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Cortical tracking of stimulus features (such as the envelope) is a crucial tractable neural mechanism, allowing us to investigate how we process continuous music. We here tested whether cortical and behavioural tracking of beat, typically related to rhythm processing, are modulated by pitch predictability. In two experiments (n=20, n=52), participants’ ability to tap along to the beat of musical sequences was measured for tonal (high pitch predictability) and atonal (low pitch predictability) music. In Experiment 1, we additionally measured participants’ EEG and analysed cortical tracking of the acoustic envelope and of pitch surprisal (using IDyOM). In both experiments, finger-tapping performance was better in the tonal than the atonal condition, indicating a positive effect of pitch predictability on behavioural rhythm processing. Neural data revealed that the acoustic envelope was tracked stronger while listening to atonal than tonal music, potentially reflecting listeners’ violated pitch expectations. Our findings show that cortical envelope tracking, beyond reflecting musical rhythm processing, is modulated by pitch predictability (as well as musical expertise and enjoyment). Stronger cortical surprisal tracking was linked to overall worse envelope tracking, and worse finger-tapping performance for atonal music. Specifically, the low pitch predictability in atonal music seems to draw attentional resources resulting in a reduced ability to follow the rhythm behaviourally. Overall, cortical envelope and surprisal tracking were differentially related to behaviour in tonal and atonal music, likely reflecting differential processing under conditions of high and low predictability. Taken together, our results show diverse effects of pitch predictability on musical rhythm processing.
DNA methylation profiles of aggressive behavior may capture lifetime cumulative effects of genetic, stochastic, and environmental influences associated with aggression. Here, we report the first large meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of aggressive behavior (N = 15,324 participants). In peripheral blood samples of 14,434 participants from 18 cohorts with mean ages ranging from 7 to 68 years, 13 methylation sites were significantly associated with aggression (alpha = 1.2 × 10−7; Bonferroni correction). In cord blood samples of 2425 children from five cohorts with aggression assessed at mean ages ranging from 4 to 7 years, 83% of these sites showed the same direction of association with childhood aggression (r = 0.74, p = 0.006) but no epigenome-wide significant sites were found. Top-sites (48 at a false discovery rate of 5% in the peripheral blood meta-analysis or in a combined meta-analysis of peripheral blood and cord blood) have been associated with chemical exposures, smoking, cognition, metabolic traits, and genetic variation (mQTLs). Three genes whose expression levels were associated with top-sites were previously linked to schizophrenia and general risk tolerance. At six CpGs, DNA methylation variation in blood mirrors variation in the brain. On average 44% (range = 3–82%) of the aggression–methylation association was explained by current and former smoking and BMI. These findings point at loci that are sensitive to chemical exposures with potential implications for neuronal functions. We hope these results to be a starting point for studies leading to applications as peripheral biomarkers and to reveal causal relationships with aggression and related traits.
The compulsive habit of cars
(2014)
The car dependence of people living in contemporary cities is a major concern for policy makers, who often find it difficult to persuade people into more sustainable transport modes. By contrast, recent insights from neuroscience have shown that a broad spectrum of behaviors can become habitual and, thus, resistant to change. Here, we outline the potential of collaboration between neuroscience and human geography aiming at a better understanding of habits that determine everyday commuting routines.
Mnemonic but not contextual feedback signals defy dedifferentiation in the aging early visual cortex
(2024)
Perception is an intricate interplay between feedforward visual input and internally generated feedback signals that comprise concurrent contextual and time-distant mnemonic (episodic and semantic) information. Yet, an unresolved question is how the composition of feedback signals changes across the lifespan and to what extent feedback signals undergo age-related dedifferentiation, that is, a decline in neural specificity. Previous research on this topic has focused on feedforward perceptual representation and episodic memory reinstatement, suggesting reduced fidelity of neural representations at the item and category levels. In this fMRI study, we combined an occlusion paradigm that filters feedforward input to the visual cortex and multivariate analysis techniques to investigate the information content in cortical feedback, focusing on age-related differences in its composition. We further asked to what extent differentiation in feedback signals (in the occluded region) is correlated to differentiation in feedforward signals. Comparing younger (18–30 years) and older female and male adults (65–75 years), we found that contextual but not mnemonic feedback was prone to age-related dedifferentiation. Semantic feedback signals were even better differentiated in older adults, highlighting the growing importance of generalized knowledge across ages. We also found that differentiation in feedforward signals was correlated with differentiation in episodic but not semantic feedback signals. Our results provide evidence for age-related adjustments in the composition of feedback signals and underscore the importance of examining dedifferentiation in aging for both feedforward and feedback processing.
