Cornelia Goethe Centrum für Frauenstudien und die Erforschung der Geschlechterverhältnisse (CGC)
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This paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading. A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized. Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers. Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact. The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the energy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer policy. Information about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers. Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption
In ihrem Buch "Cultivating Humanity" formuliert Martha Nussbaum folgenden Appell: "(…) die Welt um uns herum ist unausweichlich international. Themen vom Handel bis zur Landwirtschaft – über die Menschenrechte bis hin zu der Linderung von Hungersnöten – fordern uns dazu heraus, den Blick über eng gefasste Gruppenloyalitäten hinaus zu wagen und weit entfernte Lebenswirklichkeiten zu berücksichtigen. (…) Die Kultivierung unserer Menschlichkeit in einer komplexen und ineinander verflochtenen Welt, bedarf eines Verständnisses über die Art und Weise in der gemeinsame Bedürfnisse und Ziele in unterschiedlichen Lebensverhältnissen je verschieden identifiziert und verfolgt werden" (1997, 10). Diese Forderung, die das liberale westliche Individuum dazu aufruft, sich angesichts zunehmender globaler Interdependenzen für Belange verantwortlich zu zeigen, die über das jeweilige Eigeninteresse hinausgehen, erscheint auf den ersten Blick als ein überaus lobenswertes Unternehmen.
Gleichheit und Freiheit
(2013)
Ute Gerhard unterstreicht, dass das Recht auf Gleichheit, die Anerkennung der Menschen als Gleiche, bei aller Anerkennung gleicher Freiheit immer erst der Konkretisierung oder einer Verständigung darüber bedarf, wie viel Gleichheit oder in welcher Hinsicht Gleichheit herzustellen ist. Laut Ulrike Ackermann ist Ungleichheit Ausdruck von sozialer Differenzierung und Bedingung für Vielfalt und damit Innovationskraft für gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt. Für Jasper von Altenbockum besteht die Herausforderung der Freiheit im Widerstreit zwischen Dezentralisierung und Zentralisierung; zwar werde gerne die befreiende Kraft des Kleinteiligen beschworen, doch am Ende siege die Nivellierung der Provinz (Anm. d. Red.).
Über Freiheit und Gleichheit
(2013)
Considering migration to be a gendered experience, in this article, I focus on the gender-specific processes of cultural production and tradition-building in the context of migration and pose the following questions: What happens to gendered biographies in a migration context? What role does gender play with respect to the rupture, renewal, or building of traditions in migration processes? Drawing on the basic assumption that "gender fundamentally organizes the social relations and structures," which in turn shapes the processes of migration (cf. Curran, 2006, 199), I make use of the concept of gender defined as an accomplishment, as a performance in daily interaction practices:
When we view gender as an accomplishment, an achieved property of situated conduct, our attention shifts from matters internal to the individual, and focuses on interactional and, ultimately, institutional arenas. (West et al., 1987, 126)
D2.1. provides further elaboration of the original research design and informs about ideas for the final Volume II of bEUcitizen. It is closely connected to task 1 of work package 2: specifying various concrete tasks for the different work packages and formulating overarching questions suitable to provide substantive cohesion and integration of the overall project. The elaboration of 10 crosscutting topics (to become chapters in the “horizontal” book, D2.3.) is a first step towards this goal. Discussing these cross-cutting topics is supposed to feed, infuse and inspire the work done in the different work packages and to build cross-cutting connections between them. Themes 1-10 merge into a valuable overview of the multi-faceted research on (EU) citizenship. They access the main issues of EU-citizenship and citizenship in general from different angles and different disciplines. Taken together these contributions help to identify barriers towards EU citizenship and ways to overcome them. Each Theme formulates questions how it might feed and be fed by further information and findings in the other work packages.
D2.1. is mainly meant for internal use. Its functions are firstly to inform about preliminary ideas, eventual contributions to planned final results and secondly to make out some more of less specific guiding questions that connect the work done by the single researchers in every different work package to the project as a whole. This task implies a normative yardstick, a clear picture of what would be a "good" EU citizenship practice. Elaborating on such a normative yardstick is a meta-topic that cuts across the range of cross-cutting topics presented in this working paper.
With the Open Conference "Being a Citizen in Europe" in Zagreb (Croatia, 29-30 June 2015) external scholars were invited to connect to the bEUcitizen-project and to explore theoretical foundations and political as well as practical realities of today’s European citizenship. The structuring idea was to highlight potential core barriers towards EU citizenship and to do so by way of conceptual discussions as well as empirical analyses mapping a variety of citizenship practices in the EU. This was reflected in four thematic streams gathering contributions from both external and bEUcitizen researchers. The streams reflected on different kinds of barriers, conceptual and practical ones. They revolve around the normative promise of citizenship, the diversity of practices and possible paths of future development.
While stream 1 reflected on the dynamic of (re)configuring citizenship as a bounded or unbounded concept, stream 2 applied a comparative perspective on the diversity of rights-based citizenship practices. Stream 3 addressed the political dimension of EU-Citizenship and discussed a lack of citizenship participation as a farreaching barrier as well as possible remedies. Finally, stream 4 focused on linguistic diversity and the difficulties it creates regarding the conceptual and practical dimension of EU-citizenship. Taken together the contributions lucidly reflect the variety of disciplines cooperating in the bEUcitizen-project and their different points of view on EU-citizenship.
