Leibniz-Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung, Berlin
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Editorial
(2023)
Das Forum Interdisziplinäre Begriffsgeschichte hat in seiner zwölfjährigen Geschichte immer wieder Begriffe an der Schnittstelle von Biologie sowie Gesellschaft und Kultur, insbesondere aber solche des ökologischen Diskurses thematisiert. [...] Das vorliegende, von der Slawistin Tatjana Petzer (Universität Graz) als Gastherausgeberin gestaltete Schwerpunktthema "Ecology in Eastern European Terminology" lässt sich als Fortsetzung dieser Thematiken verstehen. Die Beiträge verdeutlichen, wie Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler osteuropäischer Länder und der Sowjetunion, die oftmals zunächst im engen Kontakt mit westeuropäischen Wissenschaftsentwicklungen standen, aufgrund der späteren, vor allem im Kalten Krieg forcierten Abkoppelung eigenständige Terminologien und Konzepte entwickelten, deren Zusammenhang mit westlichen Ideen dadurch verdeckt waren, und doch mitunter auch wieder auf sie zurückwirkten. Viele der behandelten interdisziplinären Begriffe (Biogeochemie, Biogeozönose, Metabolismus, Regulation oder Geocryologie) thematisieren den heute so intensiv diskutierten Zusammenhang zwischen Ökologie und Geologie.
The Soviet Union is remembered as a lab for socioeconomic changes on larges scales and environmental catastrophes: the Chernobyl disaster, the Aral Sea tragedy, and ecocide. However, little is known about the groundbreaking concepts and theories of Russian and early Soviet science which laid the foundation for systemic ecological thinking, environmental consciousness for nature conservation, and corresponding initiatives of the revolutionary years after 1917. The isolation of Eastern Europe that came as a result of Stalinism and the Cold War led to Soviet science developing its own scientific approaches and terminology during the 20th century. This does not only include ideological constructions and practices such as the pseudo-scientific Lysenkoism which outlawed genetics and led to disastrous effects on agriculture, the people, and the scientific community. Soviet science has also managed to continue and unfold the new concepts and interdisciplinary dynamics of the ecological turn on the threshold of the 20th century, a development which, at that time, was only sporadically noted in the West. In the context of its thematic focus on Eastern European ecological terminology, this issue discusses a selection of these concepts.
Metabolism has long served as a broad organizing concept in Russian and Soviet culture for the exchange of material and energy between organisms and their environment. The Russian term 'obmen veshchestv', literally meaning "exchange of substances", semantically ranges beyond the Latinate 'metabolizm' (metabolism) and provides a framework for reflecting on bodies and material objects as open systems engaged in a constant process of transformation. 'Obmen veshchestv' appears in public discourse in mid-19th century Russia as a calque from the German term 'Stoffwechsel' (or 'Wechsel der Materie'). Its usage in Russia reflects the enduring influence of German science. In this entry, I will explore the development and expansion of this concept of material and energy exchange between organisms and their environment in Russia and the Soviet Union. In the course of a century, metabolism migrated from discussions of plant nutrition into physiology, thermodynamics, and ultimately into the Soviet practice of state economic planning. This entry will therefore pay particular attention to the early Soviet period when existing debates on metabolism took on new urgency as tools for praxis on every scale, from the body of the individual worker to humanity's future collective management of planetary material and energy flows.