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Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the role of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) ablation in the treatment of pulmonary neoplasms. Materials and Methods: From March 2004 to January 2009, 164 patients (92 males, 72 females; mean age 59.7 years, SD: 10.2) underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous RFA of pulmonary malignancies. RFA was performed on 248 lung lesions (20 primary lesions and 228 metastatic lesions) in 248 sessions (one lesion per session). Tumors were pathologically proven and were classified as primary lung neoplasms in 20 patients (non-small cell lung cancer) and as metastatic lung neoplasms in 144 patients. RFA was performed using: a) CelonProSurge bipolar internally cooled applicator b) RITA®StarburstTMXL. From December 2007 to October 2009, 80 patients (30 males, 50 females; mean age 59.7 years, range: 48-68, SD: 6.4) underwent computed tomography (CT) guided percutaneous MW ablation of pulmonary metastases from variable histopathological primaries. MW was performed on 130 lung lesions in 130 sessions (one lesion per session) using Valleylab TM system. Results: The overall success rate of RFA was 67.7% (168/248 lesions), with overall failure rate either due to tumor residue or recurrence on follow up in 32.3% (80/248) with mean time to tumor progress was 5.6 months SD: 2.99 (Range:1-18 months). Complete successful ablation was achieved in patients treated by MWA in 73.1% (95/130 lesions), with failure rate either due to tumor residue or recurrence on follow up in 26.9% (35/130) with mean time to tumor progress 6 months SD: 2.83 (Range:1-12months). Correlation of the histopathological type of the lesion and the end result of ablation therapy revealed insignificant correlation in both RFA and MWA (p > 0.1). The preablation tumor size was one of the most significant factors that determined the end result of ablation. In RFA successful tumor ablation was significant statistically for lesions with maximal axial diameter up to 2.5 cm (110/140) in comparison to lesions of more than 2.5 cm in maximal axial diameter (58/108) (Fisher’s exact test: p < 0.0001). While in MW ablated lesions successful tumor ablation was significant statistically for lesions with maximal axial diameter up to 3 cm (90/110) in comparison to lesions of more than 3 cm in maximal axial diameter (5/20) (Fisher’s exact test: p < 0.001). The location of the lesion was another important factor that determined the end result of ablation. In both RFA and MWA successful ablation was significantly more correlated to peripheral lesions (RFA: 120/160, 80% / MWA: 80/100, 80%) than centrally located lesions (RFA: 48/88, 50%; MWA: 15/30, 50%) (Fisher’s Exact Test: p > 0.001). For successfully RFA ablated cases mean preablation tumor volumes 1.9 cc SD: 0.9 (range: 0.3 - 4.25 cc) while for failed cases the mean tumor volume was 3.7 SD: 2.4 (range: 0.8 – 6.8cc). For successfully MW ablated cases the mean preablation tumor volume: 2.4 cc SD: 2.2 (range: 0.25-8.2 cc) while for failed cases the mean tumor volume was 3.5 SD: 2.6 (range: 0.3 – 7.1 cc). In RFA the survival rates at 12, 24 and 36 months were 90%, 78% and 68% respectively while in MWA treated patients the survival rate within 12 months follow up period was 96% while at 20 month the survival rate was 77%. Complications associated with the ablation therapy were: a) procedure related mortality: 0.4% (1/248) in RFA due to massive pulmonary hemorrhage versus 0% (0/130) in MWA, b) pneumothorax: 11.3% (28/240) in RFA versus 8.5% (11/130) in MWA, c) pulmonary Hemorrhage: 17.7% (44 of 248 sessions) of which one patient had massive uncontrolled bleeding and immediate death versus 6.2% (8/130) in MWA, d) pleural effusion: 3.2 % (8 of 248 sessions) in RFA versus 3.8 % (6/130) in MWA, e) hemoptysis: 4% (10/248) in RFA versus 4.6% (6/130) in MWA ranging from mild tinged sputum to frank bleeding, f) infection: 0.4% (1/248) in RFA, versus 0% in MWA, and g) post ablation pain: 10% (25/248) in RFA versus 9.2% (12/130) in MWA. Pain was generally adequately controlled by analgesics. Conclusion: Radiofrequency and microwave ablation are effective minimally invasive tools and may be safely applied for management of lung malignancy. The success of ablation therapy is significantly correlated to the preablation tumor size, volume and tumor location.
