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How does social class affect people’s goals in social interactions? A rank-based perspective suggests actors from higher social classes (compared to lower social classes) have more agentic and less communal goals when interacting with same class or unspecified others. Focusing on targets’ social class, an identity-based perspective suggests the reverse: Actors should more strongly endorse communal (agentic) goals toward illegitimately lower class (higher class) compared to illegitimately higher class (lower class) targets, regardless of actors’ own social class. Three preregistered experiments (N = 2,023) manipulated actor’s social class and the nature of the target (illegitimately higher/lower class, same class, unspecified) and measured participants’ goals in imagined interactions using the Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals. The identity-based perspective received strong support: Across studies, actors expressed stronger agentic (communal) goals toward higher class (lower class) targets. The rank-based perspective received limited support, with relatively low-class (vs. relatively high-class) actors expressing stronger communal goals toward same-class targets.
Bindung bildet in der Erforschung langfristiger psychosozialer Entwicklung ein zentrales Konstrukt. In Bezug auf die Phase der mittleren Kindheit liegt dabei jedoch oft eine eingeschränkte Forschungsperspektive vor: dem Konzept der Monotropie folgend, wird trotz des wachsenden sozialen Umfelds allein Eltern eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit in ihrer Rolle als Bindungsfiguren zugeordnet. Zudem fehlen Studien jenseits westlich-europäischer Entwicklungsverläufe. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die explorative Erforschung der transkulturellen Spannbreite und der kontextspezifischen Adaptivität in der Auswahl und Funktionalität von Bindungsfiguren der mittleren Kindheit. Dazu werden Daten in zwei ökokulturell gegensätzlichen Settings erhoben, um kontextspezifische und globale Trends betrachten zu können.
Zunächst erfolgt eine ethnologische Annäherung an die frühste Kindheit im kamerunischen Setting der Nseh entlang des Tragetuchs als zentralem Care-Objekt. Diese offenbart eine symbiotische Beziehungsgestaltung, aber auch strenge Regeln des Aufbaus und der Abgrenzung im geteilten Care-System.
Anschließend wird eine methodische Strategie zur Erforschung der mittleren Kindheit entwickelt, die eine Netzwerkperspektive beinhaltet und der kindlichen Wahrnehmung folgt. Dabei werden teilnehmende Beobachtungen mit Photo Elicitation Interviews verbunden, um das vollständige Kollektiv der Bindungsfiguren zu identifizieren und in ihren soziostrukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften zu charakterisieren. Indem das Setting zum inhärenten Teil der Datenerhebung wird, werden dabei adaptive Prozesse zugänglich.
In Umsetzungen dieser kontextualisierend explorativen Strategie bei den kamerunischen Nseh und im deutschen Bad Nauheim werden die Bindungsnetzwerke der mittleren Kindheit erfasst und in ihrer Adaptivität diskutiert. Der Kontrastvergleich offenbart, dass die Kinder der Nseh im Vergleich zu den Kindern aus Bad Nauheim in der Altersstruktur vielfältigere, räumlich enger begrenzte und zeitlich stabilere Netzwerke beschreiben. In beiden Settings identifizieren die Kinder eine Aufteilung der inhaltlich-funktionelle Verantwortlichkeiten, die bei den Nseh gemäß den Altersgruppen verläuft.
Insgesamt zeichnet sich für die mittlere Kindheit ein komplexes Bindungsumfeld ab. Dabei verbinden sich settingspezifische Kindheitsbedingungen mit globalen Entwicklungsthemen. Das mehrdimensionale kindliche Sicherheitsgefühl kann auf die Wirkung eines Kollektivs an Bindungsfiguren zurückgeführt werden, zu dem kontextunabhängig in einem bedeutsamen Ausmaß auch Peers gehören.
Cultural psychology assumes that the ecocultural conditions of a particular setting shape children’s pathways, resulting in multiple adaptive solutions to universal developmental tasks. While the adaptivity of attachment and children’s psychosocial development during the early years has been thoroughly investigated, attachment research during middle childhood continues to reflect Western ideals of family. Adhering to ideas of monotropy, most studies only focus on parental attachment figures. However, this restricted empirical perspective does not only result in a Eurocentric bias, it also neglects theoretical reflections on the growing complexity of attachment during middle childhood, thus only considering a limited selection of all individuals contributing to the children’s feeling of security, even in Western settings. To investigate the variability and adaptivity of attachment during middle childhood, this study assessed children’s attachment figures in two extreme settings of development, introducing an exhaustive network perspective on attachment during this developmental stage. Children of the Cameroonian Nseh (N = 11) and German children from Bad Nauheim (N = 11) identified and differentiated all individuals contributing to their attachment need in an exploratory and transdisciplinary approach. The socio-structural composition of children’s attachment networks follows the context-specific systems of care and concepts of interconnectedness and the ecological features of each setting, resulting in marked differences between both contexts. The functional composition, however, reflects children’s preoccupation with similar developmental challenges across settings. Same-aged peers contribute to the children’s feeling of safety in both settings, thereby deviating from previous reflections on their subordinate relevance during middle childhood. Overall, these results support the adaptiveness of children’s attachment patterns while also demonstrating universal trends across contexts. They highlight the collective nature of attachment during middle childhood that exceeds the impact of individual dyads. Thus, broad and context-sensitive research strategies become a necessary addition to attachment research in order to generate an exhaustive understanding for children’s development across cultural contexts.
