Georg-Speyer-Haus
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (128)
- Doctoral Thesis (16)
- Conference Proceeding (2)
- Review (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (147)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (147)
Keywords
- HIV-1 (3)
- brain metastases (3)
- gene therapy (3)
- immunotherapy (3)
- Apoptosis (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Gentherapie (2)
- epigenetics (2)
- gallbladder cancer (2)
- gallbladder cancer xenografts (2)
Institute
1. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die wachstumshemmende Wirkung von p-Amino- und p-Nitro-benzolsulfonyl-l-glutaminsäure sowie von p-Nitro-benzoyl-glutaminsäure gegenüber Streptobacterium plantarum sehr gering, und zwar noch geringer ist, als diejenige der p-Amino-benzolsulfonsäure (Sulfanilsäure).
2. Entgegen dem Befund von Auhagen erwies sich die sulfonamid-antagonistisehe (Wachstums-) Wirkung der p-Amino-benzoesäure derjenigen der p-Amino-benzoyl-l-glutaminsäure als weit überlegen. Letzterer dürfte daher eine allgemeine Bedeutung als Wirkungsgruppe eines Wachstumsfaktors nicht zukommen.
Ökosystem statt Nutzwald
(2011)
Arbeiten zur experimentellen Erhärtung der Vorstellungen über die Biogenese von Terpenen aus den Hemiterpenalkoholen Dimethylvinylcarbinol oder Prenol führten zur Auffindung der Dichloressigsäure als eines aliphatischen Polymerisationsbeschleunigers sowohl dieser beiden Alkohole als auch des ihnen zugrunde liegenden Dienkohlenwasserstoffs, des Isoprens. Die Ergebnisse mit dieser einfachen Carbonsäure regen zur Prüfung natürlicher organischer Säuren als Fermentmodelle an.
Die im Trockenweißkraut vorkommende Kropfnoxe wird durch haushaltsübliches Kochen zerstört. Durch Wasserdampfdestillation verliert das Kraut rund 50% seines Gesamtschwefelgehaltes sowie seine strumigene Aktivität. Eine Isolierung der wahrscheinlich S-haltigen Noxe ist bisher nicht gelungen.
Die Noxe des getrockneten Weißkrautes ist im Gegensatz zu der des weißen Senfsamens in heißem Alkohol unlöslich.
Das Senfölglykosid Sinalbin scheint bei Anwesenheit von Myrosinase die Schilddrüse im Sinne einer Struma diffusa parenchymatosa zu beeinflussen.
Die Reizschwelle des in kürzester Zeit basedowifizierend wirkenden Allylthioharnstoffs liegt bei gewöhnlichen Kaninchen zwischen 30 und 40 mg pro 1 kg Körpergewicht, für Angorakaninchen darunter. Allylthioharnstoff verändert die Schilddrüse zunächst im Sinne einer Struma diffusa parenchymatosa, die aber sehr schnell in eine Struma basedowificata übergeht. Tyronorman beeinflußt die Allylthioharnstoffwirkung, wenn es gleichzeitig mit der chemischen Noxe verabfolgt wird; die Drüse verharrt dabei in einem Präbasedowzustand.
Dijodtyrosin ruft unter den gleichen Bedingungen eine ähnliche, aber stärkere Wirkung hervor. Bei kurzfristiger Behandlung einer bereits längere Zeit durch Allylthioharnstoff geschädigten SD kommt es zur Ausbildung einer SD, die histologisch der Jodbasedow-Struma gleicht. Benzylthioharnstoff verändert die SD vorwiegend im Sinne einer Struma diffusa parenchymatosa und steht somit in seiner Wirkung der im Weißkraut vorhandenen Kropfnoxe nahe. Auch für Benzylthioharnstoff scheint die Reizschwelle im gleichen Größenbereich wie beim Allylthioharnstoff zu liegen.
Zur Biochemie der Schilddrüsenfunktion VII : Anzeichen der tierexperimentellen E-Hypervitaminose
(1947)
Vitamin-E-reiche Fütterung von männlichen jungen Kaninchen führt nach mehreren Wochen zu krankhaften Erscheinungen an der Schilddrüse (SD). Die drei Symptome der entstandenen E-Hypervitaminose in dem innersekretorischen Organ sind: 1. Abnorme Volumen- und Gewichtszunahme, 2. Jodfreiheit bzw. -mangel und 3. histologische Veränderung (gesteigertes Epithelwachstum). Vitamin-E-Gaben neutralisieren nicht die schilddrüsenschädigende Wirkung von Kohlkropfnahrung. Ein täglicher α-Toko-pherol-Zusatz zum Normalfutter verhindert nicht den kropferzeugenden Thiouracil-Effekt an Kaninchen, sondern wirkt im gleichen Sinne.
Bei langdauernder Injektion von Benzylthioharnstoff, der schwer resorbiert wird, entsteht beim Kaninchen keine Struma baśedowificata, sondern nur ein Präbasedow-Zustand. Eine Aktivierung der Schilddrüsen(SD)-Follikel tritt bei kurzfristiger Verfütterung von Benzylthioharnstoff auf.
Der symm. Dibenzylthioharnstoff erzeugt bei täglicher Injektion ein Vorstadium der Struma diffusa parenchymatosa. Seine Resorption ist schlecht.
Die Isothioharnstoffe sind für den Tierversuch wahrscheinlich zu giftig.
Thiouracil, subcutan gespritzt, ruft SD-Vergrößerung hervor und ist bei weitem nicht so toxisch wie Allylthioharnstoff. Die Größen der entarteten Drüsen sind den zugeführten Thiouracilmengen nicht proportional und meines Erachtens von der Konstitution der Versuchstiere weitgehend abhängig.
2-Thio-barbitursäure wirkt bei einer Injektion über drei Monate schwach schilddrüsenaktiv.
Die Natriumsalze des S-Kupfer-N-Allyl-N'-[m-carboxyphenyl]-iso-thioharnstoffes (Cuprion) und des S-Gold-N-Allyl-N'-[m-carboxyphenyl]-iso-thioharnstoffes (Lopion), parenteral gegeben, üben einen nachteiligen Einfluß auf die Schilddrüse aus. Lopion wird besser als Cuprion vertragen. Der N-Allyl-N'-[m-carboxyphenyl]-iso-thioharnstoff wird offenbar schnell vom Körper ausgeschieden, weshalb große Mengen des Grundkörpers erforderlich sind, um eine stärkere SD-Aktivität hervorzurufen.
Sulfanilylthioharnstoff verändert ein wenig die Kaninchen-SD, wenn er über zwei Monate verabfolgt wird.
Mengt man Sulfanilylguanidin dem Futter bei, dann wird die SD in geringem Grade aktiviert. Eine leichte Hypertrophie der Drüse wurde bei subcutaner Behandlung eines Tieres festgestellt.
Möglicherweise führen unter gewissen Bedingungen Benzylthioharnstoff, Sulfanilylguanidin, Cupro-N-Allyl-N'- [m-carboxyphenyl]-iso-thioharnstoff und Thiouracil, in dieser Reihe zunehmend wirksam, zu einer SD-Hypertrophie.
Die Art und Weise, wie die Kaninchen auf die schilddrüsenwirksamen Substanzen reagierten, weist auf die Entwicklung eines anormalen Zustandes der Thyreoidea hin. Unsere Befunde stehen mit der Erklärung der thyreostatischen Wirksamkeit chemischer Verbindungen durch amerikanische Autoren in Einklang.
Wichtiger Teilerfolg in der Gentherapie : Interview mit Dr. Marion Gabriele Ott und Dr. Manuel Grez
(2006)
Die Septische Granulomatose (CGD) ist eine seltene Erkrankung, die auf einem genetischen Defekt bestimmter weißer Blutzellen beruht, die darauf spezialisiert sind, in den Körper eingedrungene Pilze und Bakterien aufzuspüren und zu vernichten. Frankfurter Ärzten und Wissenschaftlern um Prof. Dr. Dieter Hoelzer vom Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität und Dr. Manuel Grez vom Chemotherapeutischen Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus gelang es, eine intakte Kopie des defekten Gens in Blutstammzellen von zwei erwachsenen CGD-Patienten einzuschleusen und so die Funktion der Fresszellen teilweise wieder herzustellen. Eine vollständige Heilung gelang jedoch nicht – ein Patient verstarb zwei Jahre nach der zunächst erfolgreichen Behandlung an seiner Grunderkrankung. Im Gespräch mit Dr. Anne Hardy berichten Dr. Marion Gabriele Ott (Arbeitsgruppe Hoelzer) und Dr. Manuel Grez (Georg-Speyer-Haus) über die Höhen und Tiefen ihrer gentherapeutischen Forschung.
Rinderplasma-Albumin wurde bei seinem isoelektrischen Punkt gelöst und in einer Unterschichtungszelle ultrazentrifugiert. Die mit Philpot-Svensson- Optik und Phasenplatte gewonnenen Sedimentationskurven wurden nach der SvEdbERG-Methode 1 (Sv.M.), nach der Maximalgradienten-Methode 2 (Mg.M.) und nach der Drei-Punkte-Methode 2 (D.P.M.) ausgewertet.
Die klassische Svedberg - Methode liefert die Sedimentationskonstante s; mit den beiden neuen Methoden kann man auf einfache Weise unmittelbar den Quotienten s/D sowie gleichzeitig und aus denselben Meßgrößen die Sedimentationskonstante s und die Diffusionskonstante D erhalten. (Die Bestimmung des zweiten Momentes der Sedimentationskurve, wie bei der ARCAIBALD-Methode 3 ist dabei nicht erforderlich.)
Nach Sv.M. und Mg.M. ergab sich der gleiche Wert für die Sedimentationskonstante. Nach der D.P.M. wurde eine um etwa 11% größere Sedimentationskonstante erhalten. Diese Abweichung beruht vermutlich auf einem bei der D.P.M. leicht unterlaufenden systematischen Meßfehler.
Der mittlere Fehler der nach Svedberg bestimmten Sedimentationskonstante betrug ± 2,7%. Etwa sechsmal größer war der mittlere Fehler von s und s/D bei der Mg.M., nämlich ± 17%, trotz annähernd gleicher Meßgenauigkeit bei Sv.M. und Mg.M.
Es scheint, daß die neuen Methoden schärfere und eindeutigere Sedimentations-Kurven erfordern als sie mit dem Philpot-Svensson- System bisher im allgemeinen erhalten werden können.
Eine Aussnahme macht dabei die nach der Mg.M. bestimmte Diffusionskonstante D, deren mittlerer Fehler hier 1,2% betrug.
Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) genomes are chromosomally integrated in all cells of an individual. They are normally transcriptionally silenced and transmitted only vertically. Enhanced expression of HERV-K accompanied by the emergence of anti-HERV-K-directed immune responses has been observed in tumor patients and HIV-infected individuals. As HERV-K is usually not expressed and immunological tolerance development is unlikely, it is an appropriate target for the development of immunotherapies. We generated a recombinant vaccinia virus (MVA-HKenv) expressing the HERV-K envelope glycoprotein (ENV), based on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), and established an animal model to test its vaccination efficacy. Murine renal carcinoma cells (Renca) were genetically altered to express E. coli beta-galactosidase (RLZ cells) or the HERV-K ENV gene (RLZ-HKenv cells). Intravenous injection of RLZ-HKenv cells into syngenic BALB/c mice led to the formation of pulmonary metastases, which were detectable by X-gal staining. A single vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with MVA-HKenv drastically reduced the number of pulmonary RLZ-HKenv tumor nodules compared to vaccination with wild-type MVA. Prophylactic vaccination of mice with MVA-HKenv precluded the formation of RLZ-HKenv tumor nodules, whereas wild-type MVA-vaccinated animals succumbed to metastasis. Protection from tumor formation correlated with enhanced HERV-K ENV-specific killing activity of splenocytes. These data demonstrate for the first time that HERV-K ENV is a useful target for vaccine development and might offer new treatment opportunities for diverse types of cancer.
UPF1 regulates myeloid cell functions and S100A9 expression by the hnRNP E2/miRNA-328 balance
(2016)
UPF1 is a key player in nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) but also involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In this study we found that UPF1 regulates the expression of genes with functions in inflammation and myeloid cell differentiation via hnRNP E2. The majority of the UPF1-regulated genes identified in monocytic cells contain a binding site for hnRNP E2 within 5′ UTR located introns with hnRNP E2 acting here as splicing regulator. We found that miRNA-328 which is significantly induced during monocytic cell differentiation acts independently from its gene silencing function as RNA decoy for hnRNP E2. One representative gene controlled by the hnRNP E2/miRNA-328 balance is S100A9 which plays an important role in cell differentiation and oxidative stress response of monocytes. Induction of miRNA-328 expression during cell differentiation antagonizes the blockade by hnRNP E2 which results in the upregulation of CD11b expression and ROS production in monocytic cells. Taken together, our data indicate that upregulation of miR-328 is responsible for the induction of hnRNP E2 target genes during myeloid cell differentiation.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that is activated by interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and mediates most of the IL-4-induced gene expression. Transcriptional activation by STAT6 requires the interaction with coactivators like p300 and the CREB-binding protein (CBP). In this study we have investigated the function of the CBP-associated members of the p160/steroid receptor coactivator family in the transcriptional activation by STAT6. We found that only one of them, NCoA-1, acts as a coactivator for STAT6 and interacts directly with the transactivation domain of STAT6. The N-terminal part of NCoA-1 interacts with the far C-terminal part of the STAT6 transactivation domain but does not interact with the other members of the STAT family. This domain of NCoA-1 has a strong inhibitory effect on STAT6-mediated transactivation when overexpressed in cells, illustrating the importance of NCoA-1 for STAT6-mediated transactivation. In addition, we showed that both coactivators CBP and NCoA-1 bind independently to specific regions within the STAT6 transactivation domain. Our results suggest that multiple contacts between NCoA-1, CBP, and STAT6 are required for transcriptional activation. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into how STAT6 can recruit coactivators required for IL-4-dependent transactivation.
Background: Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a potent candidate vaccine vector for various viral diseases (e.g. HIV, HCV, RSV). The biggest limitation of VSV, however, is its neurotoxicity, which limits application in humans. The second drawback is that VSV induces neutralizing antibodies rapidly and is thus ineffective as a vaccine vector upon repeated applications. Our group has recently shown that VSV pseudotyped with the glycoprotein (GP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), VSV-GP, is not neurotoxic. The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of VSV-GP as a vaccine vector.
Methods: For this purpose, we used Ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen and analyzed immunogenicity of GP-pseudotyped and wildtype VSV containing OVA (VSV-GP-OVA and VSV-OVA) in vitro and in vivo in mouse models.
Results: We showed that both vectors infected murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDCs) in vitro. These bmDCs were able to activate OVA specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Immunization experiments in mice revealed that both VSV-OVA and VSV-GP-OVA induced functional OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) after a single immunization. In addition, with both viruses, mice generated antibodies against OVA. However, boosting with the same virus was only possible for the GP-pseudotyped virus but not for wild type VSV. The efficacy of repeated immunization with VSV-OVA was most likely limited by high levels of neutralizing antibodies, which we detected after the first immunization. In contrast, no neutralizing antibodies against VSV-GP were induced even after boosting.
Conclusion: Taken together, we showed that the non-neurotoxic VSV-GP is able to induce specific T cell and B cell responses against the model antigen OVA to the same level as the wild type VSV vector. However, in contrast to wild type VSV, VSV-GP-OVA boosted the immune response upon repeated applications. Thus, VSV-GP is a promising novel vaccine vector.
The human hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases specifically expressed in myeloid cells and to a minor extent in B-lymphoid cells. HCK expression is up-regulated at the transcriptional level during myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic cells. To elucidate the molecular basis of the differential HCK gene expression, the genomic region containing the HCK promoter was isolated and functionally characterized. A DNA fragment containing 101 base pairs of the 5′-flanking sequence showed strong promoter activity in the macrophage cell line RAW264 but was inactive in the non-monocytic cell lines HUT-78 and NIH-3T3. Site-directed mutagenesis of the proximal promoter region showed that two GC-rich sequence elements are essential for transcriptional activity in myeloid cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis using nuclear extracts obtained from RAW264 cells and from the promonocytic cell line U-937 revealed the formation of at least three distinct protein-DNA complexes at each of these sites, one of which was found to contain the transcription factor Sp1. Expression of a reporter gene linked to the −101HCK promoter region was up-regulated by Sp1, but not by other members of the Sp1 family of transcription factors, in Drosophila Schneider cells. A synergistic effect onHCK promoter activity was observed at high concentrations of Sp1. Our results show that Sp1 plays an essential role in the regulation of the differential gene expression of the HCKgene.
Transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating differentiation processes during human life and are important in disease. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Tal1 and Lyl1 play a major role in the regulation of gene expression in the hematopoietic system and are involved in human leukemia. Tal2, which belongs to the same family of transcription factors as Tal1 and Lyl1, is also involved in human leukaemia. However, little is known regarding the expression and regulation of Tal2 in hematopoietic cells. Here we show that Tal2 is expressed in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage. Interestingly, we found that usage of the Tal2 promoter is different in human and mouse cells. Two promoters, hP1 and hP2 drive Tal2 expression in human erythroleukemia K562 cells, however in mouse RAW cells only the mP1 promoter is used. Furthermore, we found that Tal2 expression is upregulated during oesteoclastogenesis. We show that Tal2 is a direct target gene of the myeloid transcription factor PU.1, which is a key transcription factor for osteoclast gene expression. Strikingly, PU.1 binding to the P1 promoter is conserved between mouse and human, but PU.1 binding to P2 was only detected in human K562 cells. Additionally, we provide evidence that Tal2 influences the expression of the osteoclastic differentiation gene TRACP. These findings provide novel insight into the expression control of Tal2 in hematopoietic cells and reveal a function of Tal2 as a regulator of gene expression during osteoclast differentiation.
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) gene family comprises seven members with similarities in their domain structure and a common mode of activation. Members of this gene family mediate interferon induction of gene transcription and the response to a large number of growth factors and hormones. Extracellular ligand binding to transmembrane receptors causes the intracellular activation of associated tyrosine kinases, phosphorylation of Stat molecules, dimerization, and translocation to the nucleus. Prolactin-induced phosphorylation of Stat5 is a key event in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. In addition to the crucial phosphorylation at tyrosine 694, we have identified an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) as another secondary modification essential for the transcriptional induction by Stat5. This modification was only found on nuclear Stat5 after cytokine activation. Similar observations were made with Stat1, Stat3, and Stat6. Glycosylation of Stat5, however, does not seem to be a prerequisite for nuclear translocation. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed a glycosylated peptide in the N-terminal region of Stat5. Replacement of threonine 92 by an alanine residue (Stat5a-T92A) strongly reduced the prolactin induction of Stat5a glycosylation and abolished transactivation of a target gene promoter. Only the glycosylated form of Stat5 was able to bind the coactivator of transcription CBP, an essential interaction for Stat5-mediated gene transcription.
The YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 family of membrane proteins controls the insertion and assembly of membrane proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of Alb3 with the chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP). The Alb3 C-terminal domain (A3CT) is intrinsically disordered and recruits cpSRP to the thylakoid membrane by a coupled binding and folding mechanism. Two conserved, positively charged motifs reminiscent of chromodomain interaction motifs in histone tails are identified in A3CT that are essential for the Alb3-cpSRP43 interaction. They are absent in the C-terminal domain of Alb4, which therefore does not interact with cpSRP43. Chromodomain 2 in cpSRP43 appears as a central binding platform that can interact simultaneously with A3CT and cpSRP54. The observed negative cooperativity of the two binding events provides the first insights into cargo release at the thylakoid membrane. Taken together, our data show how Alb3 participates in cpSRP-dependent membrane targeting, and our data provide a molecular explanation why Alb4 cannot compensate for the loss of Alb3. Oxa1 and YidC utilize their positively charged, C-terminal domains for ribosome interaction in co-translational targeting. Alb3 is adapted for the chloroplast-specific Alb3-cpSRP43 interaction in post-translational targeting by extending the spectrum of chromodomain interactions.