Summary: Information and communication is critical to the successful management of infectious diseases because an effective communication strategy prevents the surge of anxious patients who have not been genuinely exposed to the pathogen ('low risk patients') affecting medical infrastructures (1) and the future transmission of the infectious agent (2). Surge of low risk patients: The arrival of large numbers of low risk patients at hospitals following an infectious diseases emergency would be problematic for three main reasons. First, it would complicate the situation at hospitals receiving exposed patients, delaying the treatment of the acutely ill, creating difficulties of crowd control and tying up medical resources. Second, for the low risk patients themselves, attending hospital following an infectious disease emergency might increase their risk of exposure to the agent in question. Third, the needs of low risk patients may be poorly attended to at hospitals which are already overstretched dealing with medical casualties. Future transmission: Obtaining early information about symptoms and isolating infected patients is the most effective strategy to interrupt the chain of infection in the public in the absence of specific prophylaxis or treatment. Particularly at the beginning of an outbreak, these nonpharmaceutical interventions play an important role in enabling the early detection of signs or symptoms and in encouraging passengers to adopt appropriate preventive behaviour in order to limit the spread of the disease. This thesis includes two papers dealing with this problem: The first part is a systemic literature review of information needs following an infectious disease emergency (Anthrax, SARS, Pneumonic Plague). The key question was: what are the information needs of the public during an infectious disease emergency? The second part is an empirical investigation of information needs and communication strategies at the airport during the early stage of the Influenza Pandemic. The key question here was: what communication strategies help to meet the information needs and to enable the public to behave appropriately and responsibly? Conclusions: Evidence from the anthrax attacks in the United States suggested that a surge of low risk patients is by no means inevitable. Data from the SARS outbreak illustrated that if hospitals are seen as sources of contagion, many patients with non-bioterrorism related health care needs may delay seeking help. Finally, the events surrounding the Pneumonic Plague outbreak of 1994 in Surat, India, highlighted the need for the public to be kept adequately informed about an incident to avoid creating rumours. Clear, consistent and credible information is key to the successful management of infectious disease outbreaks. The results of the empirical investigation suggested that the desire for information is a reflection of current anxiety and does not mirror the objective scientific assessment of exposure. The airport study showed that perceived information needs were directly related to anxiety – the least anxious did not require any further information, the most anxious reported significant information needs concerning medical treatment, public health management and the assessment of the ongoing situation – irrespective of their actual exposure. A communication strategy only focussing on the 'real' exposed individuals neglects the information needs of those worrying about having contracted the virus and seeking medical attendance. Effective communication strategies should enable the general public to detect early signs or symptoms and provide them with behaviour advice to prevent the further transmission of the infectious agent. These include the provision of clear information about the incident, the symptoms and what to do to prevent the further transmission, detailed and regularly updated information in various media formats (telephone, internet, etc.) and rapid triage at hospital entrances to guide patients to the appropriate medical infrastructures. Relevance: These research findings could contribute to a shift in the organisational and communicative approach responding to infectious diseases outbreaks and could be considered relevant for future risk communication and policy decision making.