Using photo elicitation to introduce a network perspective on attachment during middle childhood
(2018)
In this article, we develop a child-centered network approach to attachment during middle childhood. Following monotropic ideas, current attachment research focuses on parental attachment figures despite the expansion of the children’s social environment during middle childhood, failing to generate a comprehensive and structured overview of all individuals who ensure the children’s feeling of safety. Relying on quantitative methods, these studies are also dominated by an adult perspective, limiting the children’s contributions. While there have been theoretical drafts of attachment networks during childhood, this article constitutes the first practical implementation. Using photo elicitation interviews and participant observations, we developed an innovative assessment strategy that allows children to exhaustively identify and characterize all their attachment figures on sociostructural and functional dimensions, thus positioning the children at the center of their comprehensive attachment networks that collectively contribute to their feeling of security. We combine qualitative and quantitative data to assess the children’s own understanding of their feeling of security and to locate the individual attachment figure on context-specific social dimensions, thus making the research setting, a clan in Cameroon, an inherent part of the methodological development. The data are translated into multidimensional network diagrams to visualize the children’s perception of their attachment environment and the emerging patterns of their selection. We present an exemplary network, supplementing it with observational data to discuss the ecological validity of our approach.
Der Beitrag besteht aus Cassins Zitatsammlung, die ihrem Versuch zugrunde liegt, die Psychoanalyse, ausgehend von der antiken, von Aristoteles und Platon gleichermaßen bekämpften Sophistik, zu denken. Dabei werden vor allem die Spuren herausgearbeitet, die die Sophistik im Werk Jacques Lacans hinterlassen hat. In spielerischer Weise wird die Sophistik aus dem Schatten der aristotelischen Metaphysik hervorgeholt und die Psychoanalyse, insbesondere diejenige Lacan'scher Prägung, als radikale Setzung auf die Wirkung des Buchstabens in neuem Licht dargestellt.
Extrakt
(2018)
Object recognition is such an everyday task it seems almost mundane. We look at the spaces around us and name things seemingly effortlessly. Yet understanding how the process of object recognition unfolds is a great challenge to vision science. Models derived from abstract stimuli have little predictive power for the way people explore "naturalistic" scenes and the objects in them. Naturalistic here refers to unaltered photographs of real scenes. This thesis therefore focusses on the process of recognition of the objects in such naturalistic scenes. People can, for instance, find objects in scenes much more efficiently than models derived from abstract stimuli would predict. To explain this kind of behavior, we describe scenes not solely in terms of physical characteristics (colors, contrasts, lines, orientations, etc.) but by the meaning of the whole scene (kitchen, street, bathroom, etc.) and of the objects within the scene (oven, fire hydrant, soap, etc.). Object recognition now refers to the process of the visual system assigning meaning to the object.
The relationship between objects in a naturalistic scene is far from random. Objects do not typically float in mid-air and cannot take up the same physical space. Moreover, certain scenes typically contain certain objects. A fire hydrant in the kitchen would seem like an anomaly to the average observer. These "rules" can be described as the "grammar" of the scene. Scene grammar is involved in multiple aspects of scene- and object perception. There is, for instance, evidence that overall scene category influences identification of individual objects. Typically, experiments that directly target object recognition do not involve eye movements and studies that involve eye movements are not directly aimed at object recognition, but at gaze allocation. But eye movements are abundant in everyday life, they happen roughly 4 times per second. Here we therefore present two studies that use eye movements to investigate when object recognition takes place while people move their eyes from object to object in a scene. The third study is aimed at the application of novel methods for analyzing data from combined eye movement and neurophysiology (EEG) measurements.
One way to study object perception is to violate the grammar of a scene by placing an object in a scene it does not typically occur in and measuring how long people look at the so-called semantic inconsistency, compared to an object that one would expect in the given scene. Typically, people look at semantic inconsistencies longer and more often, signaling that it requires extra processing. In Study 1 we make use of this behavior to ask whether object recognition still happens when it is not necessary for the task. We designed a search task that made it unnecessary to register object identities. Still, participants looked at the inconsistent objects longer than consistent objects, signaling they did indeed process object and scene identities. Interestingly, the inconsistent objects were not remembered better than the consistent ones. We conclude that object and scene identities (their semantics) are processed in an obligatory fashion; when people are involved in a task that does not require it. In Study 2, we investigate more closely when the first signs of object semantic processing are visible while people make eye movements.
