400 Sprache
Refine
Year of publication
- 2007 (75)
- 2020 (70)
- 2018 (66)
- 2005 (65)
- 2006 (59)
- 2008 (53)
- 2004 (46)
- 2003 (40)
- 2009 (35)
- 2001 (25)
- 2002 (23)
- 2021 (21)
- 2000 (19)
- 2019 (19)
- 2022 (15)
- 2010 (12)
- 1995 (9)
- 2017 (9)
- 1997 (8)
- 1998 (7)
- 2011 (7)
- 1994 (6)
- 1999 (6)
- 2023 (5)
- 1989 (4)
- 1992 (4)
- 1996 (4)
- 2012 (4)
- 2016 (4)
- 2024 (3)
- 1967 (2)
- 1985 (2)
- 1988 (2)
- 1990 (2)
- 1991 (2)
- 1993 (2)
- 2013 (2)
- 1974 (1)
- 1977 (1)
- 1978 (1)
- 1980 (1)
- 1982 (1)
- 1983 (1)
- 1984 (1)
- 1986 (1)
- 2015 (1)
Document Type
- Article (235)
- Part of a Book (230)
- Preprint (96)
- Conference Proceeding (78)
- Report (30)
- Book (18)
- Doctoral Thesis (18)
- Working Paper (18)
- Part of Periodical (15)
- Bachelor Thesis (3)
Language
- English (746) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (746)
Keywords
- Spracherwerb (43)
- Sprachtest (35)
- Sinotibetische Sprachen (31)
- Deutsch (26)
- Phonetik (25)
- Syntax (25)
- Informationsstruktur (20)
- Semantik (20)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen (15)
- Nominalisierung (14)
- Slawische Sprachen (13)
- focus (13)
- Englisch (12)
- Grammatik (12)
- Indogermanische Sprachen (10)
- Griechisch (9)
- Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammar (9)
- Nungisch (9)
- Chinesisch (8)
- Computerlinguistik (8)
- German (8)
- Kongress (8)
- Lexikologie (8)
- Syntaktische Analyse (8)
- Baltoslawische Sprachen (7)
- Japanisch (7)
- Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (6)
- Morphologie (6)
- Phonologie (6)
- Verb (6)
- Wortstellung (6)
- information structure (6)
- prosody (6)
- syntax (6)
- Japanese (5)
- Kommunikationsanalyse (5)
- Niederländisch (5)
- Optimalitätstheorie (5)
- Qiang-Sprache (5)
- Range Concatenation Grammar (5)
- Retroflex (5)
- Satzanalyse (5)
- Uralische Sprachen (5)
- Zischlaut (5)
- Baltische Sprachen (4)
- Dialog (4)
- Formale Semantik (4)
- Grammatiktheorie (4)
- Litauisch (4)
- Morphologie <Linguistik> (4)
- Soziolinguistik (4)
- Transkription (4)
- Verbalnomen (4)
- alternative semantics (4)
- givenness (4)
- lexical semantics (4)
- relative clauses (4)
- scalar implicature (4)
- topic (4)
- Adjektiv (3)
- Affrikata (3)
- Arabisch (3)
- Belhare (3)
- Bulgarisch (3)
- Diskursanalyse (3)
- Drung (3)
- Französisch (3)
- Generative Transformationsgrammatik (3)
- Hilfsverb (3)
- Inuktitut (3)
- Kompositum (3)
- Kroatisch (3)
- Language (3)
- Morphosyntax (3)
- Perfekt (3)
- Phonology (3)
- Pragmatik (3)
- Prosodie (3)
- Proto-Indo-European (3)
- Präposition (3)
- Rumänisch (3)
- Russisch (3)
- Software (3)
- Sprachkontakt (3)
- Sprachtypologie (3)
- Tagalog (3)
- Thema-Rhema-Gliederung (3)
- Topikalisierung (3)
- Tree Adjoining Grammar (3)
- adverbial quantification (3)
- conjunction (3)
- contrastive focus (3)
- counterfactuals (3)
- focus movement (3)
- intonation (3)
- negation (3)
- pragmatics (3)
- presuppositions (3)
- reconstruction (3)
- sociolinguistics (3)