Tumor cell plasticity is an event that has been observed in several malignancies. In fact, most of the solid tumors are characterized by cellular heterogeneity and undergo constant changes as the tumor develops. The increased plasticity displayed by these cells allows them to acquire additional properties, enabling epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, dedifferentiation and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. Here we discuss the particular importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for the bidirectional control of cellular plasticity and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Recent studies have suggested increased plasticity of differentiated cells within the intestine to act both as intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and tumour-initiating cells. However, little is known of the processes that regulate this plasticity. Our previous work has shown that activating mutations of Kras or the NF-κB pathway can drive dedifferentiation of intestinal cells lacking Apc. To investigate this process further, we profiled both cells undergoing dedifferentiation in vitro and tumours generated from these cells in vivo by gene expression analysis. Remarkably, no clear differences were observed in the tumours; however, during dedifferentiation in vitro we found a marked upregulation of TGFβ signalling, a pathway commonly mutated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Genetic inactivation of TGFβ type 1 receptor (Tgfbr1/Alk5) enhanced the ability of KrasG12D/+ mutation to drive dedifferentiation and markedly accelerated tumourigenesis. Mechanistically this is associated with a marked activation of MAPK signalling. Tumourigenesis from differentiated compartments is potently inhibited by MEK inhibition. Taken together, we show that tumours arising in differentiated compartments will be exposed to different suppressive signals, for example, TGFβ and blockade of these makes tumourigenesis more efficient from this compartment.
Survivin is a well-established target in experimental cancer therapy. The molecule is over-expressed in most human tumors, but hardly detectable in normal tissues. Multiple functions in different subcellular compartments have been assigned. It participates in the control of cell division, apoptosis, the cellular stress response, and also in the regulation of cell migration and metastasis. Survivin expression has been recognized as a biomarker: high expression indicates an unfavorable prognosis and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation treatment. Survivin is an unconventional drug target and several indirect approaches have been exploited to affect its function and the phenotype of survivin-expressing cells. Interference with the expression of the survivin gene, the utilization of its messenger RNA, the intracellular localization, the interaction with binding partners, the stability of the survivin protein, and the induction of survivin-specific immune responses have been taken into consideration. A direct strategy to inhibit survivin has been based on the identification of a specifically interacting peptide. This peptide can recognize survivin intracellularly and cause the degradation of the ligand–survivin complex. Technology is being developed that might allow the derivation of small molecular-weight, drug-like compounds that are functionally equivalent to the peptide ligand.
We recently described a positive feedback loop connecting c-MYC, NAMPT, DBC1 and SIRT1 that contributes to unrestricted cancer cell proliferation. Here we determine the relevance of the loop for serrated route intestinal tumorigenesis using genetically well-defined BrafV600E and K-rasG12D mouse models. In both models we show that c-MYC and SIRT1 protein expression increased through progression from hyperplasia to invasive carcinomas and metastases. It correlated with high NAMPT expression and was directly associated to activation of the oncogenic drivers. Assessing functional and molecular consequences of pharmacological interference with factors of the loop, we found that inhibition of NAMPT resulted in apoptosis and reduced clonogenic growth in human BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumoroids. Blocking SIRT1 activity was only effective when combined with a PI3K inhibitor, whereas the latter antagonized the effects of NAMPT inhibition. Interfering with the positive feedback loop was associated with down-regulation of c-MYC and temporary de-repression of TP53, explaining the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. In conclusion we show that the c-MYC-NAMPT-DBC1-SIRT1 positive feedback loop contributes to murine serrated tumor progression. Targeting the feedback loop exerted a unique, dual therapeutic effect of oncoprotein inhibition and tumor suppressor activation. It may therefore represent a promissing target for serrated colorectal cancer, and presumably for other cancer types with deregulated c-MYC.
Objective: Establishment of an immunocompetent mouse model representing the typical progressive stages observed in malignant human gliomas for the in vivo evaluation of novel target-specific regimens.
Methods: Isolated clones from tumours that arose spontaneously in GFAP-v-src transgenic mice were used to develop a transplantable brain tumour model in syngeneic B6C3F1 mice. STAT3 protein was knocked down by infection of tumour cells with replication-defective lentivirus encoding STAT3-siRNA. Apoptosis is designed to be induced by soluble recombinant TRAIL + chemical Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors.
Results: Striatal implantation of 105 mouse tumour cells resulted in the robust development of microscopically (2 – 3 mm) infiltrating malignant gliomas. Immunohistochemically, the gliomas displayed the astroglial marker GFAP and the oncogenic form of STAT3 (Tyr-705-phosphorylated) which is found in many malignancies including gliomas. Phosphorylated STAT3 was particularly prominent in the nucleus but was also found at the plasma membrane of peripherally infiltrating glioma cells. To evaluate the role of STAT3 in tumour progression, we stably expressed siRNA against STAT3 in several murine glioma cell lines. The effect of STAT3 depletion on proliferation, invasion and survival will be first assessed in vitro and subsequently after transplantation in vivo. Upstream and downstream components of the STAT3 signalling pathway as well as possible non-specific side effects of STAT3-siRNA expression after lentiviral infection will be examined, too.
Conclusions: Its high rate of engraftment, its similarity to the malignant glioma of origin, and its rapid locally invasive growth should make this murine model useful in testing novel therapies for malignant gliomas.
Macrophages not only represent an integral part of innate immunity but also critically contribute to tissue and organ homeostasis. Moreover, disease progression is accompanied by macrophage accumulation in many cancer types and is often associated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Given their critical role in modulating tumor immunity in primary and metastatic brain cancers, macrophages are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Different types of macrophages infiltrate brain cancers, including (i) CNS resident macrophages that comprise microglia (TAM-MG) as well as border-associated macrophages and (ii) monocyte-derived macrophages (TAM-MDM) that are recruited from the periphery. Controversy remained about their disease-associated functions since classical approaches did not reliably distinguish between macrophage subpopulations. Recent conceptual and technological advances, such as large-scale omic approaches, provided new insight into molecular profiles of TAMs based on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize insight from recent studies highlighting similarities and differences of TAM-MG and TAM-MDM at the molecular level. We will focus on data obtained from RNA sequencing and mass cytometry approaches. Together, this knowledge significantly contributes to our understanding of transcriptional and translational programs that define disease-associated TAM functions. Cross-species meta-analyses will further help to evaluate the translational significance of preclinical findings as part of the effort to identify candidates for macrophage-targeted therapy against brain metastasis.
New technologies and therapies designed to facilitate development of personalized treatments are rapidly emerging in the field of biomedicine. Strikingly, the goal of personalized medicine refined the concept of therapy by developing cell-based therapies, the so-called “living drugs”. Breakthrough advancements were achieved in this regard in the fields of gene therapy, cell therapy, tissue-engineered products and advanced therapeutic techniques. The Advanced Therapies in Healthcare symposium, organized by the Clinical Research Center Department of Sidra Medicine, in Doha, Qatar (October 2017), brought together world-renowned experts from the fields of oncology, hematology, immunology, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and stem cells to offer a comprehensive picture of the status of worldwide advanced therapies in both pre-clinical and clinical development, providing insights to the research phase, clinical data and regulatory aspects of these therapies. Highlights of the meeting are provided in this meeting report.
Although a variety of genetic strategies have been developed to inhibit HIV replication, few direct comparisons of the efficacy of these inhibitors have been carried out. Moreover, most studies have not examined whether genetic inhibitors are able to induce a survival advantage that results in an expansion of genetically-modified cells following HIV infection. We evaluated the efficacy of three leading genetic strategies to inhibit HIV replication: 1) an HIV-1 tat/rev-specific small hairpin (sh) RNA; 2) an RNA antisense gene specific for the HIV-1 envelope; and 3) a viral entry inhibitor, maC46. In stably transduced cell lines selected such that >95% of cells expressed the genetic inhibitor, the RNA antisense envelope and viral entry inhibitor maC46 provided the strongest inhibition of HIV-1 replication. However, when mixed populations of transduced and untransduced cells were challenged with HIV-1, the maC46 fusion inhibitor resulted in highly efficient positive selection of transduced cells, an effect that was evident even in mixed populations containing as few as 1% maC46-expressing cells. The selective advantage of the maC46 fusion inhibitor was also observed in HIV-1-infected cultures of primary T lymphocytes as well as in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. These results demonstrate robust inhibition of HIV replication with the fusion inhibitor maC46 and the antisense Env inhibitor, and importantly, a survival advantage of cells expressing the maC46 fusion inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of the ability of genetic inhibitors of HIV-1 replication to confer a survival advantage on genetically-modified cells provides unique information not provided by standard techniques that may be important in the in vivo efficacy of these genes.
STAT proteins have the function of signaling from the cell membrane into the nucleus, where they regulate gene transcription. Latent mammalian STAT proteins can form dimers in the cytoplasm even before receptor-mediated activation by specific tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we describe the 3.21-A crystal structure of an unphosphorylated STAT5a homodimer lacking the N-terminal domain as well as the C-terminal transactivation domain. The overall structure of this fragment is very similar to phosphorylated STATs. However, important differences exist in the dimerization mode. Although the interface between phosphorylated STATs is mediated by their Src-homology 2 domains, the unphosphorylated STAT5a fragment dimerizes in a completely different manner via interactions between their beta-barrel and four-helix bundle domains. The STAT4 N-terminal domain dimer can be docked onto this STAT5a core fragment dimer based on shape and charge complementarities. The separation of the dimeric arrangement, taking place upon activation and nuclear translocation of STAT5a, is demonstrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments in living cells.
Yeast large ribosomal subunit (LSU) precursors are subject to substantial changes in protein composition during their maturation due to coordinated transient interactions with a large number of ribosome biogenesis factors and due to the assembly of ribosomal proteins. These compositional changes go along with stepwise processing of LSU rRNA precursors and with specific rRNA folding events, as revealed by recent cryo-electron microscopy analyses of late nuclear and cytoplasmic LSU precursors. Here we aimed to analyze changes in the spatial rRNA surrounding of selected ribosomal proteins during yeast LSU maturation. For this we combined a recently developed tethered tertiary structure probing approach with both targeted and high throughput readout strategies. Several structural features of late LSU precursors were faithfully detected by this procedure. In addition, the obtained data let us suggest that early rRNA precursor processing events are accompanied by a global transition from a flexible to a spatially restricted rRNA conformation. For intermediate LSU precursors a number of structural hallmarks could be addressed which include the fold of the internal transcribed spacer between 5.8S rRNA and 25S rRNA, the orientation of the central protuberance and the spatial organization of the interface between LSU rRNA domains I and III.
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) require the right composition of microRNAs (miR) for proper life-long balanced blood regeneration. Here we show a regulatory circuit that prevents excessive HSC self-renewal by upregulation of miR-193b upon self-renewal promoting thrombopoietin (TPO)-MPL-STAT5 signalling. In turn, miR-193b restricts cytokine signalling, by targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT. We generated a miR-193b knockout mouse model to unravel the physiological function of miR-193b in haematopoiesis. MiR-193b−/− mice show a selective gradual enrichment of functional HSCs, which are fully competent in multilineage blood reconstitution upon transplantation. The absence of miR-193b causes an accelerated expansion of HSCs, without altering cell cycle or survival, but by decelerating differentiation. Conversely, ectopic miR-193b expression restricts long-term repopulating HSC expansion and blood reconstitution. MiR-193b-deficient haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit increased basal and cytokine-induced STAT5 and AKT signalling. This STAT5-induced microRNA provides a negative feedback for excessive signalling to restrict uncontrolled HSC expansion.
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats) play central roles in the conversion of extracellular signals, e.g., cytokines, hormones and growth factors, into tissue and cell type specific gene expression patterns. In normal cells, their signaling potential is strictly limited in extent and duration. The persistent activation of Stat3 or Stat5 is found in many human tumor cells and contributes to their growth and survival. Stat5 activation plays a pivotal role in nearly all hematological malignancies and occurs downstream of oncogenic kinases, e.g., Bcr-Abl in chronic myeloid leukemias (CML) and Jak2(V617F) in other myeloproliferative diseases (MPD). We defined the mechanisms through which Stat5 affects growth and survival of K562 cells, representative of Bcr-Abl positive CML, and HEL cells, representative for Jak2(V617F) positive acute erythroid leukemia. In our experiments we suppressed the protein expression levels of Stat5a and Stat5b through shRNA mediated downregulation and demonstrated the dependence of cell survival on the presence of Stat5. Alternatively, we interfered with the functional capacities of the Stat5 protein through the interaction with a Stat5 specific peptide ligand. This ligand is a Stat5 specific peptide aptamer construct which comprises a 12mer peptide integrated into a modified thioredoxin scaffold, S5-DBD-PA. The peptide sequence specifically recognizes the DNA binding domain (DBD) of Stat5. Complex formation of S5-DBD-PA with Stat5 causes a strong reduction of P-Stat5 in the nuclear fraction of Bcr-Abl-transformed K562 cells and a suppression of Stat5 target genes. Distinct Stat5 mediated survival mechanisms were detected in K562 and Jak2(V617F)-transformed HEL cells. Stat5 is activated in the nuclear and cytosolic compartments of K562 cells and the S5-DBD-PA inhibitor most likely affects the viability of Bcr-Abl+ K562 cells through the inhibition of canonical Stat5 induced target gene transcription. In HEL cells, Stat5 is predominantly present in the cytoplasm and the survival of the Jak2(V617F)+ HEL cells is impeded through the inhibition of the cytoplasmic functions of Stat5.
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a lethal cancer with poor prognosis associated with high invasiveness and poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed in order to improve survival and response rates of GBC patients. We screened 130 small molecule inhibitors on a panel of seven GBC cell lines and identified the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG as one of the most potent inhibitory drugs across the different lines. We tested the antitumor efficacy of 17-AAG and geldanamycin (GA) in vitro and in a subcutaneous preclinical tumor model NOD-SCID mice. We also evaluated the expression of HSP90 by immunohistochemistry in human GBC tumors.
In vitro assays showed that 17-AAG and GA significantly reduced the expression of HSP90 target proteins, including EGFR, AKT, phospho-AKT, Cyclin B1, phospho-ERK and Cyclin D1. These molecular changes were consistent with reduced cell viability and cell migration and promotion of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis observed in our in vitro studies.
In vivo, 17-AAG showed efficacy in reducing subcutaneous tumors size, exhibiting a 69.6% reduction in tumor size in the treatment group compared to control mice (p < 0.05).
The HSP90 immunohistochemical staining was seen in 182/209 cases of GBC (87%) and it was strongly expressed in 70 cases (33%), moderately in 58 cases (28%), and weakly in 54 cases (26%).
Our pre-clinical observations strongly suggest that the inhibition of HSP90 function by HSP90 inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for gallbladder cancer that may benefit from new HSP90 inhibitors currently in development.
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family regulate essential cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation but also play central roles in the etiology and progression of tumors. We have identified short peptide sequences from a random peptide library integrated into the thioredoxin scaffold protein, which specifically bind to the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR). These molecules have the potential to selectively inhibit specific aspects of EGF receptor signaling and might become valuable as anticancer agents. Intracellular expression of the aptamer encoding gene construct KDI1 or introduction of bacterially expressed KDI1 via a protein transduction domain into EGFR-expressing cells results in KDI1·EGF receptor complex formation, a slower proliferation, and reduced soft agar colony formation. Aptamer KDI1 did not summarily block the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity but selectively interfered with the EGF-induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues 845, 1068, and 1148 as well as the phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of p46 Shc. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at tyrosine 705 and Stat3-dependent transactivation were also impaired. Transduction of a short synthetic peptide aptamer sequence not embedded into the scaffold protein resulted in the same impairment of EGF-induced Stat3 activation.
In polarized cells, the multidrug resistance protein MRP2 is localized in the apical plasma membrane, whereas MRP1, another multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family member, is localized in the basolateral membrane. MRP1 and MRP2 are thought to contain an N-terminal region of five transmembrane segments (TMD0) coupled to 2 times six transmembrane segments via an intracellular loop (L0). We previously demonstrated for MRP1 that a mutant lacking TMD0 but still containing L0, called L0ΔMRP1, was functional and routed to the lateral plasma membrane. To investigate the role of the TMD0L0 region of MRP2 in routing to the apical membrane, we generated mutants similar to those made for MRP1. In contrast to L0ΔMRP1, L0ΔMRP2 was associated with an intracellular compartment, most likely endosomes. Co-expression with TMD0, however, resulted in apical localization of L0ΔMRP2 and transport activity. Uptake experiments with vesicles containing L0ΔMRP2 demonstrated that the molecule is able to transport LTC4. An MRP2 mutant without TMD0L0, ΔMRP2, was only core-glycosylated and localized intracellularly. Co-expression of ΔMRP2 with TMD0L0 resulted in an increased protein level of ΔMRP2, full glycosylation of the protein, routing to the apical membrane, and transport activity. Our results suggest that the TMD0 region is required for routing to or stable association with the apical membrane.
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a crucial role in cellular growth control inducing a plethora of different response pathways. The molecular mechanisms that discriminate between the distinct p53-responses have remained largely elusive. Here, we have analyzed the p53-regulated pathways induced by Actinomycin D and Etoposide treatment resulting in more growth arrested versus apoptotic cells respectively. We found that the genome-wide p53 DNA-binding patterns are almost identical upon both treatments notwithstanding transcriptional differences that we observed in global transcriptome analysis. To assess the role of post-translational modifications in target gene choice and activation we investigated the genome-wide level of phosphorylation of Serine 46 of p53 bound to DNA (p53-pS46) and of Serine 15 (p53-pS15). Interestingly, the extent of S46 phosphorylation of p53 bound to DNA is considerably higher in cells directed towards apoptosis while the degree of phosphorylation at S15 remains highly similar. Moreover, our data suggest that following different chemotherapeutical treatments, the amount of chromatin-associated p53 phosphorylated at S46 but not at pS15 is higher on certain apoptosis related target genes. Our data provide evidence that cell fate decisions are not made primarily on the level of general p53 DNA-binding and that post-translationally modified p53 can have distinct DNA-binding characteristics.
NK cells are part of the innate immune system, and are important players in the body’s first defence line against virus-infected and malignantly transformed cells. While T cells recognize neoplastic cells in an MHC-restricted fashion, NK cells do not require prior sensitization and education about the target. In leukemia and lymphoma patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation not only T cells but also NK cells have been found to mediate potent graft-versus-tumor effects. Hence, autologous or donor-derived NK cells hold great promise for cancer immunotherapy. Since the generation of highly purified NK cell products for clinical applications is labor-intensive and time consuming, established human NK cell lines such as NK-92 are also being considered for clinical protocols. NK-92 cells display phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to activated primary NK cells. While NK-92 cells are highly cytotoxic towards malignant cells of hematologic origin, they do not affect healthy human tissues. NK-92 cells can be expanded under GMP-compliant conditions, and can therefore be provided in sufficient numbers with defined phenotypic characteristics for clinical applications. Safety of NK-92 cells for adoptive immunotherapy was already shown in two phase I/II clinical trials...
