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Multilevel governance of energy transitions depends on the coordination between national, supra- and international administrative actors. Coordination takes place in systems of multilevel administration, which constitute highly dynamic arenas dominated by legally non-binding instruments and reciprocal interactions and relationships. This article seeks to gain insights into the underlying coordination processes by asking which conditions account for the change over time of coordination between administrative actors in multilevel administration systems. First, research on multilevel administration is summarized. Second and starting from historic and discursive institutionalist theory, a conceptual framework is outlined to assess the conditions and modes that account for the dynamics of coordination in general, and the change of coordination instruments in particular. A trend towards persuasive coordination in a process of institutional layering driven by endogenous conditions is expected. Empirically, an in-depth comparative analysis is conducted based on exploratory interviews with 90 experts mainly from the European Commission, the International Energy Agency, and national administrators from Canada and Europe. The results unveil that administrative coordination evolves according to at least three types of layering that go beyond the initial hypothesis: first, through layering of coordination instruments; second, as an increase in formal and non-formal interactions through a growing number of channels and complexity of interactions over time; third, as layering of inter-administrative relationships through a growing importance of personal networks and the creation of new contacts. By analysing the dynamics of multilevel administrative coordination, the article contributes to an important but underdeveloped aspect of the governance of supra- and international energy transitions.
Welche Natur, für wen und wie zu schützen? : Namibias Wildpferde im Fokus von Naturschutzkonflikten
(2019)
Sind Wildpferde in einem Nationalpark Namibias schützenswert? Die Regierung sieht keinen Anlass, das Überleben der Tiere zu sichern. Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGO) und lokale Gruppen wollen die Wildpferde dagegen bewahren – als Teil des lokalen Ökosystems und des kulturellen Erbes. Das Beispiel zeigt die Vielschichtigkeit von Konflikten um Natur- und Artenschutz.
Background: As health workforce policy is gaining momentum, data sources and monitoring systems have significantly improved in the European Union and internationally. Yet data remain poorly connected to policy-making and implementation and often do not adequately support integrated approaches. This brings the importance of governance and the need for innovation into play.
Case: The present case study introduces a regional health workforce monitor in the German Federal State of Rhineland-Palatinate and seeks to explore the capacity of monitoring to innovate health workforce governance. The monitor applies an approach from the European Network on Regional Labour Market Monitoring to the health workforce. The novel aspect of this model is an integrated, procedural approach that promotes a ‘learning system’ of governance based on three interconnected pillars: mixed methods and bottom-up data collection, strong stakeholder involvement with complex communication tools and shared decision- and policy-making. Selected empirical examples illustrate the approach and the tools focusing on two aspects: the connection between sectoral, occupational and mobility data to analyse skill/qualification mixes and the supply–demand matches and the connection between monitoring and stakeholder-driven policy.
Conclusion: Regional health workforce monitoring can promote effective governance in high-income countries like Germany with overall high density of health workers but maldistribution of staff and skills. The regional stakeholder networks are cost-effective and easily accessible and might therefore be appealing also to low- and middle-income countries.
Global investment in biomedical research has grown significantly over the last decades, reaching approximately a quarter of a trillion US dollars in 2010. However, not all of this investment is distributed evenly by gender. It follows, arguably, that scarce research resources may not be optimally invested (by either not supporting the best science or by failing to investigate topics that benefit women and men equitably). Women across the world tend to be significantly underrepresented in research both as researchers and research participants, receive less research funding, and appear less frequently than men as authors on research publications. There is also some evidence that women are relatively disadvantaged as the beneficiaries of research, in terms of its health, societal and economic impacts. Historical gender biases may have created a path dependency that means that the research system and the impacts of research are biased towards male researchers and male beneficiaries, making it inherently difficult (though not impossible) to eliminate gender bias. In this commentary, we – a group of scholars and practitioners from Africa, America, Asia and Europe – argue that gender-sensitive research impact assessment could become a force for good in moving science policy and practice towards gender equity. Research impact assessment is the multidisciplinary field of scientific inquiry that examines the research process to maximise scientific, societal and economic returns on investment in research. It encompasses many theoretical and methodological approaches that can be used to investigate gender bias and recommend actions for change to maximise research impact. We offer a set of recommendations to research funders, research institutions and research evaluators who conduct impact assessment on how to include and strengthen analysis of gender equity in research impact assessment and issue a global call for action.
Viele Initiativen und Programme zielen darauf, die Mobilität von Arbeitskräften zu stärken. Der gemeinsame Europäische Arbeitsmarkt ist bislang eher ein politischer Wunsch, denn gelebte Realität: Weniger als 10 Prozent der Erwerbstätigen arbeiten nicht in ihrem Herkunftsland. Insbesondere junge Menschen bewegen sich von Ost nach West oder von Süd nach Nord – meistens mit dem Ziel, die eigene ökonomische Situation zu verbessern. Der Anteil der Tagespendler ist dagegen mit knapp 24 Prozent deutlich höher. Neben einem höheren Einkommen lockt die Erwerbstätigen auch ein Mangel an passfähigen Arbeitsplätzen am Wohnort in die Nachbarregionen.
This paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading. A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized. Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers. Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact. The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the energy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer policy. Information about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers. Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption
Wenn am 30. April 2011 der beschränkte Arbeitsmarkt für Personen aus den neuen EU-Beitrittsländern aufgehoben wird, wird dies auch neue Freiheiten für die etwa 100 000 illegal beschäftigten Haushaltshilfen aus Osteuropa bedeuten, die zurzeit alte Menschen in Deutschland betreuen. Vermutlich werden Privathaushalte als Arbeitsplatz deutlich unattraktiver gegenüber Tätigkeiten in der Gastronomie und im Einzelhandel. Frankreich bekommt diese Situation besser in den Griff, wie die ersten Ergebnisse eines EU-Projekts zeigen, das von Wissenschaftlern des Instituts für Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Kultur (IWAK) koordiniert wird.
Migranten sind in Deutschland weniger in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert als ihre deutschen Mitbürger; daran haben auch Integrationsprogramme der vergangenen Jahre wenig geändert. Warum schlagen diese so häufig fehl? Es mangelt politischen Entscheidern und kommunalen Verwaltungen oft an passgenau aufbereiteten Hintergrundinformationen, um Fördermaßnahmen erfolgreich umsetzen zu können. Der »Hessische Monitor Arbeitsmarkt und Migration« (HeMonA), entwickelt vom Institut für Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Kultur (IWAK), setzt an diesem Punkt an, sorgt mit seinem webbasierten nutzerorientierten Informationssystem für mehr Transparenz zur Situation von Migranten auf kommunalen Arbeitsmärkten und hilft damit, deren Integration zu verbessern.