Generating predictions about environmental regularities, relying on these predictions, and updating these predictions when there is a violation from incoming sensory evidence are considered crucial functions of our cognitive system for being adaptive in the future. The violation of a prediction can result in a prediction error (PE) which affects subsequent memory processing. In our preregistered studies, we examined the effects of different levels of PE on episodic memory. Participants were asked to generate predictions about the associations between sequentially presented cue-target pairs, which were violated later with individual items in three PE levels, namely low, medium, and high PE. Hereafter, participants were asked to provide old/new judgments on the items with confidence ratings, and to retrieve the paired cues. Our results indicated a better recognition memory for low PE than medium and high PE levels, suggesting a memory congruency effect. On the other hand, there was no evidence of memory benefit for high PE level. Together, these novel and coherent findings strongly suggest that high PE does not guarantee better memory.
A remarkable part of children’ s development and education happens in educational institutions. Acoustic environments in these institutions are usually highly complex and noisy, hence it is demanding to identify relevant target speakers and to ignore irrelevant sounds. Previous research has analyzed auditory selective attention in adults, both in dichotic and binaural listening environments. Until now, there is little knowledge of auditory selective attention in children. In the present work, the original paradigm was adapted by using a task suited for children which included child-oriented elements. Further, the subject’s anthropometric sizes were considered for an aurally-accurate reproduction of the acoustic scene. Twenty-four adults and twenty-four children participated in an experiment on auditory selective attention. Noise and noise-free conditions and various target-distractor distributions in the room were analyzed among others. The result of this experiment revealed significant differences between adults and children, especially in the way auditory attention was influenced by noise.
Highlights
• Short- and long-delay memory consolidation is less robust in children than in young adults.
• Short-delay brain profile comprised of hippocampal, cerebellar, and neocortical brain regions.
• Long-delay brain profile comprised of neocortical and selected hippocampal brain regions.
• Brain profiles differ between children and young adults.
Abstract
From early to middle childhood, brain regions that underlie memory consolidation undergo profound maturational changes. However, there is little empirical investigation that directly relates age-related differences in brain structural measures to memory consolidation processes. The present study examined memory consolidation of intentionally studied object-location associations after one night of sleep (short delay) and after two weeks (long delay) in normally developing 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 50) and young adults (n = 39). Behavioural differences in memory retention rate were related to structural brain measures. Our results showed that children, in comparison to young adults, retained correctly learnt object-location associations less robustly over short and long delay. Moreover, using partial least squares correlation method, a unique multivariate profile comprised of specific neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), cerebellar, and hippocampal head and subfield structures in the body was found to be associated with variation in short-delay memory retention. A different multivariate profile comprised of a reduced set of brain structures, mainly consisting of neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), hippocampal head, and selective hippocampal subfield structures (CA1–2 and subiculum) was associated with variation in long-delay memory retention. Taken together, the results suggest that multivariate structural pattern of unique sets of brain regions are related to variations in short- and long-delay memory consolidation across children and young adults.
