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Wenn wir die Situation des Fremdsprachenunterrichts in der Türkei betrachten, können wir sagen, dass drei westliche Sprachen, d.h. Englisch, Französisch und Deutsch, bis 1997 erst ab der Sekundarstufe I und II als Pflichtfach unterrichtet wurden. Im Jahre 1997 wurden mit der Verabschiedung eines neuen Gesetzes grundlegende Reformen im türkischen Schulwesen eingeleitet. Durch das neue Schulgesetz wurde die Pflichtschulzeit von fünf auf acht Jahre erhöht und dadurch auch eine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Anschluss an die EU-Standards geschaffen. Mit Beginn des Schuljahres 1997/98 trat eine weitere Neuregelung in Kraft. Seitdem beginnt der Fremdsprachenunterricht bereits in der 4. Jahrgangsstufe als Pflichtfach mit 2-4 Wochenstunden, in der 6. Klasse kommt eine zweite Fremdsprache als Wahlfach hinzu. Das Bildungsministerium hat für den Pflichtschulbereich Englisch als verbindliche erste Fremdsprache festgelegt. [...] Die türkischen Schulen sollten [...] den Schülern als zukünftige EU-Bürger wenigstens zwei europäische Fremdsprachen anbieten. Dann hätte die deutsche Sprache in der Türkei die Möglichkeit, sich neben dem Englischen als zweite Fremdsprache zu etablieren, weil sie im schulischen Bereich als zweite Fremdsprache eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Förderung der Mehrsprachigkeit schließt also immer auch die Förderung der deutschen Sprache ein. Aufgrund der intensiven Kontakte zwischen Deutschen und Türken, die vor etwa 700 Jahren begannen, besitzt die deutsche Sprache ein historisches Prestige in der Türkei. Im Folgenden möchten wir kurz auf die geschichtliche Entwicklung dieser Beziehung eingehen, um zu erklären, warum die deutsche Sprache in der Türkei eine besondere Stellung hat.
The present article analyzes the development of the system of spatial prepositions in the acquisition of German as a foreign language by Brazilian learners. The study is based on a corpus of written language data produced by students in the undergraduate course in Letras, collected from 1996 to 1998. The theoretical bases of the study are theories of second language acquisition, cognitive processing of space, and the linguistic encoding of spatial relations through prepositions. The main section of the analysis begins with the quantitative evaluation of the occurrences of spatial prepositions found in the data. Subsequently, each preposition found in the corpus is individually discussed in relation to its correct and incorrect uses. The main results are a steady increase in the number of spatial prepositions used by the subjects from the first year to the fourth year of the course, an increase in the variation of the use of these prepositions, and a constant reduction of the percentage of incorrect uses. In the first phase, acquisition can be seen in the increasing specificity of the semantic oppositions involved in neutralizations, whereas in the second phase, a quantitative reduction of errors can be found.
The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
The following essay discusses the possibilities of integrating linguistic and semantic aspects of teaching German as a Foreign Language in secondary schools in Santa Catarina using an interculturally orientated approach. Drawing on the insight that 'otherness' is a relational notion, so that the image we create of 'the other' depends essentially on the understanding of one's own culture and the histories, values and social reality inscribed in it, the article proposes a didactic approach that uses the teaching of morpho-syntactic structures to instigate intercultural reflections. Moreover, to be able to fully exploit the potential of divergent notions of 'self' and 'otherness' in the language classroom, teaching activities are proposed that allow learners to respond individually to the material presented. The article proposes and discusses various didactic activities that allow the teacher to use the course book in order to create and explore interculturally significant material.
In the theoretical context of Critical Applied Linguistics, this paper examines two aspects that are important for a consideration of the possible imaginaries that permeate the contact between a Brazilian student and German as a foreign language. I analyze the possible consequences of the argument that German is a very "cultivated" and difficult language, as well as the lack of incentive, in didactic material, for reflections on the peculiarities of a possible contact between a Brazilian student and the German language or a native speaker of that language. Finally, this paper intends to discuss whether if there is any didactic material used for teaching of German in Brazil which stimulates the pupils to criticize the peculiarities and the imaginaries that permeate their contact with the German culture and language.
Die Erzählfähigkeit eines zweisprachig aufwachsenden Geschwisterpaares: eine exemplarische Analyse
(2006)
This paper describes the ability of German-Portuguese bilingual siblings to narrate in German. The paper deals with the underlying theory of 'Functional Pragmatics' and describes within this theory the complex verbal pattern of narration in everyday life. In order to do this, a selected corpus will be analysed focussing on the conditions and characteristics of narration.
The aim of the present paper is to highlight some aspects of bilingualism in a German minority language community located in the South of Brazil. Based on ethnographic research methods, the study describes language use in face-to-face interactions between bilingual students and their teacher in a monolingual primary school, focusing on Portuguese-German code-switching from a socio-functional perspective. The results suggest that code-switching should not be associated with language deficit, but with the bilingual discourse since the phenomenon could be seen both as a relevant conversational strategy as well as a significant learning resource among bilingual children.
Syntactic negation and particularly the position of the negative particle 'nicht' are challenging themes not only for learners of German as a foreign language, but also for teachers and researchers of the grammar of German. This paper gives an overview of recent studies related to negation in Modern German. In its main part, it presents results of empirical research on the relationship between syntax and prosody in the field of negation.
Either in the realm of the mother tongue debating, or in the problematization of the second language classroom, the matters related to the assessment conduct and to the linguistic behavior of both teachers and students should not be underestimated or even left aside. Linguistic diversity is broadly present in the school context, and it is imperative not to overlook the way this reality is considered and the linguistic policies which are present and necessary. Whereas the assessment process is an integral part of the formation of the student’s identity, it is relevant to consider the theoretical concept of this process as well as the practice current in the school context. This paper gathers definitions on the assessment conduct and linguistic behavior, highlighting the role played by the teacher in classroom routine aiming at the flexibility of the process, as well as the appreciation of the pupil’s linguistic individuality.
Many teachers of German as a second language make some statements regarding this language that mix concepts from three distinct fields: Orthography (letters), Phonetics (phones or speech sounds) and Phonology (phonemes). In this paper I attempt to shed some light on these concepts and fields. I also provide examples of such statements and make comments on them.