Resistenz polyklonaler, reifer T-Zellen gegenüber der Transformation durch retrovirale Transduktion
(2008)
Nach den ersten Erfolgen der Gentherapie bei angeborenen Immundefekten wurden einige Fälle von Leukämie nach gammaretroviralem Gentransfer in Blutstammzellen bei Patienten mit „severe combined immunodeficiency“ (SCID-X1) veröffentlicht. Diese entfachten eine Diskussion über das Risiko der Insertionsmutagenese bei der Verwendung gammaretroviraler Vektoren. Durch eine insertionsbedingte Transaktivierung potentieller Onkogene und damit verbundenen malignen Veränderungen können gammaretroviral transduzierte Blutstammzellen Leukämien hervorrufen. Aber nicht nur Blutstammzellen werden als Zielzellen in der Gentherapie genutzt. In der Gruppe von Laer wurde in den letzten Jahren eine neue Gentherapie der HIV-1 Infektion entwickelt. Hierbei werden dem Patienten genetisch geschützte, autologe T-Lymphozyten infundiert. Die Gefahr einer Leukämie durch Insertionsmutagenese sollte im Zuge dieser Studie für reife T-Lymphozyten evaluiert werden. In einer vergleichenden Analyse wurde untersucht, ob der gammaretrovirale Gentransfer in reife T-Lymphozyten die gleiche Genotoxizität birgt wie in hämatopoetische Stammzellen. Hierzu wurden reife T-Lymphozyten und hämatopoetische Progenitoren von C57BL/6(Ly5.1)-Mäusen mit multiplen Kopien gammaretroviraler Vektoren transduziert, die für die potenten T-Zell Onkogene LMO2, TCL1, dTrkA oder das Kontrollgen GFP kodierten. Es wurden sehr hohe Transduktionseffizienzen mit bis zu 70% für reife T-Lymphozyten und bis zu 98% für hämatopoetische Progenitoren erzielt, um möglichst leukämiefördernde Bedingungen zu schaffen. Nach Transplantation in kongene Rag-1 defiziente Empfängertiere (Ly5.2) entwickelten Onkogen-modifizierte Stammzellen nach einer charakteristischen Latenzperiode Leukämien/Lymphome. Am häufigsten wurden unreife, CD8+CD4+ doppelpositive T-Vorläufer Leukämien/Lymphome beobachtet. In einigen Rezipienten führte außerdem eine Überexpression von TCL1 in hämatopoetischen Stammzellen zu der Entwicklung von reifzelligen T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphomen und B-Zell Leukämien/Lymphomen. Die Integrationsanalyse ergab oligo- bis monoklonale Tumore, wobei keine offensichtlich tumorfördernden, die gammaretroviralen Insertionen flankierenden Gene identifiziert werden konnten. Bemerkenswerterweise entwickelte keines der T-Zell transplantierten Empfängertiere ein/e Lymphom/Leukämie, obwohl auch diese Zellen mit den gleichen Vektoren modifiziert wurden und über einen sehr langen Zeitraum persistierten. Um die Kontrollmechanismen dieser Resistenz näher zu untersuchen, wurde eine für den TCR monoklonale, adulte T-Zell Population mit dTrkA transduziert. Nach einer kurzen Latenzperiode entwickelten sich reifzellige T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphome. Anscheinend existiert eine Verbindung zwischen der relativen Transformationsresistenz reifer T-Lymphozyten und dem Konkurrenzverhalten verschiedener T-Zell Klone um stimulatorische MHC-TCR Nischen. Weiterhin wurde in vitro durch gammaretroviralen Transfer von LMO2 ein immortalisierter T-Zell Klon generiert. Dieser zeigte zwar nach einer langen Beobachtungszeit einen CD8-CD4-doppelnegativen Phänotyp, aber auch einen rekombinierten TCR. In vitro überwuchs er eine unmanipulierte Kompetitorpopulation, konnte jedoch nach Transplantation kein/e T-Zell Lymphom/Leukämie induzieren. Die LM-PCR Analyse des Klons lieferte eine sehr interessante Integration zwischen den Genen für die alpha-Ketten des IL-2 und des IL-15 Rezeptors, welche dadurch konstitutiv exprimiert wurden. Dies könnte das erste Beispiel für eine insertionsbedingte Immortalisierung eines adulten T-Zell Klons sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal eindeutig gezeigt werden, dass polyklonale, reife T-Zell Populationen in vivo eine hohe Transformationsresistenz aufweisen. Durch bestimmte Bedingungen können jedoch durchaus maligne Veränderung adulter, reifer T-Lymphozyten induziert werden. Für die Sicherheitsabschätzung gammaretroviraler Gentherapie-Studien mit reifen T-Lymphozyten sind die vorgestellten Ergebnisse von großer Bedeutung und könnten darüber hinaus Aufschluss über die populationsdynamischen Kontrollmechanismen reifer T-Zell Leukämien/Lymphome geben.
Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and most malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The translation of therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma from the experimental phase into the clinic has been limited by insufficient animal models, which lack important features of human tumors. Lentiviral gene therapy is an attractive therapeutic option for human glioblastoma, which we validated in a clinically relevant animal model. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used a rodent xenograft model that recapitulates the invasive and angiogenic features of human glioblastoma to analyze the transduction pattern and therapeutic efficacy of lentiviral pseudotyped vectors. Both, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV-GP) and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vectors very efficiently transduced human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, pseudotyped gammaretroviral vectors, similar to those evaluated for clinical therapy of glioblastoma, showed inefficient gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. Both pseudotyped lentiviral vectors transduced cancer stem-like cells characterized by their CD133-, nestin- and SOX2-expression, the ability to form spheroids in neural stem cell medium and to express astrocytic and neuronal differentiation markers under serum conditions. In a therapeutic approach using the suicide gene herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-1-tk) fused to eGFP, both lentiviral vectors mediated a complete remission of solid tumors as seen on MRI resulting in a highly significant survival benefit (p<0.001) compared to control groups. In all recurrent tumors, surviving eGFP-positive tumor cells were found, advocating prodrug application for several cycles to even enhance and prolong the therapeutic effect. Conclusions/Significance: In conclusion, lentiviral pseudotyped vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy of glioma in patients. The inefficient gene delivery by gammaretroviral vectors is in line with the results obtained in clinical therapy for GBM and thus confirms the high reproducibility of the invasive glioma animal model for translational research.
Safety concerns associated with the use of viral vectors in gene therapy applications have attracted considerable attention towards the development of nonviral vectors as alternatives for DNA delivery. While nonviral vectors are commonly not associated with safety problems, they are still very inefficient compared to viral vectors, and require significant improvements to approach the efficiency of their viral counterparts. Meanwhile ligands or single-chain antibody fragments that bind to cell surface receptors for increased and/or specific cellular uptake, endosome escape activities, and nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) to enhance transport of plasmid DNA into the nucleus, have become available that can be incorporated into nonviral vectors to improve their efficacy. However, as gene delivery is a multistep process, the challenge is to incorporate multiple of these functional elements into a single nonviral vector system, while retaining their specific activities. A promising method to attach such entities to plasmid DNA is the use of multifunctional fusion proteins that bind to DNA through a DNA-binding domain. In principle, two types of DNA-binding domains/proteins can be used to anchor additional functional domains or peptides to a plasmid, namely sequence-specific DNA-binding domains, described in the first part of this thesis, or those that bind DNA independent of its sequence, exemplified in the second part of this work by a derivative of the human HMGB2 protein. The first fusion protein constructed and analyzed contained the E. coli LexA repressor as a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain. In addition, this DNA-carrier protein, termed TEL, included a bacterial translocation domain as an integrated endosome escape activity, and human TGF-a for specific targeting to the EGF-receptor (EGFR). TEL was expressed in E. coli and purified under both native and denaturing conditions. Purified, denatured TEL was refolded and subsequently shown to bind specifically to EGFR-expressing cells. However, inclusion of TEL in complexes of plasmid DNA and poly-L-lysine (pL) did not lead to increased gene delivery into EGFR-expressing COS-1 cells. Most likely this was due to the absence of DNA-binding activity of the LexA moiety in TEL. In contrast, native TEL was able to interact specifically with DNA. Nevertheless, since this interaction was rather weak, and refolding of denatured TEL had not resulted in functional activity of all of its protein domains, it seemed unlikely that fusion proteins containing LexA would exhibit gene transfer capabilities superior to those of similar DNA-carrier proteins previously constructed in our group. Further work therefore focused on the use of the E2C-Sp1C protein as an alternative sequencespecific DNA-binding domain. This artificial zinc-finger protein was fused to the single-chain antibody fragment scFv(FRP5), directed against the human ErbB2 growth factor receptor. The resulting 5-E2C fusion protein was expressed in E. coli and purified under native and denaturing conditions. Refolded and native 5-E2C were found to bind specifically to ErbB2-expressing cells, indicating that scFv(FRP5) in 5-E2C was functional in both preparations. In contrast, whereas refolded 5-E2C bound DNA only weakly, significant DNA binding was observed for native 5-E2C. In addition, it could not only be shown that the interaction of native 5-E2C with DNA containing its recognition sequence was specific, but also that this protein was able to bind DNA and recombinant ErbB2 simultaneously, demonstrating the functionality of both domains in native 5-E2C. Despite these encouraging results, the inclusion of native 5-E2C in pL- or polyethyleneimine (PEI)-DNA complexes did not lead to an (5-E2C-specific) enhancement of gene transfer efficiency, irrespective of the presence of the endosome-disruptive reagent chloroquine during transfection. In the second part of this thesis an alternative approach for the development of DNA-carrier proteins for nonviral gene delivery is described, based on human HMGB2, a DNA-binding protein without sequence specificity. HMGB2 contains an acidic C-terminus that has been found to decrease the affinity of the protein for DNA. Therefore, this C-terminal tail was deleted, resulting in an HMGB2-variant consisting of amino acids 1-186. HMGB2186, purified under native conditions from E. coli lysates, was able to interact with DNA and bound to the surface of different cell lines. Importantly, after binding to plasmid DNA HMGB2186 mediated gene delivery into COS-7 cells with higher efficiency than pL. In addition, HMGB2186-mediated gene transfer was strongly enhanced in the presence of chloroquine, indicating that the endocytic pathway was involved in cellular uptake. To improve internalization and intracellular routing of HMGB2186 as a DNA-carrier, a derivative containing the TAT47-57 cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), reported to facilitate cell entry independent of endocytosis, was constructed. Since this peptide also contains an NLS, in addition an HGMB2186-variant containing the SV40-NLS was constructed to investigate the effect of a peptide that has only nuclear localizing properties. Interestingly, the resulting TAT-HMGB2186 and SV40-HMGB2186 fusion proteins displayed DNA-binding activities similar to HMGB2186, but mediated gene delivery into different cell lines clearly more efficiently than the parental molecule. Furthermore, the efficacy of both fusion proteins was enhanced markedly in the presence of chloroquine, an indication that endocytosis was involved in the transfection process mediated by these proteins. This suggests that the increased transfection efficiency observed for TAT-HMGB2186 was more likely due to the NLS function present in the TAT47-57 peptide, rather than to its ‘cell penetrating properties’. Finally, the incorporation of functional peptides derived from human proteins into HMGB2186 was investigated. An uncharged CPP originating from Kaposi-FGF, reported to facilitate efficient cellular uptake of fused protein domains in an endocytosis-independent manner, was fused to HMGB2186 together with the SV40-NLS. Interestingly, the resulting KSV40-HMGB2186 fusion protein bound DNA similarly as previously tested DNA-carrier proteins, but did not mediate enhanced transfection compared to HMGB2186. In addition, the importin-b-binding (IBB) domain derived from human importin-a2 was investigated as a component of a DNA-carrier protein. Since the IBB domain can function as an NLS, it was fused to HMGB2186 resulting in the DNA-carrier protein IBBHMGB2186. Although IBB-HMGB2186 bound DNA in a similar manner as the other HMGB2186-derivatives, gene delivery mediated by IBB-HMGB2186 was only as effective as HMGB2186 mediated transfection, suggesting no significant role of the IBB domain. However, addition of chloroquine resulted in a remarkable enhancement of IBB-HMGB2186-mediated gene transfer, which was now more efficient than with any other HMGB2186-variant tested, and not much lower than gene transfer mediated by PEI, one of the most efficient transfection reagents available to date. To enhance nonviral gene delivery even further, the HMGB2186-based DNA-carrier proteins described in this thesis might now serve as building blocks for novel fusion proteins that include additional complementing activities. In this respect it seems particularly promising that, under conditions of effective end some escape, IBB-HMGB2186, which consists entirely of protein domains of human origin, was the most efficient of all proteins tested in this work.
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant tumor characterized by a poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and WYE-354. In vitro assays showed WYE-354 significantly reduced cell viability, migration and invasion and phospho-P70S6K expression in GBC cells. Mice harboring subcutaneous gallbladder tumors, treated with WYE-354 or rapamycin, exhibited a significant reduction in tumor mass. A short-term treatment with a higher dose of WYE-354 decreased the tumor size by 68.6% and 52.4%, in mice harboring G-415 or TGBC-2TKB tumors, respectively, compared to the control group. By contrast, treatment with a prolonged-low-dose regime of rapamycin almost abrogated tumor growth, exhibiting 92.7% and 97.1% reduction in tumor size, respectively, compared to control mice. These results were accompanied by a greater decrease in the phosphorylation status of P70S6K and a lower cell proliferation Ki67 index, compared to WYE-354 treated mice, suggesting a more effective mTOR pathway inhibition. These findings provide a proof of concept for the use of rapamycin or WYE-354 as potentially good candidates to be studied in clinical trials in GBC patients.
Mammalian oocytes are arrested in the dictyate stage of meiotic prophase I for long periods of time, during which the high concentration of the p53 family member TAp63α sensitizes them to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. TAp63α is kept in an inactive and exclusively dimeric state but undergoes rapid phosphorylation-induced tetramerization and concomitant activation upon detection of DNA damage. Here we show that the TAp63α dimer is a kinetically trapped state. Activation follows a spring-loaded mechanism not requiring further translation of other cellular factors in oocytes and is associated with unfolding of the inhibitory structure that blocks the tetramerization interface. Using a combination of biophysical methods as well as cell and ovary culture experiments we explain how TAp63α is kept inactive in the absence of DNA damage but causes rapid oocyte elimination in response to a few DNA double strand breaks thereby acting as the key quality control factor in maternal reproduction.
Background: Due to the steadily increasing number of cancer patients worldwide the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a major field of research. The diagnosis of cancer is mostly performed by an experienced pathologist via the visual inspection of histo-pathological stained tissue sections. To save valuable time, low quality cryosections are frequently analyzed with diagnostic accuracies that are below those of high quality embedded tissue sections. Thus, alternative means have to be found that enable for fast and accurate diagnosis as the basis of following clinical decision making.
Methods: In this contribution we will show that the combination of the three label-free non-linear imaging modalities CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering), TPEF (two-photon excited autofluorescence) and SHG (second harmonic generation) yields information that can be translated into computational hematoxylin and eosin (HE) images by multivariate statistics. Thereby, a computational HE stain is generated resulting in pseudo-HE overview images that allow for identification of suspicious regions. The latter are analyzed further by Raman-spectroscopy retrieving the tissue’s molecular fingerprint.
Results: The results suggest that the combination of non-linear multimodal imaging and Raman-spectroscopy possesses the potential as a precise and fast tool in routine histopathology.
Conclusions: As the key advantage, both optical methods are non-invasive enabling for further pathological investigations of the same tissue section, e.g. a direct comparison with the current pathological gold-standard.
Präklinische Untersuchungen zur Gentherapie der HIV-Infektion mit dem retroviralen Vektor M87o
(2007)
Mit der Einführung der hochaktiven antiretroviralen Therapie (HAART) 1995 wandelte sich die HIV-Infektion in den Industrieländern von einer akut lebensbedrohlichen zu einer chronisch verlaufenden und scheinbar gut kontrollierten Erkrankung. Das Virus wird allerdings nie vollständig aus dem Körper eliminiert, sodass die Betroffenen zeitlebens Medikamente einnehmen müssen. Die Langzeit-Medikation wird häufig von schweren Nebenwirkungen begleitet, führt zur Selektion resistenter Viren und muss häufig umgestellt werden. Gentherapeutische Verfahren, die die CD4+ Zielzellen durch die Expression antiviraler Gene vor der Infektion durch HIV schützen („intrazelluläre Immunisierung“), stellen viel versprechende Therapiealternativen dar. Der in der Arbeitsgruppe von Laer entwickelte retrovirale Vektor M87o (EGELHOFER et al. 2004, EGELHOFER 2004) exprimiert das 46 Aminosäuren lange membran-verankerte Peptid C46, das in der Lage ist, die gp41-vermittelte Fusion von Virus- und Zellmembran zu inhibieren. In Zelllinien und primären Lymphozyten konnte gezeigt werden, dass M87o die Infektion durch unterschiedliche HIV-Isolate sehr effektiv verhindert. Im Rahmen vorklinischer Untersuchungen konnte in vitro gezeigt werden, dass die retrovirale Transduktion mit M87o das Transformationsrisiko und damit das Risiko der Entstehung von Neoplasien nicht steigert. An primären peripheren T-Zellen konnte zeigt werden, dass M87o die Zielzellen weder phänotypische noch funktionelle verändert. Für die Untersuchung der retroviralen Gentherapie im Rhesusaffenmodell wurde zunächst ein Gentransferprotokoll für periphere Affenlymphozyten entwickelt, mit dem in Vorversuchen Gentransferraten von ca. 50% erreicht werden konnten. Das Transduktionsprotokoll wurde anschließend im Rahmen einer präklinischen Studie zur Toxizität und Immunogenität der M87o-Gentherapie, bei der Herstellung zweier Studientransplantate angewandt. Beide Zellpräparate wurden den Versuchstieren transplantiert. Während des Eingriffs traten keine akuttoxischen Reaktionen auf. M87o+-Zellen konnten bis 140 Tage nach der Transplantation mittels PCR nachgewiesen werden. Immunologische Untersuchungen (Cytokinfärbung, Proliferationsassay, ELISPOT) ergaben keine Hinweise auf zelluläre oder humorale Immunreaktionen. M87o-spezifische Antikörper waren im Serum nicht nachweisbar. Für die Durchführung einer klinischen Studie zur Toxizität und Wirksamkeit (Phase I/II) an HIV-infizierten Probanden wurde ein Protokoll zur Produktion M87o-modifizierter T-Zellen (mindestens 5 × 108 M87o+ CD4-T-Zellen pro Spender) entwickelt. In die klinische Prüfung wurden Patienten aufgenommen, die nach multiplem Therapieversagen durch das Auftreten multiresistenter HIV eine CD4-Zellzahl von 50 bis 200 µl-1 Blut, sowie eine Viruslast von >5.000 Kopien ml-1 Blut aufwiesen. Im Versuchsmaßstab konnte ein Transduktionsprotokoll erarbeitet werden, mit dem im Mittel 46% der CD4+ T-Zellen mit M87o transduziert werden konnten. Innerhalb von 10 Tagen expandierte die Zellzahl im Mittel um den Faktor 153, wobei die HIV-Replikation vollständig inhibiert wurde. Das Protokoll wurde erfolgreich vom Versuchsmaßstab in den klinisch relevanten Produktionsmaßstab übersetzt. In drei Versuchsläufen wurde im Mittel eine Transduktionsrate von 29% erreicht und die Zellzahl um den Faktor 44 vermehrt. Der Anteil an CD3+/CD4+ Zellen an der Gesamtpopulation lag im Mittel bei 91%. Insgesamt konnten mit dem etablierten Protokoll durchschnittlich 2,3 × 109 CD3+/CD4+/M87o+ Zellen, bei gleichzeitig vollständiger Inhibition der HIV-Replikation, generiert werden. Im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie zur Toxizität und Wirksamkeit der M87o-Gentherapie wurden 10 Studientransplantate gemäß dem im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Protokoll hergestellt. Alle Transplantate wurden am Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf in Hamburg transfundiert und von den Patienten sehr gut vertragen.