From early to middle childhood, brain regions that underlie memory consolidation undergo profound maturational changes. However, there is little empirical investigation that directly relates age-related differences in brain structural measures to the memory consolidation processes. The present study examined system-level memory consolidations of intentionally studied object-location associations after one night of sleep (short delay) and after two weeks (long delay) in normally developing 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 50) and young adults (n = 39). Behavioural differences in memory consolidation were related to structural brain measures. Our results showed that children, in comparison to young adults, consolidate correctly learnt object-location associations less robustly over short and long delay. Moreover, using partial least squares correlation method, a unique multivariate profile comprised of specific neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), cerebellar, and hippocampal subfield structures was found to be associated with variation in short-delay memory consolidation. A different multivariate profile comprised of a reduced set of brain structures, mainly consisting of neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), and selective hippocampal subfield structures (CA1-2 and subiculum) was associated with variation in long-delay memory consolidation. Taken together, the results suggest that multivariate structural pattern of unique sets of brain regions are related to variations in short- and long-delay memory consolidation across children and young adults.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
* Short- and long-delay memory consolidation is less robust in children than in young adults
* Short-delay brain profile comprised of hippocampal, cerebellar, and neocortical brain regions
* Long-delay brain profile comprised of neocortical and selected hippocampal brain regions.
* Brain profiles differ between children and young adults.
From early to middle childhood, brain regions that underlie memory consolidation undergo profound maturational changes. However, there is little empirical investigation that directly relates age-related differences in brain structural measures to the memory consolidation processes. The present study examined system-level memory consolidations of intentionally studied object-location associations after one night of sleep (short delay) and after two weeks (long delay) in normally developing 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 50) and young adults (n = 39). Behavioural differences in memory consolidation were related to structural brain measures. Our results showed that children, in comparison to young adults, consolidate correctly learnt object-location associations less robustly over short and long delay. Moreover, using partial least squares correlation method, a unique multivariate profile comprised of specific neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), cerebellar, and hippocampal subfield structures was found to be associated with variation in short-delay memory consolidation. A different multivariate profile comprised of a reduced set of brain structures, mainly consisting of neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), and selective hippocampal subfield structures (CA1-2 and subiculum) was associated with variation in long-delay memory consolidation. Taken together, the results suggest that multivariate structural pattern of unique sets of brain regions are related to variations in short- and long-delay memory consolidation across children and young adults.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Short- and long-delay memory consolidation is less robust in children than in young adults
* Short-delay brain profile comprised of hippocampal, cerebellar, and neocortical brain regions
* Long-delay brain profile comprised of neocortical and selected hippocampal brain regions.
* Brain profiles differ between children and young adults.
Childhood is a period when memory consolidation and knowledge base undergo rapid changes. The present study examined short-delay (overnight) and long-delay (after a 2-week period) consolidation of new information either congruent or incongruent with prior knowledge in typically developing 6- to 8-year-old children (n = 32), 9- to 11-year-old children (n = 33), and 18- to 30-year-old young adults (YA; n = 39). Both memory accessibility (cued recall of objects) and precision (precision of object placement) of initially well-learned object–scene pairs were measured. Our results showed that overnight, memory accessibility declined similarly in all age groups; memory precision improved more in younger children (YC) compared to older children (OC) and even declined in YA. After a 2-week period, both memory accessibility and precision became worse. Specifically, while age groups showed similar decline in memory accessibility, precision decline was less in YC than in OC and YA. The accessibility and precision of congruent and incongruent information changed similarly with consolidation in all age groups. Taken together, our results showed that, for initially well-learned information, YC have robust memory consolidation, despite their overall lower mnemonic performance compared to OC and YA, which is potentially crucial for stable and precise knowledge accumulation early on in development.
Preparing auditory task switching in a task with overlapping and non-overlapping response sets
(2023)
We used a variant of cued auditory task switching to investigate task preparation and its relation to response-set overlap. Previous studies found increased interference with overlapping response sets across tasks relative to non-overlapping motor response sets. In the present experiments, participants classified either pitch or loudness of a simple tone as low or high, hence, both tasks were constructed around common underlying integrated semantic categories ranging from low to high. Manual responses overlapped in both category and modality for both tasks in Experiment 1A, whereas each task was related to a specific response category and response modality (manual vs. vocal) in Experiment 1B. Focusing on the manual responses in both experiments, the data showed that non-overlapping response sets (Experiment 1B) resulted in a decreased congruency effect, suggesting reduced response-based crosstalk and thus better task shielding, but at the same time switch costs were increased, suggesting less efficient switching between task sets. Moreover, varying preparation time (cue-stimulus interval, CSI) showed that long CSI led to better performance overall. Our results thus suggest that when non-overlapping response sets share common semantic categories across tasks, there is no general benefit over overlapping response sets.