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia is still poorly understood. Investigating the neurophysiological correlates of cognitive dysfunction with functional neuroimaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely considered to be a possible solution for this problem. Working memory impairment is one of the most prominent cognitive impairments found in schizophrenia. Working memory can be divided into a number of component processes, encoding, maintenance and retrieval. They appear to be differentially affected in schizophrenia, but little is known about the neurophysiological disturbances which contribute to deficits in these component processes. The aim of this dissertation was to elucidate the neurophysiological underpinnings of the component processes of working memory and their disturbance in schizophrenia. In the first study the the neurophysiological substrates of visual working memory capacity limitations were investigated during encoding, maintenance and retrieval in 12 healthy subjects using event-related fMRI. Subjects had to encode up to four abstract visual shapes and maintain them in working memory for 12 seconds. Afterwards a test stimulus was presented, which matched one of the previously shown shapes in fifty percent of the trials. A bilateral inverted U-shape pattern of BOLD activity with increasing memory load in areas closely linked with selective attention, i.e. the frontal eye fields and areas around the intraparietal sulcus, was observed already during encoding. The increase of the number of stored items from memory load three to memory load four in these regions was negatively correlated with the increase of BOLD activity from memory load three to memory load four. These results point to a crucial role of attentional processes for the limited capacity of working memory. In the second study, the contribution of early perceptual processing deficits during encoding and retrieval to working memory dysfunction was investigated in 17 patients with schizophrenia and 17 healthy control subjects using EEG and event-related fMRI. A slightly modified version of the working memory task used in the fist study was employed. Participants only had to encode and maintain up to three items. In patients the amplitude of the P1 event-related potential was significantly reduced already during encoding in all memory load conditions. Similarly, BOLD activity in early visual areas known to generate the P1 was significantly reduced in patients. In controls, a stronger P1 amplitude increase with increasing memory load predicted better performance. These findings indicate that in addition to later memory related processing stages early visual processing is disturbed in schizophrenia and contributes to working memory dysfunction by impairing the encoding of information. In the third study, which was based on the same data set as the second study, cortical activity and functional connectivity in 17 patients with schizophrenia and 17 to healthy control subjects during the working memory encoding, maintenance and retrieval was investigated using event-related fMRI. Patients had reduced working memory capacity. During encoding activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and extrastriate visual cortex was reduced in patients but positively correlated with working memory capacity in controls. During early maintenance patients switched from hyper- to hypoactivation with increasing memory load in a fronto-parietal network which included left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. During retrieval right ventrolateral prefrontal hyperactivation was correlated with encoding-related hypoactivation of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in patients. Cortical dysfunction in patients during encoding and retrieval was accompanied by abnormal functional connectivity between fronto-parietal and visual areas. These findings indicate a primary encoding deficit in patients caused by a dysfunction of prefrontal and visual areas. The findings of these studies suggest that isolating the component processes of working memory leads to more specific markers of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia, which had been obscured in previous studies. This approach may help to identify more reliable biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
Atherosclerosis is accompanied by infiltration of macrophages to the intima of blood vessels. There they engulf oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and differentiate to foam cells. These cells are known as major promoters of atherosclerosis progression. In initial experiments I could demonstrate that foam cell formation caused a severe loss in the ability to produce IFNA (interferon A) in response to stimulation with the bacterial cell wall component LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Since IFNA is discussed to have anti-atherosclerotic potential and has the capability to induce immune tolerance, its inhibition in foam cells might promote the atherosclerotic process. For this reason the aim of my PhD project was to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms that attenuate LPS-induced IFNA expression in foam cells. LPS activates TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) in macrophages. Downstream this receptor two distinct signaling pathways are activated, namely a MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88)-dependent and a TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFNA)-dependent one. Foam cell formation targeted the TRIF-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway, as seen by loss of IRF3 activation and IFNA expression inhibition, whereas MyD88-initiated NFBB (nuclear factor 'B-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells) activation and subsequent TNF@ (tumor necrosis factor @) expression remained unaltered. The TRIF signaling cascade results in transactivation of the transcription factor IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3), the main activator of IFNA expression. This event demands IRF3 phosphorylation by TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), whereas TBK1 needs to be recruited to TRAF3 (TNF receptor associated factor 3) by the scaffold protein TANK (TRAF family member-associated NFBB activator) for its activation. This work allowed to propose the following scheme: OxLDL utilizes SR-A1 (scavenger receptor A1) to activate IRAK4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4), IRAK1 and Pellino3. Active IRAK1 and Pellino3 associate with TRAF3 and Pellino3 promotes mono-ubiquitination of the adaptor molecule TANK. Mono-ubiquitination of TANK interrupts TBK1 recruitment to TRAF3 and thereby abrogates phosphorylation and transactivation of IRF3 as well as subsequent expression of IFNA. In this study I provide evidence for a negative regulatory role of Pellino3 for TRIF-dependent TLR4 signaling. This expands the current knowledge of the interplay between pathways downstream scavenger and Toll-like receptors. Due to the multifaceted roles of TLR4 signaling in pathology, the new TRIF-signaling inhibitor Pellino3 might be of importance as therapeutical target for disease intervention.