Background: There is currently no effective AIDS vaccine, emphasizing the importance of developing alternative therapies. Recently, a patient was successfully transplanted with allogeneic, naturally resistant CCR5-negative (CCR5 delta 32) cells, setting the stage for transplantation of naturally resistant, or genetically modified stem cells as a viable therapy for AIDS. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy using vectors that express various anti-HIV transgenes has also been attempted in clinical trials, but inefficient gene transfer in these studies has severely limited the potential of this approach. Here we evaluated HSC gene transfer of an anti-HIV vector in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model, which closely models human transplantation. Methods and Findings: We used lentiviral vectors that inhibited both HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/HIV-1 (SHIV) chimera virus infection, and also expressed a P140K mutant methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) transgene to select gene-modified cells by adding chemotherapy drugs. Following transplantation and MGMT-mediated selection we demonstrated transgene expression in over 7% of stem-cell derived lymphocytes. The high marking levels allowed us to demonstrate protection from SHIV in lymphocytes derived from gene-modified macaque long-term repopulating cells that expressed an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor. We observed a statistically significant 4-fold increase of gene-modified cells after challenge of lymphocytes from one macaque that received stem cells transduced with an anti-HIV vector (p<0.02, Student's t-test), but not in lymphocytes from a macaque that received a control vector. We also established a competitive repopulation assay in a second macaque for preclinical testing of promising anti-HIV vectors. The vectors we used were HIV-based and thus efficiently transduce human cells, and the transgenes we used target HIV-1 genes that are also in SHIV, so our findings can be rapidly translated to the clinic. Conclusions: Here we demonstrate the ability to select protected HSC-derived lymphocytes in vivo in a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model of HIV/SHIV infection. This approach can now be evaluated in human clinical trials in AIDS lymphoma patients. In this patient setting, chemotherapy would not only kill malignant cells, but would also increase the number of MGMTP140K-expressing HIV-resistant cells. This approach should allow for high levels of HIV-protected cells in AIDS patients to evaluate AIDS gene therapy.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LT), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the regulation of 5-LO mRNA expression by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In the present study, we report the identification of 2 truncated transcripts and 4 novel 5-LO splice variants containing premature termination codons (PTC). The characterization of one of the splice variants, 5-LOΔ3, revealed that it is a target for NMD since knockdown of the NMD factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3b in the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6) altered the expression of 5-LOΔ3 mRNA up to 2-fold in a cell differentiation-dependent manner suggesting that cell differentiation alters the composition or function of the NMD complex. In contrast, the mature 5-LO mRNA transcript was not affected by UPF knockdown. Thus, the data suggest that the coupling of alternative splicing and NMD is involved in the regulation of 5-LO gene expression.
Introduction: ScFv(FRP5)-ETA is a recombinant antibody toxin with binding specificity for ErbB2 (HER2). It consists of an N-terminal single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), genetically linked to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA). Potent antitumoral activity of scFv(FRP5)-ETA against ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells was previously demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Here we report the first systemic application of scFv(FRP5)-ETA in human cancer patients.
Methods: We have performed a phase I dose-finding study, with the objective to assess the maximum tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity of intravenously injected scFv(FRP5)-ETA. Eighteen patients suffering from ErbB2-expressing metastatic breast cancers, prostate cancers, head and neck cancer, non small cell lung cancer, or transitional cell carcinoma were treated. Dose levels of 2, 4, 10, 12.5, and 20 μg/kg scFv(FRP5)-ETA were administered as five daily infusions each for two consecutive weeks.
Results: No hematologic, renal, and/or cardiovascular toxicities were noted in any of the patients treated. However, transient elevation of liver enzymes was observed, and considered dose limiting, in one of six patients at the maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg, and in two of three patients at 20 μg/kg. Fifteen minutes after injection, peak concentrations of more than 100 ng/ml scFv(FRP5)-ETA were obtained at a dose of 10 μg/kg, indicating that predicted therapeutic levels of the recombinant protein can be applied without inducing toxic side effects. Induction of antibodies against scFv(FRP5)-ETA was observed 8 days after initiation of therapy in 13 patients investigated, but only in five of these patients could neutralizing activity be detected. Two patients showed stable disease and in three patients clinical signs of activity in terms of signs and symptoms were observed (all treated at doses ≥ 10 μg/kg). Disease progression occurred in 11 of the patients.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that systemic therapy with scFv(FRP5)-ETA can be safely administered up to a maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg in patients with ErbB2-expressing tumors, justifying further clinical development.
Phage display selection of HIV specific conserved mimotopes with IgG from long-term non-progressors
(2005)
Poster presentation Background The aim of this study is to identify conserved epitopes of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal plasma from LTNP to finally derive vaccine candidates. Materials and methods The presence of neutralizing antibodies in 9 LTNP sera was proved by in vitro neutralization assays. Phage displayed peptide libraries were screened with LTNP IgG. HIV-specific mimotopes were analyzed for homology to the gp120 structure by a software (3DEX) especially developed for this purpose. Mice were immunized with interesting phages and their sera were analyzed for neutralizing activities against HIV-1. Results After biopannings, between 19% and 75% HIV-specific phage clones were identified by ELISA. Mimotope sequences were identified and could be aligned by 3DEX to linear or conformational epitopes on gp120. A peptide specific immune response was detected in sera of immunized mice. The first mice sera analyzed showed neutralizing activities against HIV-1. Conclusion Mimotopes could be selected from LTNP sera that represent conformational epitopes on gp120. Those ones inducing neutralizing antibodies upon immunization potentially are suited to derive vaccine candidates.
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. It has so far been molecularly defined mainly by alterations of the Wnt pathway. We show here for the first time that aberrant activities of the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT3 actively contribute to this malignancy and, thus, are a potential therapeutic target for CRC. Constitutive STAT3 activity was found to be abundant in dedifferentiated cancer cells and infiltrating lymphocytes of CRC samples, but not in non-neoplastic colon epithelium. Cell lines derived from malignant colorectal tumors lost persistent STAT3 activity in culture. However, implantation of colon carcinoma cells into nude mice resulted in restoration of STAT3 activity, suggesting a role of an extracellular stimulus within the tumor microenvironment as a trigger for STAT activation. STAT3 activity in CRC cells triggered through interleukin-6 or through a constitutively active STAT3 mutant promoted cancer cell multiplication, whereas STAT3 inhibition through a dominant-negative variant impaired IL-6-driven proliferation. Blockade of STAT3 activation in CRCderived xenograft tumors slowed down their development, arguing for a contribution of STAT3 to colorectal tumor growth.
The transcription factor Tal1 is a critical activator or repressor of gene expression in hematopoiesis and leukaemia. The mechanism by which Tal1 differentially influences transcription of distinct genes is not fully understood. Here we show that Tal1 interacts with the peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PADI4). We demonstrate that PADI4 can act as an epigenetic coactivator through influencing H3R2me2a. At the Tal1/PADI4 target gene IL6ST the repressive H3R2me2a mark triggered by PRMT6 is counteracted by PADI4, which augments the active H3K4me3 mark and thus increases IL6ST expression. In contrast, at the CTCF promoter PADI4 acts as a repressor. We propose that the influence of PADI4 on IL6ST transcription plays a role in the control of IL6ST expression during lineage differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. These results open the possibility to pharmacologically influence Tal1 in leukaemia.
Oral presentations Background: We selected peptide ligands for the HIV-1 packaging signal PSI by screening phage displayed peptide libraries. Peptide ligands were optimized by screening spot synthesis peptide membranes. The aim of this study is the functional characterization of these peptide ligands with respect to inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Methods: Phage displayed peptide libraries were screened with PSI-RNA structures. The Trp-rich peptide motifs were optimized for specific binding on spot synthesis peptide membranes. The best binding peptide was expressed intracellularly in fusion with RFP or linked to a protein transduction domain (PTD) for intracellular delivery. The effects on virion production were analyzed using pseudotyped lentiviral particles. Results: After positive and negative selection rounds, phages binding specifically to PSI-RNA were identified by ELISA. Peptide inserts contained conserved motifs of aromatic amino acids known to be implicated in binding of PSI-RNA by the natural Gag ligand. The filter assay identified HKWPWW as the best binding ligand for PSI-RNA, which is delivered into several cell lines by addition of a PTD. Compared to a control peptide, the HKWPWW peptide inhibited HIV-1 replication as deduced from reduced titers of culture supernatants. As HKWPWW also binds to the TAR-RNA like the natural nucleocapsid PSI-RNA ligand, the effect on Tat-TAR inhibition will also be analyzed. Currently T-cell lines are established which stably express HKWPWW as well as a control peptide, which will be infected with HIV-1 to monitor the ability of HKWPWW to inhibit wild type HIV-1 replication. Conclusion: The selection of a peptide ligand for PSI-RNA able to inhibit HIV-1 replication proves the suitability of the phage display technology for the selection of peptides binding to RNA-structures. This enables the indentification of peptides serving as leads to interfere with additional targets in the HIV-1 replication cycle.
The carnitine transporter CaiT from Escherichia coli belongs to the betaine, choline, and carnitine transporter family of secondary transporters. It acts as an L-carnitine/gamma-butyrobetaine exchanger and is predicted to span the membrane 12 times. Unlike the other members of this transporter family, it does not require an ion gradient and does not respond to osmotic stress (Jung, H., Buchholz, M., Clausen, J., Nietschke, M., Revermann, A., Schmid, R., and Jung, K. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 39251-39258). The structure and oligomeric state of the protein was examined in detergent and in lipid bilayers. Blue native gel electrophoresis indicated that CaiT was a trimer in detergent solution. This result was further supported by gel filtration and cross-linking studies. Electron microscopy and single particle analysis of the protein showed a triangular structure of three masses or two parallel elongated densities. Reconstitution of CaiT into lipid bilayers yielded two-dimensional crystals that indicated that CaiT was a trimer in the membrane, similar to its homologue BetP. The implications of the trimeric structure on the function of CaiT are discussed.
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) regulates differentiation, survival, proliferation and transformation of hematopoietic cells. Upon cytokine stimulation, STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation (pYSTAT5) is transient, while in diverse neoplastic cells persistent overexpression and enhanced pYSTAT5 are frequently found. Post-translational modifications might contribute to enhanced STAT5 activation in the context of transformation, but the strength and duration of pYSTAT5 are incompletely understood. We found that O-GlcNAcylation and tyrosine phosphorylation act together to trigger pYSTAT5 levels and oncogenic transcription in neoplastic cells. The expression of a mutated hyperactive gain-of-function (GOF) STAT5 without O-GlcNAcylation resulted in decreased tyrosine phosphorylation, oligomerization and transactivation potential and complete loss of oncogenic transformation capacity. The lack of O-GlcNAcylation diminished phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT levels. Our data show that O-GlcNAcylation of STAT5 is an important process that contributes to oncogenic transcription through enhanced STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation and oligomerization driving myeloid transformation. O-GlcNAcylation of STAT5 could be required for nutrient sensing and metabolism of cancer cells.
Survivin functions as an apoptosis inhibitor and a regulator of cell division during development and tumorigenesis. Since survivin is a highly relevant target for tumor therapy, we investigated whether interference with it’s dynamic cellular localization represents a novel strategy to inhibit survivin’s cancer promoting functions. We confirmed survivin overexpression in head and neck as well as in colorectal cancers and identified an evolutionary conserved Crm1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) in survivin. Importantly, nuclear export was required for survivin mediated protection against chemo- and radiotherapy-induced apoptosis by securing efficient interference with cytoplasmic caspases. In dividing cells, the NES was required for tethering of survivin and of the survivin/Aurora-B kinase complex to the mitotic machinery, which was inevitable for proper cell division. The clinical relevance of our findings was supported by showing that preferential nuclear localization of survivin correlated with enhanced survival in a cohort of colorectal cancer patients. Targeting survivin’s nuclear export by the application of NES-specific antibodies promoted its nuclear accumulation and inhibited its cytoprotective function. We here show that nuclear export is essential for the tumor promoting activities of survivin and encourage the identification of chemical inhibitors to specifically interfere with survivin’s nuclear export as a novel class of anticancer therapeutics.
Years of endemic infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A subtype H5N1 virus in poultry and high numbers of infections in humans provide ample opportunity in Egypt for H5N1-HPAIV to develop pandemic potential. In an effort to better understand the viral determinants that facilitate human infections of the Egyptian H5N1-HPAIVvirus, we developed a new phylogenetic algorithm based on a new distance measure derived from the informational spectrum method (ISM). This new approach, which describes functional aspects of the evolution of the hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1), revealed a growing group G2 of H5N1-HPAIV in Egypt after 2009 that acquired new informational spectrum (IS) properties suggestive of an increased human tropism and pandemic potential. While in 2006 all viruses in Egypt belonged to the G1 group, by 2011 these viruses were virtually replaced by G2 viruses. All of the G2 viruses displayed four characteristic mutations (D43N, S120(D,N), (S,L)129Δ and I151T), three of which were previously reported to increase binding to the human receptor. Already in 2006–2008 G2 viruses were significantly (p<0.02) more often found in humans than expected from their overall prevalence and this further increased in 2009–2011 (p<0.007). Our approach also identified viruses that acquired additional mutations that we predict to further enhance their human tropism. The extensive evolution of Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV towards a preferential human tropism underlines an urgent need to closely monitor these viruses with respect to molecular determinants of virulence.
Introduction: Efficacy of currently approved anti-HIV drugs is hampered by mutations of the viral enzymes, leading invariably to drug resistance and chemotherapy failure. Recent data suggest that cellular co-factors also represent useful targets for anti-HIV therapy. We have recently provided evidence for the possibility to block HIV-1 replication by targeting its cellular cofactor DDX3.
Material and methods: Molecular modeling and in silico technologies were applied to rationally design small molecules specifically targeting the RNA binding site of human DDX3. Biochemical studies of mutated DDX3 enzymes were also used to identify additional potential drug binding sites.
Results
Optimization of compounds identified by application of a high-throughput docking approach afforded a promising lead compound which proved to inhibit both the helicase and ATPase activity of DDX3 and to reduce the viral load of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with HIV-1. A novel interaction site has been also identified in DDX3, which, when blocked, can reduce viral replication, representing an additional target for small molecules inhibitors.
Conclusions: We have identified the first inhibitors of HIV-1 replication targeting the RNA binding site of the cellular cofactor human DDX3. These compounds may offer superior selectivity over the ATP-competitive inhibitors previously developed. In addition, a novel RNA interacting motif specific to DDX3 has been identified, opening new venues for HIV-1 drug development.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a transcription factor that activates prolactin (PRL)-dependent gene expression in the mammary gland. For the activation of its target genes, STAT5 recruits coactivators like p300 and the CREB-binding protein (CBP). In this study we analyzed the function of p300/CBP-associated members of the p160/SRC/NCoA-family in STAT5-mediated transactivation of β-casein expression. We found that only one of them, NCoA-1, acts as a coactivator for both STAT5a and STAT5b. The two coactivators p300/CBP and NCoA-1 cooperatively enhance STAT5a-mediated transactivation. For NCoA-1-dependent coactivation of STAT5, both the activation domain 1 and the amino-terminal bHLH/PAS domain are required. The amino-terminal region mediates the interaction with STAT5a in cells. A motif of three amino acids in an α-helical region of the STAT5a-transactivation domain is essential for the binding of NCoA-1 and for the transcriptional activity of STAT5a. Moreover we observed that NCoA-1 is involved in the synergistic action of the glucocorticoid receptor and STAT5a on the β-casein promoter. These findings support a model in which STAT5, in concert with the glucocorticoid receptor, recruits a multifunctional coactivator complex to initiate the PRL-dependent transcription.
The demand to develop convergent technology platforms, such as bio-functionalized medical devices, is rapidly increasing. However, the loss of biological function of the effector molecules during sterilization represents a significant and general problem. Therefore, we have developed and characterized a nano-coating (NC) formulation capable of maintaining the functionality of proteins on biological-device combination products. As a proof of concept, the NC preserved the structural and functional integrity of an otherwise highly fragile antibody immobilized on polyurethane during deleterious sterilizing irradiation (≥ 25 kGy). The NC procedure enables straight-forward terminal sterilization of bio-functionalized materials while preserving optimal conditioning of the bioactive surface.
Es wurden 34 polyvalente Immunoglobulinpräparate zur i.m. und i.v. Anwendung verschiedener Hersteller und verschiedener Chargen sowie 9 spezifische Tetanus-Immunglobulinpräparate auf das Vorhandensein von HBsAg-Immunkomplexen untersucht. Möglicherweise vorhandene Immunkomplexe wurden vorher mit der sauren Dissoziationsmethode gespalten. Der anschließende Nachweis von HBsAg erfolgte mit dem von uns modifizierten AUSRIA* II-725-Test der Firma Abbot. Von den polyvalenten Immunglobulinen wurden 22 positiv für HBsAg gefunden. Von den spezifischen Immunglobulinen waren 3 positiv.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent clonal disorders mainly of the elderly that are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. The pathogenesis of MDS is thought to evolve from accumulation and selection of specific genetic or epigenetic events. Emerging evidence indicates that MDS is not solely a hematopoietic disease but rather affects the entire bone marrow microenvironment, including bone metabolism. Many of these cells, in particular mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) and osteoblasts, express a number of adhesion molecules and secreted factors that regulate blood regeneration throughout life by contributing to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance, self-renewal and differentiation. Several endocrine factors, such as erythropoietin, parathyroid hormone and estrogens, as well as deranged iron metabolism modulate these processes. Thus, interactions between MSPC and HSPC contribute to the pathogenesis of MDS and associated pathologies. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms may help to define novel targets for diagnosis and possibly therapy. In this review, we will discuss the scientific rationale of "osteohematology" as an emerging research field in MDS and outline clinical implications.
Introduction: Amniotic fluid harbors cells indicative of all three germ layers, and pluripotent fetal amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSs) are considered potentially valuable for applications in cellular therapy and tissue engineering. We investigated whether it is possible to direct the cell fate of AFSs in vivo by transplantation experiments into a particular microenvironment, the mammary fat pad. This microenvironment provides the prerequisites to study stem cell function and the communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. On clearance of the endogenous epithelium, the ductal tree can be reconstituted by the transfer of exogenously provided mammary stem cells. Analogously, exogenously provided stem cells from other tissues can be investigated for their potential to contribute to mammary gland regeneration. Methods: We derived pluripotent murine AFSs, measured the expression of stem cell markers, and confirmed their in vitro differentiation potential. AFSs were transplanted into cleared and non cleared fat pads of immunocompromised mice to evaluate their ability to assume particular cell fates under the instructive conditions of the fat-pad microenvironment and the hormonal stimulation during pregnancy. Results: Transplantation of AFSs into cleared fat pads alone or in the presence of exogenous mammary epithelial cells caused their differentiation into stroma and adipocytes and replaced endogenous mesenchymal components surrounding the ducts in co-transplantation experiments. Similarly, transplantation of AFSs into fat pads that had not been previously cleared led to AFS-derived stromal cells surrounding the elongating endogenous ducts. AFSs expressed the marker protein α-SMA, but did not integrate into the myoepithelial cell layer of the ducts in virgin mice. With pregnancy, a small number of AFS-derived cells were present in acinar structures. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the microenvironmental cues of the mammary fat pad cause AFSs to participate in mammary gland regeneration by providing mesenchymal components to emerging glandular structures, but do not incorporate or differentiate into ductal epithelial cells.
In acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) with t(8;21), the transcription factor AML1 is juxtaposed to the zinc finger nuclear protein ETO (Eight-Twenty-One), resulting in transcriptional repression of AML1 target genes. ETO has been shown to interact with corepressors, such as N-CoR and mSin3A to form complexes containing histone deacetylases. To define regions of ETO required for maximal repressor activity, we analyzed amino-terminal deletions in a transcriptional repression assay. We found that ETO mutants lacking the first 236 amino acids were not affected in their repressor activity, whereas a further deletion of 85 amino acids drastically reduced repressor function and high molecular weight complex formation. This latter mutant can still homodimerize and bind to N-CoR but shows only weak binding to mSin3A. Furthermore, we could show that a "core repressor domain" comprising nervy homology region 2 and its amino- and carboxyl-terminal flanking sequences recruits mSin3A and induces transcriptional repression. These results suggest that mSin3A and N-CoR bind to ETO independently and that both binding sites cooperate to maximize ETO-mediated transcriptional repression. Thus, ETO has a modular structure, and the interaction between the individual elements is essential for the formation of a stable repressor complex and efficient transcriptional repression.