The role of response set overlap for flexibility and cognitive control in auditory multitasking
(2022)
Highlights
• We introduced a new variant of auditory task-switching.
• Motor response set overlap was varied systematically across two experiments.
• Switch costs and congruency effects were similar for manual and vocal responses.
• Switch costs were not reduced with reduced motor response set overlap.
• We dissociated effects of motor response modality from motor response set overlap.
Abstract
We developed a new variant of auditory task-switching in order to systematically investigate shifting and cognitive control in auditory task-switching and their relation to motor response overlap in a comprehensive way. In two experiments, participants classified either pitch or loudness of a simple tone as either low or high, hence, both tasks were constructed around a common underlying dimension ranging from low to high. In Experiment 1, response sets overlapped in both category and motor modality (both manual), whereas each task was related to a specific response category and motor response modality (manual vs. vocal) in Experiment 2. The data revealed reliable switch costs that were, contrary to our expectations, not reduced with reduced response set overlap. In addition, we found reliable congruency effects and their sequential modulation in both experiments with manual as well as vocal responses, and in the absence of competing motor activation (i.e., without motor response overlap). Congruency effects after auditory task switches were smaller when response sets did not overlap. Our data thus provides an important empirical generalization of known effects to auditory stimuli as well as with both manual and vocal responses. In addition, we demonstrated that reduced congruency effects after switches for non-overlapping response sets were due to the extent of overlap between different response sets in task-switching.
Memory consolidation tends to be less robust in childhood than adulthood. However, little is known about the corresponding functional differences in the developing brain that may underlie age-related differences in retention of memories over time. This study examined system-level memory consolidation of object-scene associations after learning (immediate delay), one night of sleep (short delay), as well as two weeks (long delay) in 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 49) and in young adults (n = 39), as a reference group with mature consolidation systems. Particularly, we characterized how functional neural activation and reinstatement of neural patterns change over time, assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with representational similarity analysis (RSA). Our results showed that memory consolidation in children was less robust and strong (i.e., more forgetting) compared to young adults. Contrasting correctly retained remote versus recent memories across time delay, children showed less upregulation in posterior parahippocampal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and cerebellum than adults. In addition, both children and adults showed decrease in scene-specific neural reinstatement over time, indicating time-related decay of detailed differentiated memories. At the same time, we observed more generic gist-like neural reinstatement in medial-temporal and prefrontal brain regions uniquely in children, indicating qualitative difference in memory trace in children. Taken together, 5-to-7-year-old children, compared to young adults, show less robust memory consolidation, possibly due to difficulties in engaging in differentiated neural reinstatement in neocortical mnemonic regions during retrieval of remote memories, coupled with relying more on gist-like generic neural reinstatement.
Memory consolidation tends to be less robust in childhood than adulthood. However, little is known about the corresponding functional differences in the developing brain that may underlie age-related differences in retention of memories over time. This study examined system-level memory consolidation of object-scene associations after learning (immediate delay), one night of sleep (short delay), as well as two weeks (long delay) in 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 49) and in young adults (n = 39), as a reference group with mature consolidation systems. Particularly, we characterized how functional neural activation and reinstatement of neural patterns change over time, assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with representational (dis)similarity analysis (RSA). Our results showed that memory consolidation in children was less robust (i.e., more forgetting) compared to young adults. For correctly retained remote memories, young adults showed increased neural activation from short to long delay in neocortical (parietal, prefrontal and occipital) and cerebellar brain regions, while children showed increased neural activation in prefrontal and decrease in neural activity in parietal brain regions over time. In addition, there was an overall attenuated scene-specific memory reinstatement of neural patterns in children compared to young adults. At the same time, we observed category-based reinstatement in medial-temporal, neocortical (prefrontal and parietal), and cerebellar brain regions only in children. Taken together, 5-to-7-year-old children, compared to young adults, show less robust memory consolidation, possibly due to difficulties in engaging in differentiated neural reinstatement in neocortical mnemonic regions during retrieval of remote memories, coupled with relying more on gist-like, category-based neural reinstatement.