Aim: To study the changes in leiomyoma volume following uterine artery embolization (UAE) and to correlate these changes with the initial leiomyoma volume and location within the uterus and to evaluate the impact of preprocedural prediction of the best tube angle obliquity for visualization of the uterine artery origin using 3D-reconstructed contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) on the radiation dose, fluoroscopy time and contrast medium volume used during UAE. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in two parts. The first part was retrospectively done on 28 patients (age range: 37-57 years, mean: 48 years, SD: 4.81) in whom UAE was performed. All leiomyomas in all patients were evaluated. In total, 84 leiomyomas were evaluated. MRI studies were performed before, 3 months and 1 year after UAE. The volumes and location of each leiomyoma in each patient were evaluated in consensus by two radiologists. The second part included 40 consecutive patients (age range: 37-56 years, mean: 46 years, SD: 4.49) and was done in a controlled prospective/retrospective manner. In 20 sample patients (prospective part) pre-procedural prediction of the best tube angle obliquity was predicted using 3D-reconstructed CE-MRA and provided to the interventionalist. 3D-reconstruction was done using Inspace application. The radiation dose, fluoroscopy time and contrast medium volume for those patients were compared with the data of the last 20 procedures (control) performed by the same interventionalist (retrospective part). Results: For the first part the mean pre-embolization volume was 51.6 cm3 range:0.72-371.1cm3, SD=79.3). At 3-month follow-up 83 (98.8%) leiomyomas showed a mean volume reduction of 52.62% (range: 12.79–96.67%, SD=21.85) and 1 leiomyoma (1.2%) increased in volume. At 1-year follow-up 5 (6%) leiomyomas were not detectable, 72 (85.7%) showed a further mean of 20.5% (range: 2.52–58.72%, SD=11.92) volume reduction compared to the 3-month follow-up volume and 7 (8.3%) leiomyomas increased in volume. A statistically significant (p=0.026 at 3-month, p=0.0046 at 1-year) difference in percentage of volume change was observed based on leiomyoma location; submucous leiomyomas showed the largest volume reduction. The initial leiomyoma volume showed a weak negative correlation (Spearman's correlation-coefficient =-0.35 at 3m and -0.36 at 1y) with the leiomyoma volume change. For the second part the tube angle prediction resulted in a significant reduction of the radiation dose utilized (p<0.001), fluoroscopy time (p=0.002) and contrast medium volume (p<0.001) for the sample patients when compared with the control patients. The overall radiation dose was reduced from a mean of 11044 μGym2 to a mean of 4172.5 μGym2, fluoroscopy time was reduced from a mean of 15.45 minutes to 8.81 minutes and contrast medium volume was reduced from a mean of 135 ml to 75 ml. Conclusion: UAE results in significant leiomyoma volume reduction at 3-month and 1- year follow-up. The leiomyoma location plays an important role in volume changes while the initial leiomyoma volume plays a minor role. Pre-procedural prediction of the best tube angle obliquity for visualization of the origin of the uterine artery using 3D-reconstructed CE-MRA results in a significant reduction of the radiation dose, fluoroscopy time and contrast medium volume used during UAE.