Although the finding that semantic inconsistencies are looked at longer and more often has been replicated often, many of these replications look at gaze duration over a whole trial. The question when during a trial differences between consistencies occur, has yielded mixed results. Some studies only report effects of semantic consistency that accumulate over whole trials, whereas others report influences already on the duration of the very first fixations on inconsistent objects. In study 2 we argue that prior studies reporting first fixation duration may have suffered from methodological shortcomings, such as low trial- and sample sizes, in addition to the use of non-robust statistics and data descriptions. We show that a subset of fixations may be influenced more than others (as is indicated by more skewed fixation duration distributions). Further analyses show that the relationship between the effect of object semantics on fixation durations and its effect on oft replicated cumulative measures is not straightforward (fixation duration distributions do not predict dwell effects) but the effect on both measures may be related in a different way. Possibly, the processing of object meaning unfolds over multiple fixations, only when one fixation does not suffice. However, it would be very valuable to be able to study how processing continues, after a fixation ends.
Study 3 aims to make such a measure possible by combining EEG recordings with eye tracking measurements. Difficulties in analyzing eye tracking–EEG data exist because neural responses vary with different eye movements characteristics. Moreover, fixations follow one another in short succession, causing neural responses to each fixation to overlap in time. These issues make the well-established approach of averaging single trial EEG data into ERPs problematic. As an alternative, we propose the use of multiple regression, explicitly modelling both temporal overlap and eye movement parameters. In Study 3 we show that such a method successfully estimates the influence of covariates it is meant to control for. Moreover, we discuss and explore what additional covariates may be modeled and in what way, in order to obtain confound-free estimates of EEG differences between conditions. One important finding is that stimulus properties of physically variable stimuli such as complex scenes, can influence EEG signals and deserve close consideration during experimental design or modelling efforts. Overall, the method compares favorably to averaging methods.
From the studies in this thesis, we directly learn that object recognition is a process that happens in an obligatory fashion, when the task does not require it. We also learn that only a subset of first fixations to objects are affected by the processing of object meaning and its fit to its surroundings. Comparison between first fixation and first dwell effects suggest that, in active vision, object semantics processing sometimes unfolds over multiple fixations. And finally, we learn that regression-based methods for combined eye tracking-EEG analysis provide a plausible way forward for investigating how object recognition unfolds in active vision.
Anfang April 1884 entdeckte Freud im "Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften" eine Rezension zu einem kurzen Aufsatz Theodor Aschenbrandts. Aschenbrandts Artikel war vier Monate zuvor in der "Deutschen Medicinischen Wochenschrift" erschienen und stellte einen in Europa noch weitgehend unbekannten Wirkstoff vor, an dessen Erforschung nun Sigmund Freud erhebliche Zukunftshoffnungen knüpfte.
Aschenbrandt hatte in seiner Studie vom 12. Dezember 1883 in der "Medicinischen Wochenschrift" während einer Waffenübung eines bayerischen Armeekorps den Soldaten Kokain verabreicht und dabei eine beträchtliche Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit, insbesondere der Marschfähigkeit unter erschwerten Bedingungen, sowie länger ausbleibende Erschöpfung durch Nahrungs- und Schlafentzug festgestellt. Das weckte das Interesse Freuds, der 1884 als schlecht bezahlter Assistenzarzt des Wiener Allgemeinen Krankenhauses ein verstärktes Interesse daran hatte, sich durch wissenschaftliche Forschungen einen Namen zu machen
Interest in time-resolved connectivity in fMRI has grown rapidly in recent years. The most widely used technique for studying connectivity changes over time utilizes a sliding windows approach. There has been some debate about the utility of shorter versus longer windows, the use of fixed versus adaptive windows, as well as whether observed resting state dynamics during wakefulness may be predominantly due to changes in sleep state and subject head motion. In this work we use an independent component analysis (ICA)-based pipeline applied to concurrent EEG/fMRI data collected during wakefulness and various sleep stages and show: 1) connectivity states obtained from clustering sliding windowed correlations of resting state functional network time courses well classify the sleep states obtained from EEG data, 2) using shorter sliding windows instead of longer non-overlapping windows improves the ability to capture transition dynamics even at windows as short as 30 seconds, 3) motion appears to be mostly associated with one of the states rather than spread across all of them 4) a fixed tapered sliding window approach outperforms an adaptive dynamic conditional correlation approach, and 5) consistent with prior EEG/fMRI work, we identify evidence of multiple states within the wakeful condition which are able to be classified with high accuracy. Classification of wakeful only states suggest the presence of time-varying changes in connectivity in fMRI data beyond sleep state or motion. Results also inform about advantageous technical choices, and the identification of different clusters within wakefulness that are separable suggest further studies in this direction.