MiR144/451 expression is repressed by RUNX1 during megakaryopoiesis and disturbed by RUNX1/ETO
(2016)
Abstract: A network of lineage-specific transcription factors and microRNAs tightly regulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells along the distinct lineages. Deregulation of this regulatory network contributes to impaired lineage fidelity and leukemogenesis. We found that the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 controls the expression of certain microRNAs, of importance during erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation. In particular, we show that the erythorid miR144/451 cluster is epigenetically repressed by RUNX1 during megakaryopoiesis. Furthermore, the leukemogenic RUNX1/ETO fusion protein transcriptionally represses the miR144/451 pre-microRNA. Thus RUNX1/ETO contributes to increased expression of miR451 target genes and interferes with normal gene expression during differentiation. Furthermore, we observed that inhibition of RUNX1/ETO in Kasumi1 cells and in RUNX1/ETO positive primary acute myeloid leukemia patient samples leads to up-regulation of miR144/451. RUNX1 thus emerges as a key regulator of a microRNA network, driving differentiation at the megakaryocytic/erythroid branching point. The network is disturbed by the leukemogenic RUNX1/ETO fusion product.
Author Summary: The regulatory network between transcription factors, epigenetic cofactors and microRNAs is decisive for normal hematopoiesis. The transcription factor RUNX1 is important for the establishment of a megakaryocytic gene expression program and the concomitant repression of erythroid genes during megakaryocytic differentiation. Gene regulation by RUNX1 is frequently disturbed by mutations and chromosomal translocations, such as the t(8;21) translocation, which gives rise to the leukemogenic RUNX1/ETO fusion protein. We found that RUNX1 regulates microRNAs, which are of importance at the megakaryocytic/erythroid branching point. Specifically, RUNX1 down-regulates expression of the microRNA cluster miR144/451 during megakaryocytic differentiation by changing the epigenetic histone modification pattern at the locus. We could show that miR451, one of the micorRNAs of the miR144/451 cluster, supports erythroid differentiation. We found that expression of miR451 is repressed by the RUNX1/ETO fusion protein, resulting in up regulation of miR451 target genes. Our data support the notion that RUNX1 suppresses the erythroid gene expression program including the erythroid microRNA miR451 and that the RUNX1/ETO fusion protein interferes with normal gene regulation by RUNX1.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
Background: Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a causative agent of severe pneumonia. It is highly adapted to intracellular replication and manipulates host cell functions like vesicle trafficking and mRNA translation to its own advantage. However, it is still unknown to what extent microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the Legionella-host cell interaction.
Methods: WT and MyD88-/- murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) were infected with L. pneumophila, the transcriptome was analyzed by high throughput qPCR array (microRNAs) and conventional qPCR (mRNAs), and mRNA-miRNA interaction was validated by luciferase assays with 3´-UTR mutations and western blot.
Results: L. pneumophila infection caused a pro-inflammatory reaction and significant miRNA changes in murine macrophages. In MyD88-/- cells, induction of inflammatory markers, such as Ccxl1/Kc, Il6 and miR-146a-5p was reduced. Induction of miR-125a-3p was completely abrogated in MyD88-/- cells. Target prediction analyses revealed N-terminal asparagine amidase 1 (NTAN1), a factor from the n-end rule pathway, to be a putative target of miR-125a-3p. This interaction could be confirmed by luciferase assay and western blot.
Conclusion: Taken together, we characterized the miRNA regulation in L. pneumophila infection with regard to MyD88 signaling and identified NTAN1 as a target of miR-125a-3p. This finding unravels a yet unknown feature of Legionella-host cell interaction, potentially relevant for new treatment options.
Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and therapeutic response in brain metastasis
(2019)
Cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as key regulators of primary tumor progression, organ-specific metastasis, and therapeutic response. In the era of TME-targeted- and immunotherapies, cancer-associated inflammation has gained increasing attention. In this regard, the brain represents a unique and highly specialized organ. It has long been regarded as an immunological sanctuary site where the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) restricts the entry of immune cells from the periphery. Consequently, tumor cells that metastasize to the brain were thought to be shielded from systemic immune surveillance and destruction. However, the detailed characterization of the immune landscape within border-associated areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the meninges and the choroid plexus, as well as the discovery of lymphatics and channels that connect the CNS with the periphery, have recently challenged the dogma of the immune privileged status of the brain. Moreover, the presence of brain metastases (BrM) disrupts the integrity of the BBB and BCB. Indeed, BrM induce the recruitment of different immune cells from the myeloid and lymphoid lineage to the CNS. Blood-borne immune cells together with brain-resident cell-types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, form a highly complex and dynamic TME that affects tumor cell survival and modulates the mode of immune responses that are elicited by brain metastatic tumor cells. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on heterotypic interactions within the brain metastatic TME and highlight specific functions of brain-resident and recruited cells at different rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. Based on the insight from recent studies, we will discuss new opportunities and challenges for TME-targeted and immunotherapies for BrM.
FUSE Binding Protein 1 (FUBP1) is a transcriptional regulator, which is overexpressed in various cancer entities, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). It fulfills pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions in cancer cells, resulting in increased proliferation and reduced sensitivity towards apoptotic stimuli.
Previously, camptothecin (CPT) and its clinically used analog 7-ethyl 10hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) were shown to inhibit FUBP1 in biophysical interaction displacement assays (AlphaScreen; surface plasmon resonance, SPR), and first insights into the cellular effects of FUBP1 inhibition were obtained. CPT and SN-38 are known to potently inhibit topoisomerase 1 (TOP 1), and until today, these inhibitors were thought to be specific for this target. This could be disproved by our FUBP1 binding studies. An open issue, which is addressed in this thesis, was the contribution of FUBP1 inhibition to SN-38-mediated apoptosis apoptosis.
During this thesis, a low micromolar efficacy of CPT/SN-38-induced inhibition of FUBP1 binding to the Far Upstream Sequence Element (FUSE) oligonucleotide of p21 was determined. Furthermore, FUBP1 was for the first time shown to directly interact with a potential FUSE sequence upstream of the transcription start in pro-apoptotic gene BIK. In proof of-principle experiments, an effective inhibition of the binding of FUBP1 to the FUSE BIK DNA by CPT/SN-38 was verified.
One of the main goals of this thesis was to further elucidate the contribution of cellular FUBP1-inhibition by CPT/SN-38 to the anti-cancer potential of these substances. For this purpose, the TOP 1 mutant and TOP 1 wild type colorectal cancer sub-cell lines HCT116 G7 and HCT116 S were used. CPT/SN-38 was shown to induce apoptosis in single and combinatorial treatments with mitomycin c (MMC), independently of the TOP 1 mutation status of the cells. Furthermore, a prominent induction of a FUBP1 target gene signature was observed upon treatment of both cell lines with CPT/SN-38. Consequently, CPT/SN-38 was able to fulfill its anticancer effects in these cells, although TOP 1 could not be the main target in the mutant cell line.
In a second approach to gain indirect evidence for FUBP1 dependent effects of CPT/SN-38, the TOP 1-specific inhibitors topotecan (TTN) and β lapachone (BL) were used for the treatment of HCC and CRC cell lines. Interestingly, the TOP 1 inhibitors TTN and BL exhibited a reduced potency in apoptosis induction compared to the dual (FUBP1 and TOP 1) inhibitor SN-38.
Finally, two independent screens for a specific FUBP1 inhibitor were performed. In the first approach, a small number of structural and functional CPT-derivatives that exhibited a reduced inhibitory potential against TOP 1, were tested for their ability to interfere with the FUBP1/FUSE binding. Two particular indenoisoquinoline derivatives revealed potent in vitro inhibition of FUBP1 with low micromolar IC50 values.
In a second approach, previously identified candidate FUBP1 inhibitors that had been isolated from the Maybridge Hit Finder library served as lead structures for a structure activity relationship (SAR) study of the inhibition of FUBP1 binding to the FUSE oligonucleotide. After two cycles of optimization, a medium-potent FUBP1 inhibitor was obtained that induced effective deregulation of FUBP1 target genes in cell culture experiments.
The binding and activation of the discoidin domain receptor 1 by collagen has led to the conclusion that proteins from the extracellular matrix can directly induce receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling cascades. A region in the extracellular domain of DDR1 homologous to the Dictyostelium discoideum protein discoidin-I is also present in the secreted human protein RS1. Mutations in RS1 cause retinoschisis, a genetic disorder characterized by ablation of the retina. By introducing point mutations into the discoidin domain of DDR1 at positions homologous to the retinoschisis mutations, ligand binding epitopes in the discoidin domain of DDR1 were mapped. Surprisingly, some residues only affected receptor phosphorylation, whereas others influenced both collagen-binding and receptor activation. Furthermore, two truncated DDR1 variants, lacking either the discoidin domain or the stalk region between the discoidin and transmembrane domain, were generated. We showed that (i) the discoidin domain was necessary and sufficient for collagen binding, (ii) only the region between discoidin and transmembrane domain was glycosylated, and (iii) the entire extracellular domain was essential for transmembrane signaling. Using these results, we were able to predict key sites in the collagen-binding epitope of DDR1 and to suggest a potential mechanism of signaling.
Background: The apoptosis-inducing serine protease granzyme B (GrB) is an important factor contributing to lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Expression of enzymatically active GrB in recombinant form is a prerequisite for functional analysis and application of GrB for therapeutic purposes. Methods and Findings: We investigated the influence of bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to GrB via a synthetic furin recognition motif on the expression of the MBP fusion protein also containing an N-terminal alpha-factor signal peptide in the yeast Pichia pastoris. MBP markedly enhanced the amount of GrB secreted into culture supernatant, which was not the case when GrB was fused to GST. MBP-GrB fusion protein was cleaved during secretion by an endogenous furin-like proteolytic activity in vivo, liberating enzymatically active GrB without the need of subsequent in vitro processing. Similar results were obtained upon expression of a recombinant fragment of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor protein or GST as MBP fusions. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that combination of MBP as a solubility enhancer with specific in vivo cleavage augments secretion of processed and functionally active proteins from yeast. This strategy may be generally applicable to improve folding and increase yields of recombinant proteins.
The metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MALAT1, is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that has been discovered as a marker for lung cancer metastasis. It is highly abundant, its expression is strongly regulated in many tumor entities including lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as physiological processes, and it is associated with many RNA binding proteins and highly conserved throughout evolution. The nuclear transcript MALAT-1 has been functionally associated with gene regulation and alternative splicing and its regulation has been shown to impact proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion.
Here, we have developed a human and a mouse knockout system to study the loss-of-function phenotypes of this important ncRNA. In human tumor cells, MALAT1 expression was abrogated using Zinc Finger Nucleases. Unexpectedly, the quantitative loss of MALAT1 did neither affect proliferation nor cell cycle progression nor nuclear architecture in human lung or liver cancer cells. Moreover, genetic loss of Malat1 in a knockout mouse model did not give rise to any obvious phenotype or histological abnormalities in Malat1-null compared with wild-type animals. Thus, loss of the abundant nuclear long ncRNA MALAT1 is compatible with cell viability and normal development.
Background/Aims: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are among the World Health Organization’s top 8 emerging pathogens. Both zoonoses share nonspecific early symptoms, a high lethality rate, and a reduced number of specific treatment options. Therefore, we evaluated extracorporeal virus and glycoprotein (GP) elimination by lectin affinity plasmapheresis (LAP).
Methods: For both MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) as well as MARV (GPs), 4 LAP devices (Mini Hemopurifiers, Aethlon Medical, San Diego, CA, USA) and 4 negative controls were tested. Samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed for reduction in virus infectivity by a flow cytometry-based infectivity assay (MERS-CoV) and in soluble GP content (MARV) by an immunoassay.
Results: The experiments show a time-dependent clearance of MERS-CoV of up to 80% within 3 h (pseudovirus). Up to 70% of MARV-soluble GPs were eliminated at the same time. Substantial saturation of the binding resins was detected within the first treatment hour.
Conclusion: MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) and MARV soluble GPs are eliminated by LAP in vitro. Considering the high lethality and missing established treatment options, LAP should be evaluated in vivo. Especially early initiation, continuous therapy, and timed cartridge exchanges could be of importance.
Background: Molecular markers for prostate cancer (PCa) are required to improve the early definition of patient outcomes. Atypically large extracellular vesicles (EVs), referred as "Large Oncosomes" (LO), have been identified in highly migratory and invasive PCa cells. We recently developed and characterized the DU145R80 subline, selected from parental DU145 cells as resistant to inhibitors of mevalonate pathway. DU145R80 showed different proteomic profile compared to parental DU145 cells, along with altered cytoskeleton dynamics and a more aggressive phenotype.
Methods: Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to identify blebbing and EVs protein cargo. EVs, purified by gradient ultra-centrifugations, were analyzed by tunable resistive pulse sensing and multi-parametric flow cytometry approach coupled with high-resolution imaging technologies. LO functional effects were tested in vitro by adhesion and invasion assays and in vivo xenograft model in nude mice. Xenograft and patient tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: We found spontaneous blebbing and increased shedding of LO from DU145R80 compared to DU145 cells. LO from DU145R80, compared to those from DU145, carried increased amounts of key-molecules involved in PCa progression including integrin alpha V (αV-integrin). By incubating DU145 cells with DU145R80-derived LO we demonstrated that αV-integrin on LO surface was functionally involved in the increased adhesion and invasion of recipient cells, via AKT. Indeed either the pre-incubation of LO with an αV-integrin blocking antibody, or a specific AKT inhibition in recipient cells are able to revert the LO-induced functional effects. Moreover, DU145R80-derived LO also increased DU145 tumor engraftment in a mice model. Finally, we identified αV-integrin positive LO-like structures in tumor xenografts as well as in PCa patient tissues. Increased αV-integrin tumor expression correlated with high Gleason score and lymph node status.
Conclusions: Overall, this study is the first to demonstrate the critical role of αV-integrin positive LO in PCa aggressive features, adding new insights in biological function of these large EVs and suggesting their potential use as PCa prognostic markers.
In the absence of an active prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, passively administered, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) identified in some chronically infected persons were shown to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, passive administration of bnAbs may not be suited to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission in high-risk cohorts, as a continuous high level of active bnAbs may be difficult to achieve at the primary site of sexual transmission, the human vagina with its acidic pH. Therefore, we used Lactobacillus, a natural commensal in the healthy vaginal microbiome, to express bn nanobodies (VHH) against HIV-1 that we reported previously. After demonstrating that recombinant VHHA6 expressed in E. coli was able to protect humanized mice from mucosal infection by HIV-1Bal, we expressed VHHA6 in a soluble or in a cell-wall-anchored form in Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870. This strain is already clinically applied for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Both forms of VHHA6 neutralized a set of primary epidemiologically relevant HIV-1 strains in vitro. Furthermore, VHHA6 was still active at an acidic pH. Thus, lactobacilli expressing bn VHH potentially represent an attractive vector for the passive immunization of women in cohorts at high risk of HIV-1 transmission.
Es war kein Aprilscherz, als das »Time Magazine« am 1. April 2013 auf der Titelseite ankündigte, wie man Krebs heilen kann. Anlass war die Gründung einer Initiative zur besseren Vernetzung von klinischen Forschern und Grundlagenwissenschaftlern, um so neue Therapieansätze wie »Checkpoint-Inhibitoren« bei malignem Melanom (schwarzem Hautkrebs), auch auf andere Krebserkrankungen übertragen zu können. Checkpoint-Inhibitoren sind der erste echte Durchbruch in der Therapie von fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankungen.
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a well-known master regulator of hematopoietic lineages but its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. Here, we found that RUNX1 localizes on active chromatin together with Far Upstream Binding Protein 1 (FUBP1) in human B-cell precursor lymphoblasts, and that both factors interact in the same transcriptional regulatory complex. RUNX1 and FUBP1 chromatin localization identified c-KIT as a common target gene. We characterized two regulatory regions, at +700 bp and +30 kb within the first intron of c-KIT, bound by both RUNX1 and FUBP1, and that present active histone marks. Based on these regions, we proposed a novel FUBP1 FUSE-like DNA-binding sequence on the +30 kb enhancer. We demonstrated that FUBP1 and RUNX1 cooperate for the regulation of the expression of the oncogene c-KIT. Notably, upregulation of c-KIT expression by FUBP1 and RUNX1 promotes cell proliferation and renders cells more resistant to the c-KIT inhibitor imatinib mesylate, a common therapeutic drug. These results reveal a new mechanism of action of RUNX1 that implicates FUBP1, as a facilitator, to trigger transcriptional regulation of c-KIT and to regulate cell proliferation. Deregulation of this regulatory mechanism may explain some oncogenic function of RUNX1 and FUBP1.
The leukemia-associated fusion protein RUNX1/ETO is generated by the chromosomal translocation t(8;21) which appears in about 12% of all de novo acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Essential for the oncogenic potential of RUNX1/ETO is the oligomerization of the chimeric fusion protein through the nervy homology region 2 (NHR2) within ETO. In previous studies, we have shown that the intracellular expression of peptides containing the NHR2 domain inhibits RUNX1/ETO oligomerization, thereby preventing cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of RUNX1/ETO transformed cells. Here, we show that introduction of a recombinant TAT-NHR2 fusion polypeptide into the RUNX1/ETO growth-dependent myeloid cell line Kasumi-1 results in decreased cell proliferation and increased numbers of apoptotic cells. This effect was highly specific and mediated by binding the TAT-NHR2 peptide to ETO sequences, as TAT-polypeptides containing the oligomerization domain of BCR did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis in Kasumi-1 cells. Thus, the selective interference with NHR2-mediated oligomerization by peptides represents a challenging but promising strategy for the inhibition of the leukemogenic potential of RUNX1/ETO in t(8;21)-positive leukemia.
Background: On encountering a susceptible target, natural killer (NK) cells mediate cytotoxicity through highly regulated steps of directed degranulation. Cytotoxic granules converge at the microtubule organizing center and are polarized toward the immunological synapse (IS), followed by granule exocytosis. NK cell retargeting by chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or mAbs represents a promising strategy for overcoming tumor cell resistance. However, little is known about the lytic granule dynamics of such retargeted NK cells toward NK-cell-resistant tumors.
Methods: Here, we used spinning disk confocal microscopy for live-cell imaging to analyze granule-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in ErbB2-targeted CAR-expressing NK-92 cells (NK-92/5.28.z) and high-affinity FcR transgenic NK-92 cells plus Herceptin toward ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453), which are resistant to parental NK-92.
Results: Unmodified NK-92 cells cocultured with resistant cancer cells showed stable conjugate formation and granule clustering, but failed to polarize granules to the IS. In contrast, retargeting by CAR or FcR+Herceptin toward the MDA-MB-453 cells enabled granule polarization to the IS, resulting in highly effective cytotoxicity. We found that in NK-92 the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway was activated after contact with resistant MDA-MB-453, while phospholipase C-γ (PLCγ) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were not activated. In contrast, retargeting by CAR or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) provided the missing PLCγ and MEK/ERK signals.
Conclusions: These observations suggest that NK cells can create conjugates with resistant cancer cells and respond by granule clustering, but the activation signals are insufficient to induce granule polarization and consequent release of lytic enzymes. Retargeting by CAR and/or the FcR/mAb (ADCC) axis provide the necessary signals, leading to granule polarization and thereby overcoming tumor cell resistance.
Newly emerging influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a major threat to human health by causing seasonal epidemics and/or pandemics, the latter often facilitated by the lack of pre-existing immunity in the general population. Early recognition of candidate pandemic influenza viruses (CPIV) is of crucial importance for restricting virus transmission and developing appropriate therapeutic and prophylactic strategies including effective vaccines. Often, the pandemic potential of newly emerging IAV is only fully recognized once the virus starts to spread efficiently causing serious disease in humans. Here, we used a novel phylogenetic algorithm based on the informational spectrum method (ISM) to identify potential CPIV by predicting mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene that are likely to (differentially) affect critical interactions between the HA protein and target cells from bird and human origin, respectively. Predictions were subsequently validated by generating pseudotyped retrovirus particles and genetically engineered IAV containing these mutations and characterizing potential effects on virus entry and replication in cells expressing human and avian IAV receptors, respectively. Our data suggest that the ISM-based algorithm is suitable to identify CPIV among IAV strains that are circulating in animal hosts and thus may be a new tool for assessing pandemic risks associated with specific strains.
