotchbond 1 (ohne: 63,44 %; mit: 83,24 %) zur erhöhten Farbstoffpenetration - im Falle von Etch & Prime 3.0 (ohne: 93,11 %; mit: 86,42 %), Syntac Sprint (ohne: 81,98 %; mit: 73,75 %) und Prime & Bond NT (ohne: 88,86 %; mit: 81,01 %) jedoch zu einer verringerten Penetration des Methylenblaus.
Intracarotid administration of human bone marrow mononuclear cells in rat photothrombotic ischemia
(2010)
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that cell therapy improves functional recovery in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction. So far only small pilot trials tested the effects of cell therapy in stroke patients, whereas large clinical trials were conducted in patients with ischemic heart disease. To investigate the therapeutic benefit of cell therapy to improve the recovery after stroke, we determined the efficacy of bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, which were shown to improve the recovery in experimental and clinical acute myocardial infarction studies, in a rat stroke model. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either five million human bone marrow mononuclear cells (hBMC) or placebo intraarterially 3 days after photothrombotic ischemia. For immunosuppression the animals received daily injections of cyclosporine throughout the experiment, commencing 24 hours before the cell transplantation. A battery of behavioural tests was performed before and up to 4 weeks after ischemia. Results: Body temperature and body weight revealed no difference between groups. Neurological deficits measured by the Rotarod test, the adhesive-removal test and the cylinder test were not improved by hBMC transplantation compared to placebo. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that hBMC do not improve functional recovery when transplanted intraaterially 3 days after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia. A possible reason for the failed neurological improvement after cell therapy might be the delayed treatment initiation compared to other experimental stroke studies that showed efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells.
Vascularization of the vertebrate brain takes place during embryonic development from a preformed perineural vascular plexus. As a consequence of the intimate contact with neuroectodermal cells the vessels, which are entering the brain exclusively via sprouting angiogenesis, acquire and maintain unique barrier properties known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The endothelial BBB depends upon the close association of endothelial cells with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, which are summarized in the term neuro-vascular unit. Although it is known since decades that the CNS tissue provides the cues for BBB induction and differentiation in endothelial cells, the molecular mechanism remained obscure. Only recently, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the Wnt7a/7b growth factors have been implicated in brain angiogenesis on the one hand and in BBB induction on the other. This breakthrough in understanding the differentiation of the brain vasculature prompted us to review these findings embedded in the emerging concepts of Wnt signaling in the vasculature. In particular, interactions with other pathways that are crucial for vascular development such as VEGF, Notch, angiopoietins and Sonic hedgehog are discussed. Finally, we considered the potential role of the Wnt pathway in vascular brain pathologies in which BBB function is hampered, as for example in glioma, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.