- tense (3)
- Ableitung <Linguistik> (2)
- Argumentstruktur (2)
- Aymara (2)
- Denominativ (2)
- Erzählen (2)
- Focus (2)
- Frage (2)
- Generative Grammatik (2)
- Grammaires d’Arbres Adjoints (2)
- Herausstellung (2)
- Indogermanisch (2)
- Irisch (2)
- Isländisch (2)
- Kiezdeutsch (2)
- Kiranti (2)
- Kognitionswissenschaft (2)
- Konjugation (2)
- Kontrastive Linguistik (2)
- Konversion <Linguistik> (2)
- Korean (2)
- Koreanisch (2)
- Linguistik (2)
- Lokalbezeichnung (2)
- MCTAG (2)
- Mittelenglisch (2)
- Mosambik (2)
- Mozambique (2)
- Moçambique (2)
- Nominalkompositum (2)
- Palatalisierung (2)
- Philippinen-Austronesisch (2)
- Phrasenkompositum (2)
- Portugiesisch (2)
- Preußisch (2)
- Schweizerdeutsch (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Serbisch (2)
- Spanisch (2)
- Speech (2)
- Sprachliche Universalien (2)
- Sprachstatistik (2)
- Suffix (2)
- Tempus (2)
- Textlinguistik (2)
- Thai (2)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Sinotibetische Sprachen (2)
- Tree Adoining Grammar (2)
- Tree Description Grammar (2)
- Universalgrammatik (2)
- Verben (2)
- Vietnamese (2)
- age of onset (2)
- aspect (2)
- case (2)
- cleft constructions (2)
- comparatives (2)
- contrast (2)
- cyclicity (2)
- definite descriptions (2)
- discourse (2)
- discourse particles (2)
- discourse structure (2)
- domain restriction (2)
- double access (2)
- embedded implicature (2)
- entailment (2)
- focus ambiguity (2)
- focus intonation (2)
- focus types (2)
- grammar (2)
- kinds (2)
- language change (2)
- lexical tone (2)
- maximize presupposition (2)
- morphological focus marking (2)
- multilingualism (2)
- narrative structure (2)
- phonology (2)
- pitch accent (2)
- presupposition (2)
- presupposition projection (2)
- processing (2)
- pronoun (2)
- quantification (2)
- quantifiers (2)
- resumptive pronouns (2)
- scope of focus (2)
- scrambling (2)
- second occurrence focus (2)
- semantics (2)
- speech acts (2)
- speech tagging (2)
- subjectivity (2)
- telicity (2)
- topicalization (2)
- type composition logic (2)
- underspecification (2)
- uniqueness (2)
- wh-question (2)
- word formation (2)
- "Rabbit" tetralogy (1)
- (Morpho)syntactic focus strategy (1)
- (implicit) prosody (1)
- (non-)gradable predicate (1)
- (un)conditionals (1)
- -tari (1)
- -toka (1)
- A Touch of Frost (1)
- Abar- movement (1)
- Abduktion <Logik> (1)
- Acoustics (1)
- Adjective (1)
- Affigierung (1)
- Afrikaans (1)
- Afro-Asiatic (1)
- Agreement attraction (1)
- Aktionsart (1)
- Albanisch (1)
- Algorithmus (1)
- Altaisch (1)
- Alternative Questions (1)
- Alternativfragen (1)
- Alveolar (1)
- Amerikanisches Englisch (1)
- Anatolische Sprachen (1)
- Anlaut (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Antonym (1)
- Aramäisch (1)
- Argumentative theory of reasoning (1)
- Artikulation (1)
- Artikulatorische Phonetik (1)
- Aspekt (1)
- Aspekt <Linguistik> (1)
- Asses (1)
- Aufforderungssatz (1)
- Aufsatzsammlung (1)
- Auslaut (1)
