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Der Versuch, eine Synthese von philosophischer Raumdefinition nach Kant und physikalischer Realität nach Einstein herzustellen und daraus eine linguistische Raumauffassung abzuleiten, wird scheitern. Dennoch wird dieser Versuch in dieser Arbeit unternommen, da sich daraus einige Erkenntnisse gewinnen lassen. Des weiteren wird sich die indoeuropäische Definition von Raum als eine – wie schon von Kant herausgearbeitet – "Anschauung a priori" erweisen. Um dies näher zu beleuchten, befassen sich folgende Kapitel mit dem Raumbegriff Kants sowie der Relativitätstheorie Albert Einsteins – welche hier als physikalische Realität angenommen wird –, um diese so gegenüberzustellen und die grundlegenden Unterschiede zwischen diesen Auffassungen herauszuarbeiten. Dann soll erörtert werden, warum im indoeuropäischen Sprachraum sprachlich nicht die physikalische Realität der Beschaffenheit des Raumes abgebildet wird, man sich stattdessen Kategorien bedient, die nach Kant apriorisch sind und also nicht auf Erfahrungen beruhen.
Die Vehemenz, mit der westeuropäische Literaten und Philosophen im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert sprachkritische Positionen vertreten, wird häufig als Reaktion auf die fundamentale Gesellschafts- und Kulturkrise jener Zeit gedeutet. Die Manifeste dieser Bewegung - allen voran Fritz Mauthners 'Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache' (1901/02) - illustrieren ja auch eindrucksvoll, wie generelle Zweifel an der Möglichkeit und Relevanz sprachlicher Welterkenntnis einhergehen mit der Abscheu vor den als besonders inhaltsleer empfundenen Begriffen für die Konventionen, Ideale, Wissens- und Lebensformen einer bereits in der Agonie liegenden Ordnung. Auch die russische ,Intelligencija' jener Zeit wird von der Fin-de-siècle-Stimmung erfasst. Von Sprachkritik ist bei ihr allerdings nichts zu spüren. Im Gegenteil: der Glaube an die welterschließende und -verändernde Potenz der Sprache - gerade auch der poetischen - ist ungebrochen.
Ĉlánek popisuje lingvistické prostředky oznaĉující a popisující proţívání a emoce v němĉině. V první ĉásti jsou představeny konceptualizace proţívání a emocí, druhá ĉást popisuje detailně lingvistické prostředky. Poslední ĉást se zabývá některými problémy spojenými s vytvořením lexikonu emoĉních slov.
Die folgenden überlegungen verstehen sich als Materialien zu einem Entwurf einer Unterrichtseinheit. Sie gehen aus von einer Erweiterung der Sprechakttheorie auf die Beschreibung sprachlicher Interaktion, wie sie in letzter Zeit verschiedentlich versucht worden ist. Von besonderem Interesse in einem derartigen Forschungsprogramm sind solche Interaktionsmuster, die als weitgehend konventionalisiete (sprachliche) Handlungszusammenhänge gelten können. Auf derartige Handlungsmuster trifft die Wittgensteinsche Spiel-Analogie in besonderer Weise zu: Wie bei einem Brettspiel gibt es konventionalisierte Regeln, die Interaktionspartner machen bestimmte 'Züge', und schließlich gibt es bestimmte 'Strategien', nach denen aus einem Repertoire von Zügen ausgewählt wird. Dieser Spiel-Analogie werden wir uns in unserer parstellung häufig bedienen. Wir beginnen zunächst mit dem Versuch einer didaktischen Begründung für die Behandlung der Vorwurf/Rechtfertigungs-Interaktion im Schulunterricht.
Die kontrastive und didaktisch orientierte Sprichwortforschung ist bisher [...] stark vernachlässigt worden. Dieses Desiderat ist durch jüngste Untersuchungen, die empirischlinguistische, korpusbasierte, kontrastive und didaktische Gesichtspunkte einbezogen haben, deutlich zu Tage getreten ist (vgl. v.a. P. Ďurčo: Sprichwörter in der Gegenwartssprache, Trnava, 2005). Es gibt bisher keine statistisch relevanten empirischen Untersuchungen zum aktuellen Gebrauch und zur gegenwärtigen Kenntnis von Sprichwörtern bei den Sprachbenutzern. Und es sind folgerichtig bisher keine spezialisierten Sprichwortkorpora erstellt worden. Es fehlen ebenso moderne ein- bzw. zweisprachige Sprichwortlexika, die ausschließlich auf der Basis umfangreicher Korpusanalysen erstellt worden wären. Ungelöst scheint nach wie vor die Problematik einer theoretisch und funktional begründeten parömiologischen Äquivalenz zwischen verschiedenen Sprachen. Offen ist nicht zuletzt die Frage der kontrastiven Klassifikation und Differenzierung von Sprichwörtern aus linguistischer Sicht.