Immunohistochemical assessment of phosphorylated mTORC1-pathway proteins in human brain tumors
(2015)
Background: Current pathological diagnostics include the analysis of (epi-)genetic alterations as well as oncogenic pathways. Deregulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling has been implicated in a variety of cancers including malignant gliomas and is considered a promising target in cancer treatment. Monitoring of mTORC1 activity before and during inhibitor therapy is essential. The aim of our study is to provide a recommendation and report on pitfalls in the use of phospho-specific antibodies against mTORC1-targets phospho-RPS6 (Ser235/236; Ser240/244) and phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37/46) in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material.
Methods and findings: Primary, established cell lines and brain tumor tissue from routine diagnostics were assessed by immunocyto-, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescent stainings and immunoblotting. For validation of results, immunoblotting experiments were performed. mTORC-pathway activation was pharmacologically inhibited by torin2 and rapamycin. Torin2 treatment led to a strong reduction of signal intensity and frequency of all tested antibodies. In contrast phospho-4EBP1 did not show considerable reduction in staining intensity after rapamycin treatment, while immunocytochemistry with both phospho-RPS6-specific antibodies showed a reduced signal compared to controls. Staining intensity of both phospho-RPS6-specific antibodies did not show considerable decrease in stability in a timeline from 0–230 minutes without tissue fixation, however we observed a strong decrease of staining intensity in phospho-4EBP1 after 30 minutes. Detection of phospho-signals was strongly dependent on tissue size and fixation gradient. mTORC1-signaling was significantly induced in glioblastomas although not restricted to cancer cells but also detectable in non-neoplastic cells.
Conclusion: Here we provide a recommendation for phospho-specific immunohistochemistry for patient-orientated therapy decisions and monitoring treatment response.
Background: The inclusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in therapeutic algorithms has led to significant survival benefits in patients with various metastatic cancers. Concurrently, an increasing number of neurological immune related adverse events (IRAE) has been observed. In this retrospective analysis, we examine the ICI-induced incidence of cerebral pseudoprogression and propose a classification system.
Methods: We screened our hospital information system to identify patients with any in-house ICI treatment for any tumor disease during the years 2007-2019. All patients with cerebral MR imaging (cMRI) of sufficient diagnostic quality were included. cMRIs were retrospectively analyzed according to immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology (iRANO) criteria.
Results: We identified 12 cases of cerebral pseudoprogression in 123 patients treated with ICIs and sufficient MRI. These patients were receiving ICI therapy for lung cancer (n=5), malignant melanoma (n=4), glioblastoma (n=1), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=1) or lymphoma (n=1) when cerebral pseudoprogression was detected. Median time from the start of ICI treatment to pseudoprogression was 5 months. All but one patient developed neurological symptoms. Three different patterns of cerebral pseudoprogression could be distinguished: new or increasing contrast-enhancing lesions, new or increasing T2 predominant lesions and cerebral vasculitis type pattern.
Conclusion: Cerebral pseudoprogression followed three distinct patterns and was detectable in 3.2% of all patients during ICI treatment and in 9.75% of the patients with sufficient brain imaging follow up. The fact that all but one of the affected patients developed neurological symptoms, which would be classified as progressive disease according to iRANO criteria, mandates vigilance in the diagnosis and treatment of ICI-induced cerebral lesions.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of molecular oxygen (O2) involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In immune cells, ROS are mediators of pivotal functions such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and recognition, cytolysis as well as phenotypical differentiation. Furthermore, ROS exert immunosuppressive effects on T and natural killer (NK) cells which is of particular importance in the so-called “tumor microenvironment” (TME) of solid tumors. This term describes the heterogenous group of non-malignant cells including tumor-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, vascular cells, bacteria etc. by which cancer cells are surrounded and with whom they engage in functional crosstalk. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of the TME and, specifically, tumor-associated immune cells utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors - monoclonal antibodies that mitigate immunosuppression - turned out to be a major breakthrough in the treatment of malignant tumors. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the role that ROS produced in tumor-associated immune cells play during initiation, progression and metastatic outgrowth of solid cancers. Finally, we summarize findings on how ROS in the TME could be targeted therapeutically to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and discuss factors determining therapeutic success of redox modulation in tumors.
Radiobiology research in rectal cancer has been limited to cell lines, patient-derived organoids (PDOs), or xenografts. Here, we describe a protocol which recapitulates more efficiently the complex contributions of the tumor microenvironment. This approach establishes a preclinical mouse model of rectal cancer by intrarectal transplantation of genetically modified organoids into immunocompetent mice followed by precise image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) of organoid-induced tumors. This model represents a useful platform to study the cellular and molecular determinants of therapy resistance in rectal cancer.
IKKβ acts as a tumor suppressor in cancer-associated fibroblasts during intestinal tumorigenesis
(2015)
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) comprise one of the most important cell types in the tumor microenvironment. A proinflammatory NF-κB gene signature in CAFs has been suggested to promote tumorigenesis in models of pancreatic and mammary skin cancer. Using an autochthonous model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and sporadic cancer, we now provide evidence for a tumor-suppressive function of IKKβ/NF-κB in CAFs. Fibroblast-restricted deletion of Ikkβ stimulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, suppresses tumor cell death, enhances accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and induces angiogenesis, ultimately promoting colonic tumor growth. In Ikkβ-deficient fibroblasts, transcription of negative regulators of TGFβ signaling, including Smad7 and Smurf1, is impaired, causing up-regulation of a TGFβ gene signature and elevated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) secretion. Overexpression of Smad7 in Ikkβ-deficient fibroblasts prevents HGF secretion, and pharmacological inhibition of Met during the CAC model confirms that enhanced tumor promotion is dependent on HGF–Met signaling in mucosa of Ikkβ-mutant animals. Collectively, these results highlight an unexpected tumor suppressive function of IKKβ/NF-κB in CAFs linked to HGF release and raise potential concerns about the use of IKK inhibitors in colorectal cancer patients.
IKKα promotes intestinal tumorigenesis by limiting recruitment of M1-like polarized myeloid cells
(2014)
The recruitment of immune cells into solid tumors is an essential prerequisite of tumor development. Depending on the prevailing polarization profile of these infiltrating leucocytes, tumorigenesis is either promoted or blocked. Here, we identify IκB kinase α (IKKα) as a central regulator of a tumoricidal microenvironment during intestinal carcinogenesis. Mice deficient in IKKα kinase activity are largely protected from intestinal tumor development that is dependent on the enhanced recruitment of interferon γ (IFNγ)-expressing M1-like myeloid cells. In IKKα mutant mice, M1-like polarization is not controlled in a cell-autonomous manner but, rather, depends on the interplay of both IKKα mutant tumor epithelia and immune cells. Because therapies aiming at the tumor microenvironment rather than directly at the mutated cancer cell may circumvent resistance development, we suggest IKKα as a promising target for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy.
Inhibition of the IκB kinase complex (IKK) has been implicated in the therapy of several chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, using mice with an inactivatable IKKα kinase (IkkαAA/AA), we show that loss of IKKα function markedly impairs epithelial regeneration in a model of acute colitis. Mechanistically, this is caused by compromised secretion of cytoprotective IL-18 from IKKα-mutant intestinal epithelial cells because of elevated caspase 12 activation during an enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR). Induction of the UPR is linked to decreased ATG16L1 stabilization in IkkαAA/AA mice. We demonstrate that both TNF-R and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain stimulation promote ATG16L1 stabilization via IKKα-dependent phosphorylation of ATG16L1 at Ser278. Thus, we propose IKKα as a central mediator sensing both cytokine and microbial stimulation to suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby assuring antiinflammatory function during acute intestinal inflammation.
Tumoren epithelialen Ursprungs weisen häufig eine vermehrte Expression und/oder Mutationen des epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptors (EGFR) auf. Durch die übermäßig starke bzw. permanente Vermittlung von Überlebens- und Proliferationssignalen an die betroffene Zelle trägt dies direkt zum Voranschreiten der Tumorerkrankung bei. Für eine Reihe von Tumorentitäten ist bekannt, dass eine abnorme Expression von EGFR mit einer schlechteren Prognose für den Krankheitsverlauf und die mittlere Überlebenszeit betroffener Krebspatienten korreliert. Begleitend zur systemischen Chemotherapie solcher Tumoren wird eine gerichtete Therapie zur Eindämmung der EGFR-vermittelten Signaltransduktion durch den Einsatz von Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (TKI) oder EGFR-spezifischer monoklonaler Antikörper (mAb) erzielt. Bei der therapeutischen Anwendung monoklonaler anti-EGFR Antikörper wurden in einigen Fällen lediglich milde Nebenwirkungen wie z.B. Hautausschläge beobachtet, wobei das Auftreten dieser Effekte mit dem Therapieerfolg korrelierte. Eine Reihe von monoklonalen Antikörpern, die gegen ErbB Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen gerichtet sind, sind mittlerweile zur Tumortherapie zugelassen, darunter der chimäre anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab (Erbitux®, ImClone/BMS/Merck) zur Behandlung von metastasierenden Kolonkarzinomen sowie Karzinomen des Kopf- und Halsbereichs, der humane anti-EGFR Antikörper Panitumumab (Vectibix®, Amgen) bei metastasierenden Kolonkarzinomen, und der humanisierte anti-ErbB2 Antikörper Trastuzumab (Herceptin®, Genentech/Roche) bei Brustkrebs. Weitere Antikörper befinden sich derzeit in fortgeschrittenen Phasen der klinischen Entwicklung, darunter der humanisierte anti-EGFR Antikörper Matuzumab (Merck/Takeda). Klinische Daten zeigen, dass Patienten mit EGFR positiven Tumoren, die gegenüber etablierter Chemotherapie resistent sind, von der Behandlung mit anti-EGFR Antikörpern profitieren. Durch aktivierte EGF-Rezeptoren induzierte mitogene Signale werden vermindert bzw. blockiert, indem die Antikörper mit hoher Affinität an ErbB Rezeptoren auf der Zelloberfläche binden und die Ligandenbindung bzw. die Dimerisierung verhindern, die zur Bildung aktivierter Rezeptor Dimere nötig ist. Auf diese Weise wird die mitogene Signalübertragung aktivierter ErbB-Rezeptor Dimere verhindert und die Proliferation der Tumorzelle wird verlangsamt oder kommt zum Stillstand. Es gibt Hinweise, dass darüber hinaus sekundäre Effektormechanismen des Immunsystems wie die antikörperabhängige zellvermittelte Zytotoxizität (ADCC) oder die komplementabhängige Zytotoxizität (CDC) gegen Antikörper-markierte Tumorzellen die anti-tumorale Wirksamkeit dieser Antikörper noch verstärken. Die lebensverlängernde Wirkung der Behandlung mit diesen Antikörpern ist ein Beispiel für die erfolgreiche Anwendung einer zielgerichteten Krebstherapie durch passive Immuntherapie. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit waren die genauen Bindungsstellen der therapeutischen anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab und Matuzumab noch unbekannt. Die Kenntnis der Lage der Epitope auf dem EGFR Molekül könnte wichtige Hinweise zur Aufklärung der Wirkungsmechanismen dieser Antikörper liefern und Ansätze zur weiteren Optimierung dieser Therapeutika aufzeigen. Aus vorangegangenen Experimenten war bekannt, dass Cetuximab und Matuzumab Epitope auf dem EGFR erkennen, die eine intakte Raumstruktur des Rezeptors voraussetzen. Diese Beobachtungen konnten in dieser Arbeit bestätigt werden, ferner konnte die Lage der Epitope auf die EGFR Ektodomäne III/L2 eingegrenzt werden. Da sowohl Cetuximab als auch Matuzumab nicht-lineare, konformationelle Epitope erkennen, wurde eine Variante der Phage Display Methode zur Identifizierung von Peptiden gewählt, die mit den hypervariablen Regionen (CDR) dieser Antikörper interagieren, welche die Bindungsspezifität der Antikörper vermitteln. Ziel dieser Experimente war die Identifizierung von Peptiden, welche die konformationellen Epitope von Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab in linearer bzw. zyklisch restringierter Form nachbilden. Die Aminosäuresequenzen solcher sogenannter Mimotope könnten zur Identifizierung entsprechender Oberflächenstrukturen am EGFR Molekül herangezogen werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden aus kommerziell erhältlichen Bibliotheken genetisch modifizierter M13 Bakteriophagen, die randomisierte lineare bzw. zyklische Peptide als N-terminale Fusion am Oberflächenprotein pIII exponieren (M13KE), unter Anwendung der „Delayed Infectivity Panning“ (DIP) Methode Peptide angereichert, die von Cetuximab bzw. Maztuzumab erkannt werden. Zur Anreicherung von M13KE Bakteriophagen mit CDR-spezifischen Fusionspeptiden mittels DIP wurde zunächst ein „single-chain“ Antikörperfragment aus der cDNA von Matuzumab konstruiert und in den bakteriellen Expressionsvektor pIB-Tx kloniert. Mit dem resultierenden Konstrukt pIB-Tx-scFv(E72K) bzw. dem bereits vorhandenen analogen Konstrukt pIB-Tx-scFv(225), welches das „single-chain“ Antikörperfragment von Cetuximab enthält, wurden E. coli HB101 Bakterien transformiert, um die bakterielle Oberflächenexpression dieser Antikörperfragmente zum Einsatz in DIP Experimenten zu erreichen. In alternierenden positiven und negativen Selektionsrunden wurden unter Einsatz dieser scFv-exprimierenden E. coli HB101 Bakterien in Biopanning Experimenten Phagen mit solchen Fusionspeptiden angereichert, die selektiv an die „single-chain“ Antikörperfragmente von Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab binden. Phagen ELISA Experimente mit M13KE Einzelklonen zeigten, dass aus allen eingesetzten Bibliotheken Phagen mit Fusionspeptiden isoliert werden konnten, die an den jeweiligen parentalen Antikörper des zur Selektion eingesetzten „single-chain“ Antikörperfragmentes binden. Ein Teil der Phagenklone wies eine zumindest partielle Kreuzreaktivität zu dem entsprechenden anderen anti-EGFR Antikörper auf, obwohl sie auf Bindung an diesen nicht selektioniert worden waren. Die Sequenzanalyse der Fusionspeptide lieferte keine gemeinsame Consensus Sequenz, es konnten jedoch kurze, gemeinsame Sequenzmotive identifiziert werden. In MTT-Zytotoxizitätsassays wurden diese Klone als mögliche Kompetitoren der Bindung des gegen EGFR gerichteten Immuntoxins scFv(225)-ETA in MTT-Zytotoxizitätsassays eingesetzt. Ein Teil der selektionierten Fusionspeptide war in der Lage, die Bindung der aus dem „single-chain“ Antikörperfragment von Cetuximab scFv(225) bestehenden Zellbindungsdomäne des Immuntoxins scFv(225)-ETA an EGFR exprimierende Zellen zu kompetieren. Auch für einige Fusionspeptide, die zunächst nur auf Bindung an Matuzumab selektioniert worden waren, wurde dies beobachtet. Peptide, welche die Bindung des Immuntoxins an EGFR kompetieren, weisen in ihren pIII-Fusionspeptiden laut Sequenzanalyse die gemeinsamen Sequenzmotive KTL bzw. YPLG auf. Nach einem Abgleich der Sequenzen der kompetierenden, kreuzreaktiven Peptide mit KTL bzw. YPLG Motiven wurden zwei Peptide ausgewählt und zur Immunisierung von Kaninchen eingesetzt. In MTT-Zytotoxizitätsassays wurde zunächst bestätigt, dass die synthetischen Peptide in der Lage sind, durch Kompetition spezifisch die Bindung des gegen EGFR gerichteten Immuntoxins scFv(225)-ETA und dessen zytotoxische Wirkung auf EGFR exprimierende Zellen zu verhindern. Kaninchenseren und aus diesen affinitätsgereinigte anti-Peptid Antikörper zeigten in ELISA Experimenten konzentrationsabhängige Bindung an die immobilisierten synthetischen Peptide. Die Bindung der anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab und Matuzumab an die synthetischen Peptide konnte ebenfalls bestätigt werden. In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurde untersucht, ob die Immunisierung mit potentiellen Mimotopen der anti-EGFR Antikörper eine endogene humorale Immunantwort gegen den humanen EGFR bewirkt hatte. Die Bindung der affinitätsgereinigten anti-Peptid Antikörper an den Rezeptor auf der Oberfläche EGFR-exprimierender Tumorzellen wurde zunächst in Durchflusszytometrie (FACS) Experimenten analysiert. Für die gereinigten anti-Peptid Antikörper wurde spezifische Bindung an murine Renca-lacZ/EGFR Zellen sowie an humane A431 Vulvakarzinomzellen detektiert, die den humanen EGFR auf der Oberfläche exprimieren. Die Bindung an A431 konnte durch Vorinkubation der Antikörper mit einem Überschuss der entsprechenden synthetischen Peptide vollständig verhindert werden. In einer weiteren Serie von FACS Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bindung der Antikörper Cetuximab und Matuzumab an EGFR durch eine Vorinkubation von Renca-lacZ/EGFR Zellen mit den gereinigten anti-Peptid Antikörpern deutlich reduziert werden konnte. Dies ist ein Beweis für die Fähigkeit der in Immunisierungsexperimenten generierten anti-Peptid Antikörper, die Bindungsstellen von Cetuximab und Matuzumab am EGFR zumindest teilweise zu besetzen. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, dass durch Immunisierung mit den hier ausgewählten synthetischen Peptiden in Versuchstieren die Bildung von Antikörpern mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften wie Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab und somit eine endogene Immunantwort gegen den humanen EGFR ausgelöst werden konnte. In Immunfluoreszenz Experimenten wurde die Bindung der anti-Peptid Antikörper an Renca-lacZ/EGFR Zellen erneut überprüft und mittels konfokaler Laser Scanning Mikroskopie (CLSM) visualisiert. In diesen Experimenten wurde für gereinigte anti-Peptid Antikörper (KTL Motiv bzw. YPLG Motiv) Bindung an die Zelloberfläche bzw. membrannahe intrazelluläre Strukturen beobachtet, die der Lokalisierung der Bindungssignale der parallel getesteten anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab, Matuzumab und dem murinen anti-EGFR Antikörper R-1 entsprach. Die Bindung der anti-Peptid Antikörper konnte durch Zugabe eines Überschusses der jeweiligen synthetischen Peptide verhindet werden. In einer weiteren Serie von Immunfluoreszenz Experimenten wurde der humane EGFR auf Renca-lacZ/EGFR Zellen gleichzeitig mit anti-KTL bzw. anti-YPLG Peptid Antikörpern aus Kaninchen sowie dem murinen anti-EGFR Antikörper R-1 detektiert. Durch eine Überlagerung der Signale konnte eindeutig eine Kolokalisation nachgewiesen werden. Dies ist ein Beweis dafür, dass es sich bei der Bindung der anti-Peptid Antikörper an die Oberfläche von Renca-lacZ/EGFR um Bindung an den humanen EGFR handelt. In Lysaten von EGFR exprimierenden Zelllinien konnte mit gereinigten anti-Peptid Antikörpern ein Protein detektiert werden, dessen Größe dem humanen EGFR entspricht. Die durch Stimulation des humanen EGFR mit dem natürlichen Peptidliganden EGF hervorgerufene Autophosphorylierung des Rezeptors in A431 Zellen konnte durch Zugabe von anti-Peptid Antikörpern teilweise inhibiert werden, allerdings nicht in dem gleichen Ausmaß, wie dies für die als Positivkontrollen eingesetzten anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab und Matuzumab beobachtet wurde. In MTT-Zytotoxizitätsassays konnte darüber hinaus eine teilweise Kompetition der Bindung des rekombinanten Toxins TGF!-ETA an EGFR-exprimierende A431 Zellen, und somit eine teilweise Kompetition des natürlichen Peptidliganden TGF! an EGFR durch Vorinkubation mit anti-Peptid Antikörpern nachgewiesen werden. Zur näherungsweisen Quantifizierung der Affinitäten der anti-Peptid Antikörper und der anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab und Matuzumab für die synthetischen Peptide (KTL Motiv und YPLG Motiv) bzw. für die gereinigte extrazelluläre Domäne des humanen EGFR (sEGFR) wurden ELISA Bindungstests durchgeführt. Die aus den Bindungskurven berechneten Affinitätswerte zeigen, dass die anti-Peptid Antikörper an sEGFR im nanomolaren Bereich binden und damit ca. 200-fach niedrigere Affinitäten für den Rezeptor besitzen als die affinitätsoptimierten anti-EGFR Antikörper Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab. Die Affinitäten der anti- Peptid Antikörper für die synthetischen Peptide liegen ebenfalls im nanomolaren Bereich, während Cetuximab und Matuzumab lediglich mikromolare Affinitäten für die Peptide besitzen. Durch „Epitope Mapping“ in silico vorhergesagte mögliche Oberflächenstrukturen auf EGFR, welche die Peptidmimotope mit KTL bzw. YPLG Motiven nachbilden, sind direkt benachbart zu den mittlerweile publizierten Bindungsstellen von Matuzumab und Cetuximab bzw. EGF in der Ektodomäne III/L2 von EGFR (Li et al., 2005; Schmiedel et al., 2008) und zeigten im Falle des Peptides mit KTL Motiv Übereinstimungen mit Teilen beider Epitope. Möglicherweise ist dieses Peptid in der Lage, alternative Strukturen mit KTL bzw. KTI Motiven an der Oberfläche von EGFR nachzubilden, die Gemeinsamkeiten mit beiden Epitopen von Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab besitzen und daher von beiden Antikörpern erkannt werden können. Eine endgültige Klärung der Bindung der hier identifizierten Peptide an Cetuximab bzw. Matuzumab bzw. der Bindung der anti-Peptid Antikörper an EGFR könnte in nachfolgenden Untersuchungen mittels Röntgenkristallographie bzw. NMR strukturell aufgeklärt werden – die hierzu nötigen Peptide bzw. Proteine liegen bereits in gereinigter Form vor. Eine Optimierung der hier identifizierten Mimotope zur Steigerung der Affinitäten der induzierten anti-Peptid Antikörper für EGFR könnte zur Entwickung von Vakzinen führen, die eine Alternative zur wiederholten, kostenintensiven passiven Immunisierung von Patienten mit EGFR-exprimierenden Tumoren mit monoklonalen Antikörpern darstellen könnte.