- Austronesian (1)
- Automatentheorie (1)
- Automatische Spracherkennung (1)
- BIOfid (1)
- Bantu (1)
- Bedrohte Sprache (1)
- Belharisch (1)
- Benutzernamen (1)
- Benutzeroberfläche (1)
- Bewegungsverb (1)
- Binding (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Broad focus (1)
- Cantonese (1)
- Chatbot (1)
- Chatten <Kommunikation> (1)
- Chewa (1)
- Chewa-Sprache (1)
- Chichewa (1)
- Chinese (1)
- Chomsky (1)
- Chomsky, Noam (1)
- Christianus C. (1)
- Cimbrian (1)
- Clitic Doubling (1)
- Clitic-Doubling (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cognitive archeology (1)
- Cognitive evolution (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Consecutio temporum (1)
- Contrastive linguistics (1)
- Coreference annotation (1)
- Croatian (1)
- Cryptic Subtexts (1)
- Daqan (1)
- Datenbanksystem (1)
- Datenstruktur (1)
- Deklination (1)
- Description Tree Grammar (1)
- Determinativ (1)
- Dialekt (1)
- Dialektologie (1)
- Dialog Generation (1)
- Discourse (1)
- Discourse analysis (1)
- Distribution <Linguistik> (1)
- Downstep (1)
- Dutch (1)
- Dänisch (1)
- EKoti (1)
- Eastern Armenian (1)
- Edith Wharton (1)
- Edward (1)
- Ehe <Motiv> (1)
- Emotions (1)
- Enatthembo (1)
- English (1)
- Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP) (1)
- Erzählperspektive (1)
- Eskimo (1)
- Estnisch (1)
- Estonian (1)
- European Portuguese (1)
- Everyday language (1)
- Evolution of Language (1)
- Evolutionstheorie (1)
- Eye movements (1)
- F-marking (1)
- Facework (1)
- Fang-Kuei (1)
- Feministische Literaturwissenschaft (1)
- Fictional dialogue (1)
- Flexion (1)
- Focus ambiguity (1)
- Focus marker (1)
- Fokus (1)
- Foodo (1)
- Formale Sprache (1)
- Formalismes syntaxiques (1)
- Frankfurt <Main, 2003> (1)
- Fremdsprache (1)
- Frost at Christmas (1)
- Frühneuenglisch (1)
- Frühneuhochdeutsch (1)
- Futur (1)
- G-marking (1)
- Galician (1)
- Galicisch (1)
- Gemination (1)
- Gender acquisition (1)
- Gender processing (1)
- Gender transparency (1)
- German-Italian bilinguals (1)
- Germanic languages (1)
- Geschehensverb (1)
- Geschlechtergerechte Sprache (1)
- Gesellschaft für Semantik (1)
- Gesprochene Sprache (1)
- Globalization (1)
- Glottalisierung (1)
- Gotisch (1)
- Gradpartikel (1)
- Grammatical doubts (1)
- Grammatical gaps (1)
- Grammatical gender (1)
- Grammatikalität (1)
- Greek (1)
- Greek child speech (1)
- Greek child-directed speech (1)
- Greek language acquisition (1)
- Gur (1)
- Gälisch-Schottisch (1)
- HPSG (1)
- HTP (1)
- Halbī (1)
- Handedness (1)
- Hausa (1)
- Hebräisch (1)
- Henry James (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Hethitisch (1)
- Hindi (1)
- Hirnfunktion (1)
- Historische Sprachwissenschaft (1)
- Historische Syntax (1)
- Hobongan (1)
- Hypertext (1)
- Hypotaxe (1)
- Höflichkeit, Sprachstil (1)
- Ikon (1)
- Indien (1)
- Infinitiv (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Intensionale Logik (1)
- Inter-annotator agreement (1)
- Intervention Effects (1)