Clinical application of transcranial Doppler for detection of cerebral emboli during cardiac surgery
(2010)
Objective: Neurologic injury is one of the most damaging complications for cardiac surgery. How to decrease neurologic impairment by improving perioperative monitoring remains a challenge for both cardiac surgeons and anesthetists. For this reason, transcranial doppler (TCD) has been widely used in cerebral monitoring during cardiac surgery. In this study, two experiments of clinical application of TCD for detection of cerebral emboli during cardiac surgery were to be done. One was “Solid and gaseous cerebral emboli during valvular surgery are significantly reduced with axillary artery cannulation”. The other was “Do intraoperative cerebral embolic signals differ between valvular surgery (VS) and CABG”. Methods: In experiment one, 20 valve and combined procedures with aortic cannulation (AoC group) were compared to 18 procedures with axillary cannulation (AxC group) in a prospective non-randomized study. In experiment two, 18 VS patients and 18 CABG patients were matched by extracorporeal circulation (ECC) time retrospectively. Intraoperative monitoring of both middle cerebral arteries was performed with TCD discriminating between solid and gaseous embolic signals (ES). Results: In experiment one, the AxC group had less solid ES than the AoC group (38±22 vs 55±25, P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in gaseous (501±271 vs 538±333, P>0.05) and total (539 ± 279 vs 593 ± 350, P>0.05) ES. The AxC group had less solid ES during arterial cannulation (2.1±1.5 vs 6.6±3.6, P<0.05) and during aortic cross-clamp time (4.4 ±3.1 vs 10.2 ± 5.1, P<0.05) than the AoC group. During ECC, gaseous ES was not significantly different between groups (398±210 vs 448±291, P>0.05). However, AxC showed less gaseous ES (85±68 vs 187±148, P<0.05) and less gaseous ES per minute (1.8±1.5 vs 4.5±3.2, P<0.05) during weaning off extracorporeal circulation than the AoC group. No significant difference in gaseous ES (313±163 vs 261±189, P>0.05) and gaseous ES per minute (3.1±2.2 vs 2.8±2.2, P>0.05) was found between groups from bypass start to aortic declamping. No neurologic complications occurred. In experiment two, no significant difference was found in solid (38±20 vs 40±26, P>0.05) or gaseous (457±263 vs 412±157, P>0.05) ES between the VS and CABG group during the whole recording time. During ECC, solid ES (20±10 vs 24±19, P>0.05) and gaseous ES (368±230 vs 317±157, P>0.05) were comparable between groups. Specifically, during weaning off ECC, the VS group had more gaseous ES/min (5.6±3.6 vs 3.1±1.2, P<0.05) than the CABG group. But this difference in gaseous ES/min was not significant during the period from bypass start to aortic declamping (2.5±1.8 vs 3.0±1.8, P>0.05). Conclusion: Cerebral embolization does occur during cardiac surgery. Through these two experiments, we demonstrated the feasibility and importance of clinical application of transcranial doppler for detection of cerebral emboli during cardiac surgery. Due to the diversity in clinical application of TCD, it is impossible to compare the number of ES between different research centers. More unified standards should be drawn in order to make wider clinical application possible. Up till now, no robust evidence shows the correlation between intraoperative ES and postoperative neurological impairment. The research on intraoperative ES and postoperative neurological impairment should rely on a complete concept.
Background: To evaluate the effectivity of fractionated radiotherapy in adolescent and adult patients with pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT). Methods: Between 1982 and 2003, 14 patients with PPTs were treated with fractionated radiotherapy. 4 patients had a pineocytoma (PC), one a PPT with intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and 9 patients a pineoblastoma (PB), 2 of which were recurrences. All patients underwent radiotherapy to the primary tumor site with a median total dose of 54 Gy. In 9 patients with primary PB treatment included whole brain irradiation (3 patients) or irradiation of the craniospinal axis (6 patients) with a median total dose of 35 Gy. Results: Median follow-up was 123 months in the PC patients and 109 months in the patients with primary PB. 7 patients were free from relapse at the end of follow-up. One PC patient died from spinal seeding. Among 5 PB patients treated with radiotherapy without chemotherapy, 3 developed local or spinal tumor recurrence. Both patients treated for PB recurrences died. The patient with PPTID is free of disease 7 years after radiotherapy. Conclusion: Local radiotherapy seems to be effective in patients with PC and some PPTIDs. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with more aggressive variants of PPTIDs as well as treatment of PB need to be further improved, since local and spinal failure even despite craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is common. As PPT are very rare tumors, treatment within multi-institutional trials remains necessary.