Der programmierte Zelltod (Apoptose) ist ein wichtiger Mechanismus zur Eliminierung von beschädigtem Gewebe und entarteten Zellen. Die Deregulierung der Apoptose führt zu zahlreichen Erkrankungen wie neuro-degenerativen Störungen und Krebs. Insbesondere in Tumoren wird der programmierte Zelltod mit Hilfe von hochregulierten, anti-apoptotischen Proteinen umgangen und es entstehen Resistenzen gegen Chemotherapien. Um innovative therapeutische Ansätze zu finden, wurden in diesem Projekt mit Hilfe eines Hefe-Survival-Screens neue, potentiell anti-apoptotische Proteine im Pankreaskarzinom identifiziert. Von den insgesamt 38 identifizierten Genprodukten wurden zwei für eine weiterführende Analyse ausgewählt.
Eins der näher untersuchten Proteine ist die Pyruvoyl-tetrahydrobiopterin-Synthase (PTS), ein wichtiges Enzym für die Biosynthese von Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 ist ein Kofaktor, der von mehreren Enzymen der Zelle für ihre Funktionen benötigt wird. In Zellkultur-Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Überexpression von PTS die Zellen vor Apoptose schützen kann, während eine Herunterregulation durch genetischen knockdown die Zellen gegenüber Apoptose-Stimuli sensibilisiert und ihr Wachstum beeinträchtigt. In Xenograft-Experimenten mit NOD/SCID-Mäusen konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass Tumore mit einem PTS-Knockdown signifikant langsamer wachsen als die der Kontrollgruppe. Zusammengenommen deuten diese Ergebnisse auf eine Rolle von PTS bei der Apoptose-Regulation und beim Tumorwachstum hin, was das Protein zu einem attraktiven Target für die Krebstherapie macht.
Als zweites wurde ein Protein analysiert, das eine Untereinheit des respiratorischen Komplex I bildet: NDUFB5 (NADH-Dehydrogenase 1 beta Subcomplex, 5). Das besondere an diesem Protein sind die verschiedenen Isoformen, die durch alternatives Splicing zustandekommen. Eine Isoform, der die Exone 2 und 3 fehlen, wurde im Hefe-Survival-Screen identifiziert. Bei Überexpression in Zelllinien konnte sie im Gegensatz zum Volllänge-Protein die Apoptoserate reduzieren. Und auch Ergebnisse aus Versuchen mit Isoformen-spezifischem knockdown deuten an, dass hauptsächlich die verkürzte Isoform sNDUFB5 für die Regulation von Apoptose und Proliferation verantwortlich ist. Diese Beobachtungen konnten mit denselben Zellen im Xenograft-Tiermodell jedoch nicht bestätigt werden. Die Ursachen dafür blieben unklar. Zusätzlich wurden immunhistochemische Analysen von Pankreaskarzinomen und normalem Pankreasgewebe durchgeführt. Sie ergaben, dass die kurze Isoform sNDUFB5 im Tumor stark überexpremiert ist, während die Expression des Volllänge-Proteins in normalem und Tumorgewebe ähnlich hoch ausfällt. Dieser Befund macht NDUFB5 zu einem interessanten therapeutischen Target.
Die näher untersuchten Kandidaten-Gene zeigen beide Potential als neue Angriffspunkte für eine molekulare Krebstherapie. Andere in dem Hefe-Survival-Screen identifizierte Proteine wurden bereits als anti-apoptotisch und/oder in Krebszellen überexprimiert beschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass ein funktionelles, Hefe-basiertes Screeningsystem geeignet ist, neue bisher unbekannte Proteine mit anti-apoptotischer Funktion zu identifizieren. Auch zeigen die Befunde, dass bereits bekannte Proteine weitere bisher unbekannte Funktionen wie z.B. die Inhibition von Apoptose aufweisen können. Basierend auf solchen mehrfachen Proteinfunktionen lassen sich weitere therapeutische Möglichkeiten ableiten.
Hypoxia-induced long non-coding RNA Malat1 is dispensable for renal ischemia/reperfusion-injury
(2018)
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Non-coding RNAs are crucially involved in its pathophysiology. We identified hypoxia-induced long non-coding RNA Malat1 (Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) to be upregulated in renal I/R injury. We here elucidated the functional role of Malat1 in vitro and its potential contribution to kidney injury in vivo. Malat1 was upregulated in kidney biopsies and plasma of patients with AKI, in murine hypoxic kidney tissue as well as in cultured and ex vivo sorted hypoxic endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells. Malat1 was transcriptionally activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α. In vitro, Malat1 inhibition reduced proliferation and the number of endothelial cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. In vivo, Malat1 knockout and wildtype mice showed similar degrees of outer medullary tubular epithelial injury, proliferation, capillary rarefaction, inflammation and fibrosis, survival and kidney function. Small-RNA sequencing and whole genome expression analysis revealed only minor changes between ischemic Malat1 knockout and wildtype mice. Contrary to previous studies, which suggested a prominent role of Malat1 in the induction of disease, we did not confirm an in vivo role of Malat1 concerning renal I/R-injury.
Constitutive Wnt activation upon loss of Adenoma polyposis coli (APC) acts as main driver of colorectal cancer (CRC). Targeting Wnt signaling has proven difficult because the pathway is crucial for homeostasis and stem cell renewal. To distinguish oncogenic from physiological Wnt activity, we have performed transcriptome and proteome profiling in isogenic human colon organoids. Culture in the presence or absence of exogenous ligand allowed us to discriminate receptor-mediated signaling from the effects of CRISPR/Cas9-induced APC loss. We could catalog two nonoverlapping molecular signatures that were stable at distinct levels of stimulation. Newly identified markers for normal stem/progenitor cells and adenomas were validated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We found that oncogenic Wnt signals are associated with good prognosis in tumors of the consensus molecular subtype 2 (CMS2). In contrast, receptor-mediated signaling was linked to CMS4 tumors and poor prognosis. Together, our data represent a valuable resource for biomarkers that allow more precise stratification of Wnt responses in CRC.
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells with specificity for CD19 showed potent antitumor efficacy in clinical trials against relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Contrary to T cells, natural killer (NK) cells kill their targets in a non-antigen-specific manner and do not carry the risk of inducing graft vs. host disease (GvHD), allowing application of donor-derived cells in an allogenic setting. Hence, unlike autologous CAR-T cells, therapeutic CD19-CAR-NK cells can be generated as an off-the-shelf product from healthy donors. Nevertheless, genetic engineering of peripheral blood (PB) derived NK cells remains challenging and optimized protocols are needed. In our study, we aimed to optimize the generation of CD19-CAR-NK cells by retroviral transduction to improve the high antileukemic capacity of NK cells. We compared two different retroviral vector platforms, the lentiviral and alpharetroviral, both in combination with two different transduction enhancers (Retronectin and Vectofusin-1). We further explored different NK cell isolation techniques (NK cell enrichment and CD3/CD19 depletion) to identify the most efficacious methods for genetic engineering of NK cells. Our results demonstrated that transduction of NK cells with RD114-TR pseudotyped retroviral vectors, in combination with Vectofusin-1 was the most efficient method to generate CD19-CAR-NK cells. Retronectin was potent in enhancing lentiviral/VSV-G gene delivery to NK cells but not alpharetroviral/RD114-TR. Furthermore, the Vectofusin-based transduction of NK cells with CD19-CARs delivered by alpharetroviral/RD114-TR and lentiviral/RD114-TR vectors outperformed lentiviral/VSV-G vectors. The final generated CD19-CAR-NK cells displayed superior cytotoxic activity against CD19-expressing target cells when compared to non-transduced NK cells achieving up to 90% specific killing activity. In summary, our findings present the use of RD114-TR pseudotyped retroviral particles in combination with Vectofusin-1 as a successful strategy to genetically modify PB-derived NK cells to achieve highly cytotoxic CD19-CAR-NK cells at high yield.
Hematopoietic differentiation is controlled by key transcription factors, which regulate stem cell functions and differentiation. TAL1 is a central transcription factor for hematopoietic stem cell development in the embryo and for gene regulation during erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation. Knowledge of the target genes controlled by a given transcription factor is important to understand its contribution to normal development and disease. To uncover direct target genes of TAL1 we used high affinity streptavidin/biotin-based chromatin precipitation (Strep-CP) followed by Strep-CP on ChIP analysis using ChIP promoter arrays. We identified 451 TAL1 target genes in K562 cells. Furthermore, we analysed the regulation of one of these genes, the catalytic subunit beta of protein kinase A (PRKACB), during megakaryopoiesis of K562 and primary human CD34+ stem cell/progenitor cells. We found that TAL1 together with hematopoietic transcription factors RUNX1 and GATA1 binds to the promoter of the isoform 3 of PRKACB (Cβ3). During megakaryocytic differentiation a coactivator complex on the Cβ3 promoter, which includes WDR5 and p300, is replaced with a corepressor complex. In this manner, activating chromatin modifications are removed and expression of the PRKACB-Cβ3 isoform during megakaryocytic differentiation is reduced. Our data uncover a role of the TAL1 complex in controlling differential isoform expression of PRKACB. These results reveal a novel function of TAL1, RUNX1 and GATA1 in the transcriptional control of protein kinase A activity, with implications for cellular signalling control during differentiation and disease.
Introduction The prolactin-Janus-kinase-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (JAK2-STAT5) pathway is essential for the development and functional differentiation of the mammary gland. The pathway also has important roles in mammary tumourigenesis. Prolactin regulated target genes are not yet well defined in tumour cells, and we undertook, to the best of our knowledge, the first large genetic screen of breast cancer cells treated with or without exogenous prolactin. We hypothesise that the identification of these genes should yield insights into the mechanisms by which prolactin participates in cancer formation or progression, and possibly how it regulates normal mammary gland development. Methods We used subtractive hybridisation to identify a number of prolactin-regulated genes in the human mammary carcinoma cell line SKBR3. Northern blotting analysis and luciferase assays identified the gene encoding heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90A) as a prolactin-JAK2-STAT5 target gene, whose function was characterised using apoptosis assays. Results We identified a number of new prolactin-regulated genes in breast cancer cells. Focusing on HSP90A, we determined that prolactin increased HSP90A mRNA in cancerous human breast SKBR3 cells and that STAT5B preferentially activated the HSP90A promoter in reporter gene assays. Both prolactin and its downstream protein effector, HSP90α, promote survival, as shown by apoptosis assays and by the addition of the HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), in both untransformed HC11 mammary epithelial cells and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. The constitutive expression of HSP90A, however, sensitised differentiated HC11 cells to starvation-induced wild-type p53-independent apoptosis. Interestingly, in SKBR3 breast cancer cells, HSP90α promoted survival in the presence of serum but appeared to have little effect during starvation. Conclusions In addition to identifying new prolactin-regulated genes in breast cancer cells, we found that prolactin-JAK2-STAT5 induces expression of the HSP90A gene, which encodes the master chaperone of cancer. This identifies one mechanism by which prolactin contributes to breast cancer. Increased expression of HSP90A in breast cancer is correlated with increased cell survival and poor prognosis and HSP90α inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials as a breast cancer treatment. Our results also indicate that HSP90α promotes survival depending on the cellular conditions and state of cellular transformation.
Im Jahre 2004 sind am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt zwei Patienten mit X-CGD gentherapeutisch behandelt worden. Nach einer initialen Phase mit Nachweis ausreichender Mengen Oxidase-positiver Zellen im Blut der Patienten und einer deutlichen klinischen Besserung vorbestehender Infektionsherde kam es zu einem Verlust der Transgenexpression durch epigenetische Veränderungen des viralen Promotors. Ferner entwickelte sich durch Insertionsmutagenese eine klonale Expansion in der Hämatopoese und schließlich ein myelodysplastisches Syndrom mit Monosomie 7 bei beiden Patienten. In der Zusammenschau mit anderen Gentherapiestudien zur X-CGD zeigt sich, dass bislang ein langanhaltendes Engraftment funktionierender genkorrigierter Zellen nur im Zusammenhang mit einer Insertionsmutagenese beobachtet wurde. Zukünftige gentherapeutische Strategien zur Behandlung der X-CGD müssen das Risiko einer Insertionsmutagenese minimieren und gleichzeitig die Effektivität des Engraftments genkorrigierter Zellen steigern. Dies soll durch den Einsatz von SIN-Vektoren sowie einer Intensivierung der Konditionierung der Patienten erreicht werden.
Gene-modified autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can provide ample clinical benefits to subjects suffering from X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), a rare inherited immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent, often life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. Here we report on the molecular and cellular events observed in two young adults with X-CGD treated by gene therapy in 2004. After the initial resolution of bacterial and fungal infections, both subjects showed silencing of transgene expression due to methylation of the viral promoter, and myelodysplasia with monosomy 7 as a result of insertional activation of ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1). One subject died from overwhelming sepsis 27 months after gene therapy, whereas a second subject underwent an allogeneic HSC transplantation. Our data show that forced overexpression of EVI1 in human cells disrupts normal centrosome duplication, linking EVI1 activation to the development of genomic instability, monosomy 7 and clonal progression toward myelodysplasia.
The continuously growing natural killer (NK) cell line NK-92 is highly cytotoxic against malignant cells of various origin without affecting normal human cells. Based on this selectivity, the potential of NK-92 cells for adoptive therapy is currently being investigated in phase I clinical studies. To further enhance the antitumoral activity of NK-92 cells and expand the range of tumor entities suitable for NK-92-based therapies, here by transduction with retroviral vectors we have generated genetically modified NK-92 cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors specific either for the tumor-associated ErbB2 (HER2/neu) antigen or the human Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (Ep-CAM). Both antigens are overexpressed by many tumors of epithelial origin. The chimeric antigen receptors consist of either the ErbB2 specific scFv(FRP5) antibody fragment or the Ep-CAM specific scFv(MOC31), a flexible hinge region derived from CD8, and transmembrane and intracellular regions of the CD3 zeta chain. Transduced NK-92-scFv(FRP5)-zeta or NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells express high levels of the fusion proteins on the cell surface as determined by FACS analysis. In europium release assays no difference in cytotoxic activity of NK-92 and transduced NK-92 cells towards ErbB2 or Ep-CAM negative targets was found. However, even at low effector to target ratios transduced NK-92 cells specifically and efficiently lysed established ErbB2 or Ep-CAM expressing tumor cells that were completely resistant to cytolytic activity of parental NK-92 cells. Similarly, ErbB2-positive primary breast cancer cells isolated from pleural effusions of patients with recurrent disease were selectively killed by NK-92-scFv(FRP5)-zeta. In an in vivo model in immunodeficient mice treatment with retargeted NK-92-scFv(FRP5)-zeta, but not parental NK-92 cells resulted in markedly delayed growth of ErbB2 transformed cancer cells. These results demonstrate that efficient retargeting of NK-92 cytotoxicity can be achieved, and might allow the generation of potent cell-based therapeutics for the treatment of ErbB2 and Ep-CAM expressing malignancies. This therapeutic approach might be applicable for a large variety of different cancers where suitable cell surface antigens have been identified.