Background: Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD), which is tailored to treat adults with PTSD and co-occurring emotion regulation difficulties, has already demonstrated its efficacy, acceptance and safety in an inpatient treatment setting. It combines elements of DBT with trauma-focused cognitive behavioural interventions.
Objective: To investigate the feasibility, acceptance and safety of DBT-PTSD in an outpatient treatment setting by therapists who were novice to the treatment, we treated 21 female patients suffering from PTSD following childhood sexual abuse (CSA) plus difficulties in emotion regulation in an uncontrolled clinical trial.
Method: The Clinician Administered PTSD Symptom Scale (CAPS), the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Borderline Section of the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23) were used as primary outcomes. For secondary outcomes, depression and dissociation were assessed. Assessments were administered at pretreatment, post-treatment and six-week follow-up.
Results: Improvement was significant for PTSD as well as for borderline personality symptomatology, with large pretreatment to follow-up effect sizes for completers based on the CAPS (Cohens d = 1.30), DTS (d = 1.50), IPDE (d = 1.60) and BSL-23 (d = 1.20).
Conclusion: The outcome suggests that outpatient DBT-PTSD can safely be used to reduce PTSD symptoms and comorbid psychopathology in adults who have experienced CSA.
Objectives: To investigate whether citizens’ adherence to health-protective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is predicted by identity leadership, wherein leaders are perceived to create a sense of shared national identity.
Design: Observational two-wave study. Hypotheses testing was conducted with structural equation modelling.
Setting: Data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Germany, Israel and the USA in April/May 2020 and four weeks later.
Participants: Adults in China (n=548, 66.6% women), Germany (n=182, 78% women), Israel (n=198, 51.0% women) and the USA (n=108, 58.3% women).
Measures: Identity leadership (assessed by the four-item Identity Leadership Inventory Short-Form) at Time 1, perceived shared national identification (PSNI; assessed with four items) and adherence to health-protective NPIs (assessed with 10 items that describe different health-protective interventions; for example, wearing face masks) at Time 2.
Results: Identity leadership was positively associated with PSNI (95% CI0.11 to 0.30, p<0.001) in all countries. This, in turn, was related to more adherence to health-protective NPIs in all countries (95% CI 0.03 to 0.36, 0.001≤p≤0.017) except Israel (95% CI−0.03 to 0.27, p=0.119). In Germany, the more people saw Chancellor Merkel as engaging in identity leadership, the more they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI 0.04 to 0.18, p=0.002). In the USA, in contrast, the more people perceived President Trump as engaging in identity leadership, the less they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI−0.17 to −0.04, p=0.002).
Conclusions: National leaders can make a difference by promoting a sense of shared identity among their citizens because people are more inclined to follow health-protective NPIs to the extent that they feel part of a united ‘us’. However, the content of identity leadership (perceptions of what it means to be a nation’s citizen) is essential, because this can also encourage people to disregard such recommendations.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines interaktionalen Simulationsmodells zum späteren Einsatz in der VR-Simulation Clasivir 2.0 (Classroom Simulator in Virtual Reality), welche in der Lehrkräftebildung eingesetzt werden soll. Das Clasivir-Simulationsmodell wurde im Rahmen eines Prototyps implementiert und zwei anderen Simulationsmodellen in einem Fragebogen entgegengestellt. Ein Simulationsmodell beschreibt im Kontext einer digitalen Schulunterrichtssimulation, wie sich SuS in der Simulation verhalten.