Proportional determiner quantifiers in German allow interpretations that violate the conservativity universal of Keenan and Stavi (1986). I argue for an analysis that distinguishes between surface syntax and the logical form of sentences. I show that in surface syntax, German non-conservative quantifiers are determiners that form a constituent with a noun phrase and share case and agreement properties with the noun phrase. But I propose that at logical form the non-conservative determiners undergo an adverbialization movement and are interpreted by a mechanism that generalizes focus-a ected quantification of Herburger (2000). This result refines the understanding of conservativity as a constraint on interpretation.
Syllable cut is said to be a phonologically distinctive feature in some languages where the difference in vowel quantity is accompanied by a difference in vowel quality like in German. There have been several attempts to find the corresponding phonetic correlates for syllable cut, from which the energy measurements of vowels by Spiekermann (2000) proved appropriate for explaining the difference between long, i.e. smoothly, and short, i.e. abruptly cut, vowels: in smoothly cut vowels, a larger number of peaks was counted in the energy contour which were located further back than in abruptly cut segments, and the overall energy was more constant throughout the entire nucleus. On this basis, we intended to compare German as a syllable cut language and Hungarian where the feature was not expected to be relevant. However, the phonetic correlates of syllable cut found in this study do not entirely confirm Spiekermann's results. It seems that the energy features of vowels are more strongly connected to their duration than to their quality.
Textkompetenz in mehreren Sprachen : Forschungsergebnisse und weiterführende Forschungsansätze
(2014)
The article presents results of an empirical study which examines productive transfer in the area of text skills competence and the associated writing skill which could be attributed to the learners' contact with several languages. The research was conducted within the research project "Multilingualism in the Czech Republik: Learning and Teaching German after English." After a short presentation of the key concepts in the development of the study and a presentation of selected results, implications and a modell for further research in multilingual writing and on transfer processes between languages are introduced.
In my paper, I show that the so-called German right dislocation actually comprises two distinct constructions, which I label 'right dislocation proper' and 'afterthought'. These differ in their prosodic and syntactic properties, as well as in their discourse functions. The paper is primarily concerned with the right dislocation proper (RD). I present a semantic analysis of RD based on the 'separate performative' account of Potts (2004, 2005) and Portner (forthc.). This analysis allows a description of the semantic contribution of RD to its host sentence, as well as explaining certain semantic constraints on the kind of NP in the RD construction.
Humans possess a number concept that differs from its predecessors in animal cognition in two crucial respects: (1) it is based on a numerical sequence whose elements are not confined to quantitative contexts, but can indicate cardinal/quantitative as well as ordinal and even nominal properties of empirical objects (e.g. ‘five buses’: cardinal; ‘the fifth bus’: ordinal; ‘the #5 bus’: nominal), and (2) it can involve recursion and, via recursion, discrete infinity. In contrast to that, the predecessors of numerical cognition that we find in animals and human infants rely on finite and iconic representations that are limited to cardinality and do not support a unified concept of number. In this paper, I argue that the way such a unified number concept could evolve in humans is via verbal sequences that are employed as numerical tools, that is, sequences of words whose elements are associated with empirical objects in number assignments. In particular, I show that a certain kind of number words, namely the counting sequences of natural languages, can be characterised as a central instance of verbal numerical tools. I describe a possible scenario for the emergence of such verbal numerical tools in human history that starts from iconic roots and that suggests that in a process of co-evolution, the gradual emergence of counting sequences and the development of an increasingly comprehensive number concept supported each other. On this account, it is language that opened the way for numerical cognition, suggesting that it is no accident that the same species that possesses the language faculty as a unique trait, should also be the one that developed a systematic concept of number.
The present investigation steps back to the claims of the 1990s by assuming that there is a functional opposition in the use of P- and D-PRO which affects the status of the pronoun's referent in the mental model of the discourse. We interpret the earlier findings as an indication of an information structural difference which is specifically relevant on the discourse level. The question we address here is twofold. Firstly, we ask whether the assumed opposition in the information status of P- and D-PRO referents has consequences on referent continuation in the ongoing discourse. So far, the effects of P- vs. D-PRO use were determined concerning the status of the pronoun referent in the actual sequence of discourse, i.e. they were determined by a judgement on the salience or the topic/focus status of the pronominal DP. As far as we can see, this determination has not been operationalized further. Since there are contexts in which both P- and D-PRO would fit in with only a feeling of a difference but without clear-cut exclusiveness, the opposition is empirically not well validated. If we could show that there are effects of type of pronoun on the ongoing discourse this would, in our view, provide the lacking empirical validation. Secondly, we ask whether there are effects of the narrator's point of view on P- and D-PRO use. The idea behind this question is that the way of information unfolding in discourse depends on the speaker. S/he decides which pieces of information come next, what is foreground and what is background information. If type of pronoun choice is related to the processes of discourse organization by the speaker – via fore- and backgrounding of information – and if internal or external location of the narrator's point of view influences the organization strategies of the speaker/narrator this might have an ffect on the use of P- and D-PRO.
