150 Psychologie
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Institute
- Psychologie (415)
- Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften (145)
- Medizin (98)
- Ernst Strüngmann Institut (57)
- MPI für Hirnforschung (55)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (40)
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Zur Integration der Freudschen Psychoanalyse in die Programmatik einer Theorie der Bildungsprozesse
(1975)
Rumination im Alltag : Inhalte, Verlauf, Vorhersage und klinische Aspekte gedanklicher Bewältigung
(2004)
Unerwünschte wiederkehrende Gedanken - gewissermaßen gedankliches Wiederkäuen - werden auch als Rumination bezeichnet. Rumination kann harmlose Selbsterinnerung an noch zu erledigende Aufgaben beinhalten, aber auch bis hin zu klinisch bedeutsamen Symptomen reichen. Entsprechend gilt Rumination je nach theoretischem Ansatz beispielsweise als instrumentell im Dienste der Zielerreichung (Martin & Tesser, 1996a; 1996b) oder als maladaptive Bewältigung von dysphorischer oder depressiver Verstimmung (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; 1996). Da in den meisten bislang vorliegenden Studien jedoch entweder indirekte Indikatoren für Rumination oder aber Fragebögen zur Ruminationsneigung verwendet wurden, lagen ökologisch valide Daten zur spontan auftretenden Rumination im Alltag bislang kaum vor. Hierzu haben wir vier Studien durchgeführt. In der ersten Studie wurde das Ruminationsverhalten von N = 46 Studienanfängern mittels der aus Alltagsbewältigungsforschung und Therapie bekannten strukturierten Tagebücher untersucht. Der Anteil ruminativer Strategien an der Bewältigung negativer Alltagsereignisse lag je nach zugrundeliegender Ruminationsdefinition bei 28 bis 33%. Zur Vorhersage aktueller Rumination wurden aus den Ruminationstheorien von Martin und Tesser (1996a; 1996b) sowie Nolen-Hoeksema (1991; 1996) Hypothesenmodelle abgeleitet. Ein von uns vorgeschlagenes drittes Hypothesenmodell berücksichtigte mit Appraisal aus dem Bewältigungsmodell von Lazarus (1991; 1993) auch ein kognitives Element. Hierarchisch lineare Datenanalysen ergaben theoriekonforme Belege für die Bedeutung von Zielen und Dysphorie in der aktuellen, spontanen Rumination. Die beste Varianzerklärung gelang jedoch unter Einbeziehen des Appraisal im dritten Hypothesenmodell. Dieses Modell ließ sich anhand der Daten aus Studie II replizieren. Außerdem wurden bei den N = 72 Studienanfängern der zweiten Studie zusätzlich Dauer, Inhalte und Beurteilung des Nachdenkens erfasst und im Hinblick auf theoretische Grundannahmen diskutiert. In Studie III wurde die Bewältigung bei N = 54 Opfern eines Wohnungseinbruches untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich nach 4 Wochen erwartungsgemäß ein Nachlassen der Rumination über den Einbruch bei gleichzeitiger Normalisierung des subjektiven Wohlbefindens. Die Befunde dieser drei Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Rumination eine bei gesunden Normalpersonen häufig eingesetzte alltägliche Bewältigungsstrategie ist. Trotz ihrer Zusammenhänge mit Dysphorie lassen sich keine längerfristig maladaptive Folgen der Rumination, wie Nolen-Hoeksema (1991; 1996) sie postuliert, nachweisen. Kognitive Ereignisbeurteilungen haben einen größeren Einfluss auf die Alltagsrumination als die in der Theorie von Martin und Tesser (1996a; 1996b) ins Zentrum gerückten Ziele. Die Angemessenheit der Ruminationsmodelle für die Alltagsrumination wird diskutiert. Studie IV schließlich untersuchte die Rumination von N = 50 stationär behandelten AlkoholEntgiftungspatienten. Hinsichtlich Dauer und Bewertung des Nachdenkens unterschieden sich die Patienten deutlich von den Studenten aus Studie II. Nach einem Katamnesezeitraum von 3 Monaten ließ sich bei den abstinent gebliebenen Patienten eine ähnliche Verringerung von Ruminationsneigung, Depressivität und negativem Befinden nachweisen, wie sie Hoyer, Heidenreich und Fecht (2000) bei langzeittherapierten Alkoholpatienten gefunden hatten. Die später abstinent bleibenden Patienten zeichneten sich zudem - gemessen an den weiter oder wieder Alkohol konsumierenden Patienten - bereits am Ende des Klinikaufenthaltes durch eine „kritischere“ Einstellung zum eigenen Nachdenken aus. Die explorative, prospektive Regressionsanalyse auf das Kriterium Abstinenz ergab, dass von Parametern der Rumination eine fast ebenso hohe Varianzerklärung ausging wie von „harten“ krankheitsbezogenen Daten. Hohe Ruminationsneigung sowie eine positive Einstellung zur aktuellen Rumination sind demnach prognostische Faktoren, die einen fortgesetzten Alkoholkonsum fördern. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf therapeutische Implikationen diskutiert.