The crucial lesson from the contributions to the Open Conference for the theoretical task of WP 2 and the bEUcitizen-project more generally is that without conceptual clarity about the meaning of EU-citizenship the task of identifying practical barriers and evaluating the latter’s effects remains ambivalent. A shared understanding of the meaning of a (future) EU citizenship is still missing. What shall EU citizenship be or become: a fully-fledged democratic citizenship or a market-citizenship, bundling certain rights implied by the internal market freedoms? This undecided question is at the core of the debate on EU citizenship. In order to prevent citizens from turning their backs on the EU a public contestation of our understanding of the EU is needed. European democracy à venir requires an ongoing public debate about what European integration is all about and where it should lead us to – even and especially when there is no consensus about it.
Wie sieht die Zukunft der Wertschöpfung aus? Lässt sich eine "Demokratisierung" der Wertschöpfung beobachten? Befinden wir uns inmitten eines Paradigmenwechsels von der Industriellen Produktion hin zur Bottom-up-Ökonomie? Und wenn ja, was bedeutet das für die Gesellschaft?
Um diese Fragen aus verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Perspektiven zu betrachten und gemeinschaftlich die damit zusammenhängenden gesellschaftlichen Chancen und Herausforderungen zu diskutieren, wurde das neue Konferenzformat "Interdisziplinäre Konferenz zur Zukunft der Wertschöpfung" geschaffen. Neben dem themenübergreifenden fachlichen Austausch ist auch die Vernetzung zwischen Wissenschaftlern/innen und Experten aus der Praxis ein Ziel dieser Reihe.
Der vorliegende Konferenzband beinhaltet die Beiträge der teilnehmenden Wissenschaftlicher/innen aus den Technik-, Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Rechtswissenschaften und gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen Forschungsschwerpunkte in den jeweiligen Fachgebieten. Die akademische Qualitätssicherung erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Peer-Review-Verfahrens. ...
This is a brief in the bEUcitizen policy brief series. The bEUcitizen project - funded by the European Union - set out to identify, investigate, discuss, and ameliorate the barriers to the active use of rights (and knowledge of duties, the concomitant to rights, in so far as there are any) by European citizens. The project aimed to provide a comparative overview and classification of the various barriers to the exercise of the rights and obligations of European Union citizens in the member states. Simultaneously, the project analysed whether and how such barriers can be overcome and the future opportunities and challenges the European Union and its member states face to further develop the idea and reality of European Union citizenship.
Drawing on research conducted during the project, this policy brief discusses the problems preventing European Union citizens from becoming active political citizens. European citizenship as active political citizenship has been underdeveloped from the start and is currently under strong pressure. Over time, European Union citizens seem to have lost enthusiasm for the European political process: Voter turnout in European Parliament elections decreased from 61,99% in 1979 to 42,61% in 2014. Attempts to transform elections for the European Parliament into a meaningful decision about the policies and the personnel of European institutions have been ineffective so far in two ways: On the one hand, they did not raise more interest in European affairs; on the other hand, and even more problematically, the "Spitzenkandidaten"-experiment was overshadowed by the power struggle between national leaders and the European Parliament.
Although similar tendencies towards decreasing voter turnout can be observed in national elections, the trend of fading popular support is particularly alarming at the European Union level. It threatens to undermine the legitimacy and functionality of the European Union, thus jeopardizing the entire integration process. Institutions without support cannot last. The European Union provokes a rather negative political reaction among its citizens and populist activism is challenging its policies and the integration process more broadly. The Brexit decision expresses this problem in an ideal-typical form: Europe-friendly citizens do not use their right to vote while anti-European activism brings citizens to the ballot box. Concerned with this passivity as well as with the activism mobilised by anti-European populism, Europe-friendly observers and actors see a major opportunity for the European Union to strengthen the European Parliament as the core institution of a European representative democracy.
Das Private ist politisch! – 68 war der Slogan eine auf Ganze gerichtete Perspektive der Kritik und ein Impuls für die Revolutionierung des Alltagslebens: Es ging bei den Diskussionen und Analysen um die "Weltherrschaft des Kapitals" und den Zusammenhang von Faschismus und Kapitalismus immer zugleich um die Manifestationen von Herrschaft und Unterdrückung in den Kapillaren des Alltäg lichen. In den Blick gerieten dabei nicht zuletzt die Autoritätsstrukturen der bürgerlichen Familie und damit die (im Sinne marxistischer Gesellschaftsanalyse) sogenannte "Nebenwidersprüche" des Privaten: das Verhältnis der Geschlechter, Fragen von Liebe und Sexualität, Kindererziehung, Eigentumsfragen und Besitzdenken. Der Slogan wurde darüber hinaus zum Leitspruch der Frauenbewegung, die vor Augen führt, wie politisch das Private gerade in Fragen von Nachwuchs und Alltagsorganisation ist. ...