Zur erfolgreichen Behandlung von Tumorerkrankungen sind effiziente Therapien notwendig. Oftmals kommt es nach einer klassischen Tumortherapie zum Auftreten von Rezidiven, die aus residuellen Tumorzellen hervorgehen. Grund hierfür können eine bereits erfolgte Metastasierung oder Resistenzmechanismen der Tumorzellen sein. Auf Grund ihrer Fähigkeit Gewebe aktiv zu infiltrieren bietet der Einsatz zytotoxischer Lymphozyten im Rahmen einer zellulären Immuntherapie den Vorteil, auch bereits metastasierte Tumorzellen zu erreichen. Dadurch können auch Tumorzellen eliminiert werden, die Resistenzmechanismen meist im oberen Teil apoptotischer Signalkaskaden aufweisen. Eine spezifische Ausrichtung zytotoxischer Lymphozyten auf Tumorantigene ist grundsätzlich über chimäre Antigenrezeptoren möglich. Dabei bietet die Generierung von Tumor-spezifischen zytotoxischen Effektorzelllinien den Vorteil, Zellklone mit definierter Aktivität und Spezifität bereitstellen zu können. Im Hinblick auf einen klinischen Einsatz scheint hierfür die Natürliche Killerzelllinie NK-92 besonders geeignet. Die Ergebnisse einer klinischen Studie mit parentalen NK-92 Zellen zeigten eine gute Verträglichkeit ohne Nebenwirkungen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden NK-92 Zellen genetisch so modifiziert, dass sie chimäre Antigenrezeptoren mit Spezifität für die Tumorantigene CD20, EpCAM, GD2 und CD138 exprimieren. In der Tumortherapie stellen das mit Tumoren der B-Zell-Reihe assoziierte CD20-Molekül und das auf den meisten Tumorzellen epithelialen Ursprungs exprimierte EpCAM-Protein wichtige Zielantigene monoklonaler Antikörper dar. Studien zeigten, dass auch die auf Tumorzellen des Neuroblastoms bzw. Multiplen Myeloms exprimierten Moleküle GD2 bzw. CD138 geeignete Angriffspunkte für immuntherapeutische Ansätze sein könnten. Die chimären Antigenrezeptoren sind aus einem Antigenspezifischen scFv-Antikörperfragment aufgebaut, das über ein Fragment der CD8alpha-Kette mit der CD3zeta-Kette als Signaltransduktionsdomäne verbunden ist. Nach retroviraler Transduktion zeigte sich eine hohe und homogene Oberflächenexpression dieser Rezeptoren auf modifizierten NK-92 Zellen. Auf das Oberflächenprotein CD20 ausgerichtete NK-92-scFv(Leu-16)-Zeta Zellen wiesen gegen CD20- positive Tumorzelllinien und primäre Tumorzellen eine hohe zytotoxische Aktivität auf. Im Vergleich waren parentale NK-92 Zellen gegen diese Tumorzellen nicht oder deutlich weniger aktiv. Dabei war die zytotoxische Aktivität der NK-92-scFv(Leu-16)-Zeta Zellen mit dem monoklonalen anti-CD20 Antikörper Rituximab kompetitierbar. Mit Hilfe der gegen parentale und modifizierte NK-92 Zellen resistenten Zelllinie NIH3T3 wurde gezeigt, dass allein über die stabile Expression des CD20-Proteins in NIH3T3 Zellen die Resistenz gegen modifizierte NK-92 Zellen überwunden werden kann. NK-92-scFv(Leu-16)-Zeta Zellen waren in der Lage, CD20-positive NIH3T3-CD20 Zellen auch bei niedrigen E/T-Verhältnissen effizient abzutöten. In Mischkulturen aus NIH3T3 und NIH3T3-CD20 Zellen war zudem eine selektive zytotoxische Aktivität der NK-92-scFv(Leu-16)-Zeta Zellen ausschließlich gegen Antigen-positive Zellen nachweisbar. Über die Analyse von Zellkonjugaten zwischen zytotoxischen Effektorzellen und ihren Zielzellen, deren Bildung grundsätzliche Voraussetzung für eine Eliminierung ist, wurden Hinweise erhalten, dass der chimäre Antigenrezeptor hierzu keinen Beitrag zu leisten scheint, sondern vor allem die anschließende Aktivierung der modifizierten NK-92 Zellen bewirkt. Mit EpCAM-spezifischen NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-Zeta Zellen war auch bei niedrigen E/T-Verhältnissen eine effiziente Abtötung von unterschiedlichen Tumorzelllinien epithelialen Ursprungs möglich. Eine erfolgreiche Blockierung dieser zytotoxischen Aktivität mit dem monoklonalen Antikörper MOC31 bestätigte, dass diese spezifisch über den chimären Antigenrezeptor vermittelt wurde. Die untersuchten epithelialen Zelllinien erwiesen sich dagegen als vollkommen resistent gegen parentale bzw. mit demleeren Expressionsvektor modifizierte NK-92-Mock Zellen. Weitere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die zytotoxische Aktivität von NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-Zeta Zellen tatsächlich über Granzym B vermittelt wird. Eine erhöhte FasL-Oberflächenexpression infolge der Cokultur mit Antigen-positiven Zielzellen war dagegen nicht nachweisbar. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse kann eine signifikante Beteiligung von FasL an der zytotoxischen Aktivität der modifizierten NK-92 Zellen ausgeschlossen werden. Weiterhin wurden therapeutische Effekte von NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-Zeta Zellen in einem Xenograftmodell in NOD-scid/scid Mäusen mit einer humanen EpCAM-positiven Tumorzelllinie untersucht. Hier wurde im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe durch Behandlung mit EpCAM-spezifischen NK-92 Zellen, unerwarteterweise aber auch mit NK-92-Mock Zellen, ein signifikant längeres Überleben der Tiere beobachtet. Nach der Ableitung CD138-spezifischer NK-92-scFv(B-B4)-Zeta Zellen wurde zwar eine hohe zytotoxische Aktivität gegen CD138-positive Zelllinien erhalten. Es war jedoch keine im Vergleich zu parentalen NK-92 Zellen weiter verstärkte Zytotoxizität nachweisbar. Als Ursache hierfür ist eine mangelnde Funktionalität des scFv-Antikörperfragments im Kontext des chimären Antigenrezeptors denkbar. Da die Bindungseigenschaften von scFv-Fragmenten entscheidend durch die Anordnung ihrer schweren und leichten Antikörperketten zueinander beeinflusst werden können, wurden NK-92 Zellen etabliert, die ein scFv-Fragment mit umgekehrter Orientierung der Antikörperketten in ihrem chimären Antigenrezeptor tragen. Diese werden derzeit im Rahmen einer externen Zusammenarbeit auf ihre Funktionalität hin überprüft. Zur Konstruktion gegen das Disialogangliosid GD2 gerichteter chimärer Antigenrezeptoren wurden parallel zwei scFv-Fragmente des Antikörpers ch14.18 eingesetzt, die sich in der Orientierung der schweren und leichten Antikörperketten zueinander unterscheiden. Mit den Antigenrezeptorkonstrukten modifizierte NK-92 Zellen zeigten eine im Vergleich zu parentalen NK-92 und NK-92-Mock Zellen stark erhöhte Zytotoxizität gegen GD2 exprimierende humane Tumorzelllinien. Dabei wurde weder bei der Expressionsdichte der chimären Antigenrezeptoren noch in der zytotoxischen Aktivität modifizierter NK-92 Zellen mit unterschiedlicher Anordnung der variablen Antikörperdomänen im scFv Antikörperfragment ein signifikanter Unterschied beobachtet. Mit der extrazellulären Domäne von CTLA-4 als Modellprotein wurde der mögliche Einsatz einer zu scFv-Antikörperfragmenten alternativen Antigenbindungsdomäne geprüft. CTLA-4 wird normalerweise auf T-Zellen exprimiert und bindet an CD80 bzw. CD86 auf APCs. CD80- und/oder CD86-positive Zielzellen wurden von NK-92-sCTLA-4-Zeta Zellen im Vergleich zu parentalen NK-92 Zellen spezifisch und mit hoher Effizienz lysiert. In Zytotoxizitätsassays wurde mit Hilfe einer sowohl gegen parentale als auch modifizierte NK-92 Zellen resistenten Tumorzelllinie gezeigt, dass allein die stabile Expression des CD86 Proteins in dieser Zelllinie ausreicht, um die Resistenz gegen NK-92-sCTLA-4-Zeta Zellen aufzuheben. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass grundsätzlich auch der Einsatz von zu scFv- Antikörperfragmenten alternativen Antigenbindungsdomänen eine spezifische Ausrichtung und effiziente Aktivierung von NK-92 Zellen gewährleistet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die genetische Modifikation der Natürlichen Killerzelllinie NK-92 zur Ausrichtung auf Tumor-spezifische Zielstrukturen einen grundsätzlich geeigneten Ansatz zur Behandlung maligner Erkrankungen darstellt. Eine Weiterentwicklung Antigen-spezifischer NK-92 Derivate als mögliche Zelltherpeutika erscheint daher sinnvoll und vielversprechend.
Gene therapy on the move
(2013)
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
During erythropoiesis, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate in successive steps of commitment and specification to mature erythrocytes. This differentiation process is controlled by transcription factors that establish stage- and cell type-specific gene expression. In this study, we demonstrate that FUSE binding protein 1 (FUBP1), a transcriptional regulator important for HSC self-renewal and survival, is regulated by T-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia 1 (TAL1) in erythroid progenitor cells. TAL1 directly activates the FUBP1 promoter, leading to increased FUBP1 expression during erythroid differentiation. The binding of TAL1 to the FUBP1 promoter is highly dependent on an intact GATA sequence in a combined E-box/GATA motif. We found that FUBP1 expression is required for efficient erythropoiesis, as FUBP1-deficient progenitor cells were limited in their potential of erythroid differentiation. Thus, the finding of an interconnection between GATA1/TAL1 and FUBP1 reveals a molecular mechanism that is part of the switch from progenitor- to erythrocyte-specific gene expression. In summary, we identified a TAL1/FUBP1 transcriptional relationship, whose physiological function in haematopoiesis is connected to proper erythropoiesis.
Funktionelle Charakterisierung von Peptidliganden für das komplexe HIV-1-RNA-Verpackungssignal PSI
(2008)
Im Laufe der vergangenen Jahre hat die Identifizierung von Peptidleitstrukturen in der Wirkstoffentwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Phage Display Technologie ist eine Methode, welche zur Selektion von inhibitorischen Peptiden weit verbreitet ist. Prinzipiell eignet sich dieser Ansatz auch für die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen für die Therapie der HIV-Infektion, welche in hochspezifische und -regulierte Schritte im HIV-Replikationszyklus eingreifen sollen. Bei der Verpackung viraler RNA in neu entstehende Virionen handelt es sich um einen Prozess, welcher auf der gezielten Erkennung der dreidimensionalen Struktur der PSI-Region am 5'-Ende ungespleißter, viraler RNA durch die NCp7-Domäne des Gagp55-Vorläuferproteins basiert. Darüber hinaus partizipiert das NCp7-Protein noch an der Reversen Transkription der HIV-RNA sowie an der Integration proviraler DNA und spielt somit eine zentrale Rolle im HIV-1 Replikationszyklus. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten konnten wir mittels der Phage Display Technologie Peptidliganden für die HIV-1 PSI-RNA selektieren, welche die PSI-RNA-NCp7-Interaktion hemmten und in Folge dessen die Verpackung viraler RNA verhindern sollten. Die Bindung der identifizierten tryptophanreichen Peptide an die PSI-RNA konnte zwar zum Teil in vitro mit NCp7 kompetitiert werden, jedoch wiesen die Peptide eine relativ geringe Affinität für die PSI-RNA auf. Im Vordergrund der vorliegenden Arbeit stand nach Optimierung der Affinität eine umfassende funktionelle Charakterisierung der Peptide hinsichtlich ihrer antiviralen Aktivität in vitro. Zunächst gelang es mittels Spot-Synthese-Membranen die Affinität der PSI-RNA-bindenden Peptide um etwa das 30-fache zu verbessern. Der KD-Wert des optimierten HKWPWW-Peptids lag bei 1,1 µM für ein Teilelement der PSI-RNA, das allein über Verpackungsaktivitäten verfügt. Die folgende Analyse der Bindungseigenschaften des HKWPWW-Peptids an die PSI-RNA über NMR und Fluoreszenz-Spektroskopie offenbarte, dass das Peptid über die hydrophoben Aminosäuren an eine charakteristische Schleifenregion in der Sekundärstruktur der PSI-RNA bindet, ähnlich wie der natürliche Ligand NCp7. Gestützt auf diese Ergebnisse, wurde im Hauptteil des Projekts untersucht, ob das HKWPWW-Peptid in der Lage ist, die Verpackung viraler RNA in HI-Virionen zu hemmen. Hierfür erfolgte die Etablierung diverser Testsysteme, welche die intrazelluläre Expression des Peptids ermöglichten. Die Expression von HKWPWW in Fusion mit RFP in Pseudoviren-produzierenden Zellen über transiente Transfektion führte in der höchsten getesteten DNA-Konzentration (2,5 µg) zu einer 95%igen Reduktion des infektiösen Titers. Dieser inhibitorische Effekt war spezifisch für lentivirale Pseudoviren, da die Produktion gammaretroviraler Pseudoviren nicht durch die Anwesenheit des Peptids beeinflusst wurde. Mittels einer stabilen HKWPWW-exprimierenden T-Zelllinie gelang es nachzuweisen, dass das Peptid sogar in der Lage ist, replikationskompetentes HIV über einen Zeitraum von fünf Tagen zu hemmen. Die Synthese des HKWPWW-Peptids in Fusion mit einer Proteintransduktionsdomäne ermöglichte die direkte Behandlung von HIV-infizierten Zellen und führte zu einer verminderten Freisetzung infektiöser HI-Viren in die Zellkulturüberstände. Dabei lagen die IC50- und IC90-Werte des HKWPWW-Peptids nach zweimaliger Peptidzugabe bei 5, 7 bzw. 28,6 µM. Eine in der Literatur oftmals beschriebene Beobachtung ist, dass bei einer reinen Hemmung der HIV-Verpackung Viren entstehen, welche keine virale RNA enthalten. Das Phänomen war in Anwesenheit des HKWPWW-Peptids wenig ausgeprägt wie Korrelationen von p24-Antigen-ELISA und die Quantifizierung viraler RNA in Viruspartikeln zeigten. Diese Gegebenheit sowie das Wissen über die mannigfaltigen Funktionen des NCp7-Proteins im HIV-Replikationszyklus ließen vermuten, dass HKWPWW noch zusätzlich andere Schritte im HIV-Replikationszyklus hemmen könnte. Unterstützt wurde diese Annahme dadurch, dass HKWPWW Ähnlichkeiten zu der hydrophoben Plattform von NCp7 aufweist, welche essentiell für die Verpackung viraler RNA sowie die Reverse Transkription ist. Damit in Einklang steht, das neben einer Bindung an die PSI-RNA auch eine schwächere Interaktion des HKWPWW-Peptids mit den viralen TAR- und PBS-Strukturen nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die auch beobachtete Hemmung der frühen HIV-Replikationsschritte durch HKWPWW könnte somit mit einer möglichen Hemmung der Transkription viraler Gene, der Reversen Transkription oder Integration erklärt werden. Jedoch zeigte die elektronenmikroskopische Analyse, dass nicht nur weniger Viren in Anwesenheit des HKWPWW-Peptids entstehen, sondern dass diese zum Teil einen weniger kondensierten Kern aufweisen. Dies kann als ein Anhaltspunkt angesehen werden, dass HKWPWW tatsächlich auch auf der Ebene der RNA-Verpackung bzw. der viralen Partikelentstehung einen hemmenden Effekt ausübt. Somit resultiert die beobachtete antivirale Aktivität des HKWPWW-Peptids vermutlich aus kombinierten inhibitorischen Effekten auf mehreren Ebenen der HIV-Replikation.
Für eine erfolgreiche Gentherapie ist zunächst ein effizientes Gentransfersystem nötig, das das Transgen in möglichst vielen Zellen einbaut und es aktiv hält. Damit sich dann der Anteil der geschützten Zellen vergrößert, muss eine Selektivität der genmodifizierten Zellen gegenüber den nativen Zellen gegeben sein, wobei die Sicherheit nicht außer Acht gelassen werden darf, da ein ungünstiger Einbau des Transgens eine Insertionsmutagenese und somit Tumoren induzieren kann. Der durch die Arbeitsgruppe von Laer entwickelte retrovirale Vektor M87o codiert den membranständigen Fusionsinhibitor maC46 (membran-anchored C-Peptid 46), der den Eintritt von HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in die Zielzelle effektiv verhindert. Diese Gentherapie mit M87o wurde in einer klinischen Studie an T-Lymphozyten von 10 weit fortgeschrittenen AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)-Patienten durchgeführt, wobei die Therapie gut verträglich war und keine Toxizität zeigte. Allerdings hatten die Patienten auch keinen klaren Vorteil von der Therapie. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden SIN Vektoren (Self-inactivating Vektoren) in 5 verschiedenen Konstruktionen getestet, um die optimale Vektordesign zu ermitteln und eine langfristige hohe Expression zu ermöglichen. Da die SIN Vektoren im Vergleich zu konventionellen gammaretroviralen Vektoren ein geringeres Risiko bezüglich der Insertionsmutagenese aufweisen, stellen sie ein sichereres Vektorsystem dar. Um eine bessere Transgenexpression zu erzielen, wurde in den SIN Vektoren entweder ein zellulärer Promotor oder ein viraler SFFV (spleen focus forming virus) als internen Promotor verwendet. Zusätzliche regulatorische Elemente, wie wPRE (Woodchuck Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element), cHS4 (chicken Hypersensitive Site) Insulator und SAR (Scaffold Attachment Region) Element wurden dann in unterschiedlichen Kombinationen zu stärkeren und langanhaltenden Expressionen integriert, wobei wPRE die RNA Prozessierung verbessert und somit die RNA Stabilität erhöht und SAR und cHS4 Insulator dem Silencing entgegenwirken und so die Expression aufrechterhalten. Diese fünf SIN Konfigurationen wurden untereinander und mit dem klassischen gammaretroviralen Vektor M87o bezüglich des Titers, der Expressionsstärke und der Langzeit-Genexpression verglichen. Dazu wurden zunächst humane T-Zelllinien PM-1 und primäre humane T-Zellen als Testzellen verwendet. Die Versuche wurden dann mit murinen T-Zellen wiederholt, die in die immundefiziten Mäuse transplantiert wurden, um die Genexpression in vivo weiter zu verfolgen. Die SIN Konstrukte zeigten jedoch eine deutlich schwächere Expression als die LTR (Long Terminal Repeat)-getriebene Vektoren und nur ein Konstrukt mit dem viralen Promotor und wPRE zeigte eine annähernd so hohe Expression wie die konventionellen Vektoren. Während der virale SFFV Promotor eine höhere Expressionsstärke gegenüber dem zellulären EF1α (Elongationsfaktor 1 alpha) Promotor zeigte, hatte der cHS4 Insulator nur geringfügige Einflüsse sowohl auf den Titer als auch auf die Expressionsstärke. Der Vektor mit dem SAR-Element zeigte zwar die geringsten Titer und Expressionsstärke, aber in Langzeitbeobachtung wies er sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo eine relativ konstante Anzahl von transgenpositiven Zellen auf. SIN Vektoren, in denen mit einer Kombination von wPRE und SAR-Element die RNA Prozessierung verbessert und das methylationsbedingte Silencing verhindert wird, könnten eine weitere Optimierungsmöglichkeit des Gentransfersystems bei der Gentherapie darstellen.
HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) represent an important tool in view of prophylactic and therapeutic applications for HIV-1 infection. Patients chronically infected by HIV-1 represent a valuable source for nAbs. HIV controllers, including long-term non-progressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC), represent an interesting subgroup in this regard, as here nAbs can develop over time in a rather healthy immune system and in the absence of any therapeutic selection pressure. In this study, we characterized two particular antibodies that were selected as scFv antibody fragments from a phage immune library generated from an LTNP with HIV neutralizing antibodies in his plasma. The phage library was screened on recombinant soluble gp140 envelope (Env) proteins. Sequencing the selected peptide inserts revealed two major classes of antibody sequences. Binding analysis of the corresponding scFv-Fc derivatives to various trimeric and monomeric Env constructs as well as to peptide arrays showed that one class, represented by monoclonal antibody (mAb) A2, specifically recognizes an epitope localized in the pocket binding domain of the C heptad repeat (CHR) in the ectodomain of gp41, but only in the trimeric context. Thus, this antibody represents an interesting tool for trimer identification. MAb A7, representing the second class, binds to structural elements of the third variable loop V3 and neutralizes tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 isolates of different subtypes with matching critical amino acids in the linear epitope sequence. In conclusion, HIV controllers are a valuable source for the selection of functionally interesting antibodies that can be selected on soluble gp140 proteins with properties from the native envelope spike.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by impaired antimicrobial activity in phagocytic cells. As a monogenic disease affecting the hematopoietic system, CGD is amenable to gene therapy. Indeed in a phase I/II clinical trial, we demonstrated a transient resolution of bacterial and fungal infections. However, the therapeutic benefit was compromised by the occurrence of clonal dominance and malignant transformation demanding alternative vectors with equal efficacy but safety-improved features. In this work we have developed and tested a self-inactivating (SIN) gammaretroviral vector (SINfes.gp91s) containing a codon-optimized transgene (gp91(phox)) under the transcriptional control of a myeloid promoter for the gene therapy of the X-linked form of CGD (X-CGD). Gene-corrected cells protected X-CGD mice from Aspergillus fumigatus challenge at low vector copy numbers. Moreover, the SINfes.gp91s vector generates substantial amounts of superoxide in human cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice. In vitro genotoxicity assays and longitudinal high-throughput integration site analysis in transplanted mice comprising primary and secondary animals for 11 months revealed a safe integration site profile with no signs of clonal dominance.