Die drei Simulationsmodelle wurden über zwei unterschiedliche Typen von Video-Visualisierungen, genannt Mockup-Videos, dargestellt: Zum einen über eine 2D-Darstellung aus Vogelperspektive, zum anderen über eine 3D-Darstellung, in welcher 3D-Modelle von SuS animiert wurden. Bei dem realen Simulationsmodell handelt es sich um eine Übertragung einer authentischen Videoaufzeichnung von Unterricht einer hessischen Realschule in 2D/3D-Visualisierungen. Im randomisierten Simulationsmodell führen SuS ihre Verhalten zufällig aus. Alle Modelle basieren auf zweisekündigen Intervallen. Im Falle des realen Simulationsmodells wurde dies durch Analyse aller beobachtbaren einundzwanzig SuS gewonnen, im Falle des Clasivir-Simulationsmodells wurden die Vorhersagen des Simulationsmodells übertragen. Das Simulationsmodell von Clasivir basiert auf behavior trees, stellt eine Art von künstlicher Intelligenz dar und modelliert das SuS-Verhalten größtenteils in Abhängigkeit von Lehrkrafthandlungen. Die Entwicklung des interaktionalen Simulationsmodells von Clasivir ist eine Kernkomponente dieser Arbeit. Das Simulationsmodell basiert auf empirischen Ergebnissen aus den Bereichen der Psychometrie, der pädagogischen Psychologie, der Pädagogik und Ergebnissen der Simulations-/KI-Forschung. Ziel war die Entwicklung eines Modells, das nicht nur auf normativen Vorhersagen basiert, sondern empirisch und theoretisch valide ist. Nur wenige Simulationsmodelle in Unterrichtssimulationen werden mit dieser Art von Transparenz beschrieben, was eines der Alleinstellungsmerkmale dieser Arbeit ist. Es wurden Anstrengungen unternommen die vorliegenden empirischen Ergebnisse in einen kausalen Zusammenhang zu bringen, der mathematisch modelliert wurde. Im Zentrum steht die Konzentration von SuS, welche Ein uss auf Stör-, Melde- und Antwortverhalten hat. Diese Variable wird durch andere situative und personenbezogene Variablen (im Sinne von traits) ergänzt. Wo keine direkten empirischen Ergebnisse vorlagen wurde versucht plausibles Verhalten anhand der Übertragung von Konzeptionsmodellen zu gewinnen.
Da die bisherige Verwendung der angrenzenden Begriffe rund um die Simulationsentwicklung bislang sehr inkonsistent war, wurde es notwendig diese Termini zu definieren. Hervorzuheben ist die Entwicklung einer Taxonomie digitaler Unterrichtssimulationen, die so bislang nicht existierte. Anhand dieser Taxonomie und der erarbeiteten Fachtermini wurden Simulationen in der Lehrkräftebildung auf ihre Modellierung des Simulationsmodells hin untersucht. Die Untersuchung der Simulationen simSchool und VCS war, da sie einen verwandten Ansatz zu Clasvir verfolgen, besonders ergiebig.
Nach der Generierung der Mockup-Videos wurden N=105 Studierende, N=102 davon Lehramtsstudierende, aufgefordert, in einem Online-Fragebogen zwei der Simulationsmodelle miteinander zu vergleichen. Lehramtsstudierende wurden ausgewählt, da sie die Zielgruppe der Simulation sind. Welche Modelle die Partizipantinnen verglichen, war abhängig von der Gruppe der sie zugeteilt wurden. Hierbei wurde neben den Simulationsmodellen auch die visuelle Darstellung variiert. Insbesondere wurden die Partizipantinnen darum gebeten, den Fidelitätsgrad des Simulationsmodells, also den Maßstab, wie realistisch die Partizipantinnen das Verhalten der SuS in der Simulation fanden, zu bewerten. Inferenzstatistisch bestätigte sich, dass Partizipantinnen keinen Unterschied zwischen dem realen Simulationsmodell und dem Clasivir-Simulationsmodell erkennen konnten (t=1.463, df=178.9, p=.1452), aber das randomisierte Simulationsmodell mit einer moderaten Effektstärke von d=.634 als signifikant schlechter einschätzten (t=-2.5231, df=33.581, p=.008271). Die Art der Darbietung (2D oder 3D) hatte keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Schwierigkeit der Bewertung (z=1.2426, p=.107). Damit kann festgestellt werden, dass eine komplexe und zeitintensive 3D-Visualisierung eines Simulationsmodells bei noch nicht vorliegender Simulation nicht erforderlich ist. Das Clasivir-Simulationsmodell wird als realistisch wahrgenommen. Es kann damit empfohlen werden, es in der VR-Simulation zu verwenden.