In German, female and male first names are strictly segregated: there are two big inventories with the only purpose to separate women and men. Unisex names are extremely seldom. If they are chosen, they have to be followed by a sex-specific middle name (e.g. Kim Uwe, Kim Annette). If we look at the phonological components of first names, i.e. at their sounds, we can state that male and female names became more similar over the last decades. Whereas in the 1950's, typical first names such as Katharina and Rolf diverged considering their phonic inventory considerably, today, many girls are named Leah and Lara and many boys Noah and Luca. These names share nearly the same sounds, they consist of two syllables and are stressed on the first one. If we look behind the scenes, it becomes clear that the officially required onomastic separation of the two sexes is undermined. In this paper, I will present a socalled phonetic gender score for German first names for the first time (see also Schmidt-Jüngst in this volume). It allows for measuring a degree of femaleness and maleness of names. In a second step, it will be asked whether unofficial names such as pet names, which are not obliged to mark sex also tend to be gendered or if they disobey the gender barrier. It will be shown that the most intimate names are not interested in stressing the denoted person's sex. In contrast to first names, pet names tend to be maximally de-gendered.
The unfolding discussion will focus on the internal representation of turbulent sounds in the phonology of German as well as pinpoint the special status of the prime defining the quality of turbulence. It will also be argued that this prime is capable of entering into special types of licensing relations, which results in specific phonetic manifestations of forms. We shall compare the effects of two processes attested in German: consonant degemination and spirantisation with a view to revealing the role of the turbulence-defining element in the two operations. Furthermore, our attention will be focused on the workings of the Obligatory Contour Principle which, as will be shown below, exerts decisive impact on prime interplay and consequently the phonetic realization of sounds and words. We shall see that segmental identity is contingent on the languagespecific interpretation of inter-element bonds.
Aware of the importance of prime autonomy in determining the manifestation of sounds, let us start with a brief outline of the fundamental segment structure principles offered by the theory of Phonological Government.
Ausgehend von einer Definition der materialen Topik soll in diesem Aufsatz untersucht werden, welche Position Topik einerseits als selbst-organisierendes System, andrerseits als intentional eingesetzte Argumentationsstrategie in der Kommunikation zwischen Leser und Text einnimmt. Dieser Leseakt kann letzten Endes als Interaktion zweier topischer Systeme gedeutet werden, jedoch ohne dass sich dabei die Rezeption eines Textes in vollständiger Kontingenz verliert.
"Toughness has been rather out of fashion, as a masculine virtue", so William Gibson schon 2002. Die 'toughe Frau' scheint dagegen noch in aller Munde: zumindest im deutschsprachigen Raum gilt 'tough' als reflexartig einspringende Vokabel für die Kennzeichnung weiblicher Erfolgstypen: "kämpfende Amazone", "eiserne Lady" oder 'superwoman' bleiben als denkbare Synonyme ohne jede Chance. In hoffnungslos inflationärem Gebrauch schreiben die Titelzeilen der Lifestyle- und Frauenmagazine nahezu jeder in den Fokus gerückten Person das Epitheton zu, das zumindest in dieser Verwendung als unübersetzbar gelten muss, vielleicht aber auch gar keiner Übersetzung bedarf: handelt es sich doch - entgegen allem Anschein - um ein deutsches Wort, vermutlich so urdeutsch wie 'Handy'.
It is the aim of this paper to evaluate the various types of sentential complementation available in terms of complement control cross-linguistically. I will propose a lexical classification of control classes on the basis of the instantiated subordination patterns. I want to focus on an important distinction, namely that of structural vs. inherent control. Structural control is found with predicates that select a clausal complement whose structure requires argument identification and thus 'induces' control. Infinitival complements are prototypical cases for this kind of control because in most languages infinitival complements can only 'survive' in structures of control or raising. The interesting question is which predicates license structural control and which cross-linguistic differences emerge between potential licensors. Inherent control is found with predicates that require control readings independent of the instantiated structure of sentential complementation (e.g. a directive predicate such as zwingen 'force'). In addition, I will recapitulate and add arguments for the dual lexical-syntactic nature of complement control.
Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine linguistische Studie vor, die zwei nicht nah verwandte Sprachen auf dem Gebiet der Wortbildung vergleicht – das Deutsche und das Tschechische. Das Forschungsziel der Arbeit stellt die Untersuchung deutscher Determinativkomposita und der ihnen entsprechenden Wortbildungskonstruktionen im Tschechischen dar. Es wird eine relativ junge sprachwissenschaftliche Disziplin, die Korpuslinguistik, rein praktisch vorgestellt und die konkreten Ergebnisse der kontrastiven Untersuchung werden präsentiert.
Und wieder Fachsprachen?
(2013)
This article focuses on the development of LSP research in Germany in order to determine desiderata and to establish priorities for further research projects. Since the 1960s lexicon and grammar of LSP have been described. As a result we now have extensive and mostly even statistically proved results in the fields of morphology, word formation and syntax. In the 1980s research was oriented to a pragmalinguistic description of texts, which made it possible to characterize texts in situational context. Since the 1990s cognitive linguistics has been given more priority, but the results achieved so far are not yet satisfactory. This leads to the question, which topics our attention should be devoted to. There are three groups of problems: Key problems of the theoretical description and systematization of LSP, LSP on conditions of digitalization and globalization, LSP in different contexts (scientific, technical, economic, cultural, administrative etc.).