Background: It has been demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has a moderate effect on symptom reduction and on general well being of patients suffering from psychosis. However, questions regarding the specific efficacy of CBT, the treatment safety, the cost-effectiveness, and the moderators and mediators of treatment effects are still a major issue. The major objective of this trial is to investigate whether CBT is specifically efficacious in reducing positive symptoms when compared with non-specific supportive therapy (ST) which does not implement CBT-techniques but provides comparable therapeutic attention. Methods: The POSITIVE study is a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, parallel group, randomised clinical trial, comparing CBT and ST with respect to the efficacy in reducing positive symptoms in psychotic disorders. CBT as well as ST consist of 20 sessions altogether, 165 participants receiving CBT and 165 participants receiving ST. Major methodological aspects of the study are systematic recruitment, explicit inclusion criteria, reliability checks of assessments with control for rater shift, analysis by intention to treat, data management using remote data entry, measures of quality assurance (e.g. on-site monitoring with source data verification, regular query process), advanced statistical analysis, manualized treatment, checks of adherence and competence of therapists. Research relating the psychotherapy process with outcome, neurobiological research addressing basic questions of delusion formation using fMRI and neuropsychological assessment and treatment research investigating adaptations of CBT for adolescents is combined in this network. Problems of transfer into routine clinical care will be identified and addressed by a project focusing on cost efficiency. Discussion: This clinical trial is part of efforts to intensify psychotherapy research in the field of psychosis in Germany, to contribute to the international discussion on psychotherapy in psychotic disorders, and to help implement psychotherapy in routine care. Furthermore, the study will allow drawing conclusions about the mediators of treatment effects of CBT of psychotic disorders. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN29242879
Background In October 2007, the working group CEN/TC 216 of the European Committee for standardisation suggested that the Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine type 1 strain (LSc-2ab) presently used for virucidal tests should be replaced by another attenuated vaccine poliovirus type 1 strain, CHAT. Both strains were historically used as oral vaccines, but the Sabin type 1 strain was acknowledged to be more attenuated. In Germany, vaccination against poliomyelitis was introduced in 1962 using the oral polio vaccine (OPV) containing Sabin strain LSc-2ab. The vaccination schedule was changed from OPV to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) containing wild polio virus type 1 strain Mahoney in 1998. In the present study, we assessed potential differences in neutralising antibody titres to Sabin and CHAT in persons with a history of either OPV, IPV, or OPV with IPV booster. Methods Neutralisation poliovirus antibodies against CHAT and Sabin 1 were measured in sera of 41 adults vaccinated with OPV. Additionally, sera from 28 children less than 10 years of age and immunised with IPV only were analysed. The neutralisation assay against poliovirus was performed according to WHO guidelines. Results The neutralisation activity against CHAT in adults with a complete OPV vaccination series was significantly lower than against Sabin poliovirus type 1 strains (Wilcoxon signed-rank test P < 0.025). In eight sera, the antibody titres measured against CHAT were less than 8, although the titre against Sabin 1 varied between 8 and 64. Following IPV booster, anti-CHAT antibodies increased rapidly in sera of CHAT-negative adults with OPV history. Sera from children with IPV history neutralised CHAT and Sabin 1 strains equally. Conclusion The lack of neutralising antibodies against the CHAT strain in persons vaccinated with OPV might be associated with an increased risk of reinfection with the CHAT polio virus type 1, and this implies a putative risk of transmission of the virus to polio-free communities. We strongly suggest that laboratory workers who were immunised with OPV receive a booster vaccination with IPV before handling CHAT in the laboratory.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) naturally infects only humans and chimpanzees. The determinants responsible for this narrow species tropism are not well defined. Virus cell entry involves human scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), CD81, claudin-1 and occludin. Among these, at least CD81 and occludin are utilized in a highly species-specific fashion, thus contributing to the narrow host range of HCV. We adapted HCV to mouse CD81 and identified three envelope glycoprotein mutations which together enhance infection of cells with mouse or other rodent receptors approximately 100-fold. These mutations enhanced interaction with human CD81 and increased exposure of the binding site for CD81 on the surface of virus particles. These changes were accompanied by augmented susceptibility of adapted HCV to neutralization by E2-specific antibodies indicative of major conformational changes of virus-resident E1/E2-complexes. Neutralization with CD81, SR-BI- and claudin-1-specific antibodies and knock down of occludin expression by siRNAs indicate that the adapted virus remains dependent on these host factors but apparently utilizes CD81, SR-BI and occludin with increased efficiency. Importantly, adapted E1/E2 complexes mediate HCV cell entry into mouse cells in the absence of human entry factors. These results further our knowledge of HCV receptor interactions and indicate that three glycoprotein mutations are sufficient to overcome the species-specific restriction of HCV cell entry into mouse cells. Moreover, these findings should contribute to the development of an immunocompetent small animal model fully permissive to HCV.