Im Ausblick werden bereits während des Schreibens der Arbeit gemachte Entwicklungen beschrieben und Konzepte zum weiteren Einsatz der Ergebnisse entwickelt. Es wird darauf verwiesen, dass eine erste Version eines VR-Simulators entwickelt wurde (Clasivir 1.0), der jedoch rein deterministisch funktioniert und noch nicht das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Simulationsmodell inkludiert.
Efficient processing of visual environment necessitates the integration of incoming sensory evidence with concurrent contextual inputs and mnemonic content from our past experiences. To delineate how this integration takes place in the brain, we studied modulations of feedback neural patterns in non-stimulated areas of the early visual cortex in humans (i.e., V1 and V2). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate pattern analysis, we show that both, concurrent contextual and time-distant mnemonic information, coexist in V1/V2 as feedback signals. The extent to which mnemonic information is reinstated in V1/V2 depends on whether the information is retrieved episodically or semantically. These results demonstrate that our stream of visual experience contains not just information from the visual surrounding, but also memory-based predictions internally generated in the brain.
Systemic therapy considers the complex dynamics of relational factors and resources contributing to psychological symptoms. Negative maintaining factors have been well researched for people suffering from Alcohol-use Disorders (AUD). However, we know little about the complex dynamics of these negative factors and resources. We interviewed fifty-five participants suffering or fully remitted from Alcohol-use disorders in this cross-sectional study (M = 52 years; 33% female). The interviews focused on relational factors (e.g., social support and social negativity) referring to a Support Social Network and a Craving Social Network (CSN). The CSN included all significant others who were associated with craving situations. We compared the network characteristics of the group suffering from Alcohol-use Disorders (n = 38) to a fully remitted control group (n = 17). The abstinent group with full remission named on average fewer individuals in the CSNs. They had lower social negativity mean scores in the Support Social Network compared to the non-remitted group (d = 0.74). In the CSN, the mean scores of social support were significantly higher than the median for both groups (d = 2.50). These findings reveal the complex interplay of relational patterns contributing to the etiology, maintenance, and recovery from Alcohol-use disorders. A successful recovery can be linked to increased social resources and reduced relations associated with craving. However, craving-associated relations represent an important source of social support. Future research should investigate this ambivalence for the systemic perspective on the explanation and treatment of Alcohol-use disorders.
Cultural and biographical influences on the expression of emotions manifest themselves in so-called “display rules.” These rules determine the time, intensity, and situations in which an emotion is expressed. To date, only a small number of empirical studies deal with this transformation of how migrants, who are faced with a new culture, may change their emotional expression. The present, cross-sectional study focuses on changes in anger expression as part of a complex acculturation process among Iranian migrants. To this end, Iranian citizens in Iran (n = 61), German citizens (n = 61), and Iranian migrants in Germany (n = 60) were compared in terms of anger expression behavior and acculturation strategy (assimilation, separation, integration, marginalization) was assessed among the migrants, using the Frankfurt Acculturation Scale (FRACC). A questionnaire developed in a preliminary study was used to measure anger expression via subjective anger experience and anger expression within 16 hypothetical situations. Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) revealed that Iranians and Iranian migrants reported higher anger experience ratings than Germans and directed their anger more often inward (anger-in). Further findings suggest that transformation processes may have affected Iranian migrants in terms of suppressed anger (anger-in): Iranian migrants with a higher orientation toward German culture reported lower average anger-in scores. These results suggest that there was different emotional expression among Iranian migrants, depending on their acculturation. The results provide new insight into socio-cultural and individual adjustment processes.