Soziale Konflikte am Arbeitsplatz stellen Stressoren dar, die ihren Ursprung in den sozialen Beziehungen haben. Als eine Extremform sozialer Stressoren wird Mobbing am Arbeitsplatz verstanden, das durch drangsalierende, schikanöse oder gezielt benachteiligende Handlungen gekennzeichnet ist. Während aufgrund retrospektiver Befragungen von zumeist ehemals von Mobbing betroffenen Personen zahlreiche Forschungsergebnisse vorliegen, wurden die aktuell erlebten sozialen Konflikte und Mobbinggeschehnisse am Arbeitsplatz, deren verschiedene beschreibende als auch bewertungs- und emotionsbezogene Charakteristika, deren unterschiedliche Bewältigung sowie deren unmittelbare Konsequenzen zeitnah zu deren Erleben insbesondere über einen längeren Zeitraum noch nicht näher betrachtet. Von dieser Feststellung ausgehend konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf die Erfassung aktueller Informationen zu den interessierenden Aspekten von sozialen Konflikten und Mobbing am Arbeitsplatz, deren Analyse sowie den Vergleich von Mobbingbetroffenen als auch Nichtbetroffenen. Zur Erhebung entsprechender Daten wurde eine intervallkontingente, ereignisbasierte Tagebuchstudie mit Vorab- und Nachbefragung konzipiert. An der siebenmonatigen Studie mit zwei jeweils 20 Arbeitstage umfassenden Erhebungszeiträumen nahmen 50 Mobbingbetroffene und 65 Nichtbetroffene teil. Insgesamt wurde eine Rücklaufquote von 78.79% erreicht und ein umfangreiches, erlebensnahes Datenmaterial erhoben. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse belegen, dass Mobbingbetroffene im Vergleich zu Nichtbetroffenen am Arbeitsplatz und im Privatleben insgesamt häufiger und intensivere soziale Konflikte erleben. Zudem belegen die Ergebnisse, dass die von den Mobbingbetroffenen erlebten sozialen Konflikte durch andere bewertungsbezogene Charakteristika gekennzeichnet sind als die der Nichtbetroffenen. Aufgrund dessen beurteilen die Mobbingbetroffenen die von ihnen erlebten Konflikte am Arbeitsplatz als nichtkontrollierbar sowie kaum bewältigbar, nehmen diese als durch eine Schädigungsabsicht geleitete Handlungen wahr und reagieren auf die von ihnen erlebten Konflikte mit stärkeren unangenehmen und geringer ausgeprägten angenehmen Emotionen. Auch setzen die Mobbingbetroffenen, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der geringeren manageability der von ihnen erlebten Konflikte, zu deren Bewältigung andere Strategien ein, vor allem weniger aktive Problemlösung und mehr Vermeidungsverhalten. Zudem erhalten Mobbingbetroffene am Arbeitsplatz weniger soziale Unterstützung. Mobbingbetroffene berichten im Rahmen der von ihnen erlebten sozialen Konflikte am Arbeitsplatz überwiegend andere unmittelbare Konsequenzen als Nichtbetroffene und es gelingt ihnen im Sinne eines mangelhaften unwinding weniger, ihre während des Konflikts erlebten emotionalen Reaktionen bis zum Abend hin angemessen zu verarbeiten. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse in die bestehende Befundlage der aktuellen Forschung eingeordnet. Zudem wurden die Grenzen der vorliegenden empirischen Untersuchung als auch deren Mehrwert kritisch diskutiert und gewürdigt. Abschließend wurden die Kernaspekte der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst und ein Ausblick auf weitere Forschungsarbeiten gegeben.
Sozial kompetente Personen sind in der Lage, zwischenmenschliche Interaktionen zu analysieren und zielorientiert zu agieren, während sie gleichzeitig die Interessen ihrer Interaktionspartner berücksichtigen. Sozial kompetente Personen verfügen demnach über perzeptive Fähigkeiten sowie behaviorale Fertigkeiten. Diese auf Thorndike (1920) zurückgehende Definition weist Soziale Kompetenz als leistungsbezogene Persönlichkeitsvariable aus. Förderlich sollte sie sich insbesondere im Umgang mit interpersonellen Stressoren auswirken: Sozial kompetenten Personen sollte es per definitionem gelingen, den Verlauf interpersoneller Konflikte konstruktiv zu beeinflussen. Tatsache ist, dass soziale Konflikte zudem selbst-regulatorische Fähigkeiten verlangen, da nicht nur die negativen Emotionen der Konfliktpartner, sondern auch persönliche aversive Gefühle bewältigt werden müssen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob Soziale Kompetenz implizit auch selbstregulative Kompetenzen im Umgang mit negativen Emotionen umfasst. Diese Fragestellung wurde an N = 124 Arbeitnehmern verschiedener Branchen untersucht. Nach einer performanzorientierten Diagnose Sozialer Kompetenz mit Hilfe eines computergestützten Multimedia-Tests (lnteraktives System zur Identifikation Sozialer Kompetenzen, ISIS 2.0; Runde, Bastians, Kluge & Wübbelmann, 1999) sowie der Erhebung von Selbstkonzept- und habitueller Affektivitäts-Variablen per Fragebogen protokollierten die Teilnehmer in einer anschließenden vierwöchigen Untersuchungsphase jeweils am Ende einer Arbeitswoche, wie viele interpersonelle Spannungssituationen sie in den vergangenen Tagen mit Vorgesetzten, Kollegen und/oder Mitarbeitern erlebt und auf welche Weise sie die für sie belastendste Situation bewältigt hatten. Wider Erwarten stand Soziale Kompetenz in positivem Zusammenhang mit defensivem Konfliktverhalten, das durch das Unterdrücken negativer Emotionen, nicht deren Bewältigung gekennzeichnet war. lntegratives Konfliktverhalten, der Prototyp sozial kompetenten Konfliktmanagements, stand hingegen in positivem Zusammenhang mit nicht-leistungsbezogenen Persönlichkeitsvariablen wie statebezogener Positiver Affektivität und Allgemeiner Selbstwirksamkeit. Performanzorientiert gemessene Soziale Kompetenz umfasst demnach die Fähigkeit zur Regulation des Verhaltens, nicht die Fähigkeit zur Regulation eigener Emotionen. Bezüge dieser Ergebnisse zur Emotionsarbeit, insbesondere zu den Auswirkungen emotionaler Dissonanz, werden diskutiert.