- Interventionseffekte (1)
- Intonation (1)
- Intonation <Linguistik> (1)
- Inuit-Sprache (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Italienisch (1)
- Jahrestagung (1)
- Jakutisch (1)
- Jean / Siebenkäs (1)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1)
- John Updike (1)
- Jugendsprache (1)
- Juxtaposition (1)
- Kaaps (1)
- Kaingáng (1)
- Kantonesisch (1)
- Katalanisch (1)
- Kaukasische Sprachen (1)
- Kausativ (1)
- Keltische Sprachen (1)
- Khoisan (1)
- Koartikulation (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Komponentenanalyse <Linguistik> (1)
- Konkomba (1)
- Konstruktion <Linguistik> (1)
- Konstruktionsgrammatik (1)
- Kontrastive Morphologie (1)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (1)
- Koti (1)
- Kutenai (1)
- Kwa-Sprachen (1)
- L1-timing of acquisition (1)
- L2 speech (1)
- LTAG (1)
- Language acquisition (1)
- Language change (1)
- Language ideology (1)
- Large Language Models (1)
- Laryngal (1)
- Lautsymbolik (1)
- Lautwandel (1)
- Lehnwort (1)
- Lerntheorie (1)
- Lexical Resource Semantics (1)
- Lexical Ressource Semantics (1)
- Lexical semantics (1)
- Li (1)
- LiSe-DaZ (1)
- Linguistic morphology (1)
- Literarischer Dialog (1)
- Literary pragmatics (1)
- London <1990> (1)
- Luxemburgisch (1)
- Mandarin (1)
- Mandarin Chinese (1)
- Maschinelle Übersetzung (1)
- MaxElide (1)
- Mediality (1)
- Mediensprache, Fernsehen (1)
- Medium (1)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (1)
- Mehrworteinheit (1)
- Mentalism (1)
- Metatonie (1)
- Methodologie (1)
- Mobile Telekommunikation (1)
- Mohawk (1)
- Mongolisch (1)
- Morphem (1)
- Morphonologie (1)
- Multilingualism (1)
- Multiple Implied Readers (1)
- Multiple Spell-Out (1)
- Mundart (1)
- Mundart Afrikaans <Kapstadt, Region> (1)
- Music perception (1)
- Mythologie (1)
- Mögliche-Welten-Semantik (1)
- N-after-N construction (1)
- NP-deletion (1)
- Named entity recognition (1)
- Narratology (1)
- Nativismus, Linguistik (1)
- Negation (1)
- Negative Polarity Items (1)
- Negativpolaritätselemente (1)
- Neugriechisch (1)
- Niche construction (1)
- Nicknamen (1)
- Niger Delta (1)
- Niwchisch (1)
- Noam (1)
- Nomen actionis (1)
- Norwegisch (1)
- Nullmorphem (1)
- Nyanja (1)
- Nyanja-Sprache (1)
- Obstruent (1)
- Online-Publikation (1)
- Onomastik (1)
- Overabundance (1)
- Palatographie (1)
- Parameter, Linguistik (1)
- Partikelverb (1)
- Partizip (1)
- Passiv (1)
- Pedersen, Holger (1)
- Performance/competence (1)
- Perspektivierung (1)
- Phonemes (1)
- Phonologische Opposition (1)
- Pitch Reset (1)
- Pitch perception (1)
- Plusquamperfekt (1)
- Polabisch (1)
- Polnisch (1)
- Portugiesisch / Brasilien (1)
- Postcolonial and Minority Literature (1)
- Potsdam <2002> (1)
- Potsdam <2004> (1)
- Pragmalinguistik (1)
- Produktivität <Linguistik> (1)
- Psiphänomen (1)
- Q-adverbs (1)
- Quantor (1)
- Question Under Discussion (1)
- Question Under Discussion (QUD) (1)
- Rational agency (1)
- Reflexivpronomen (1)
- Relativsatz (1)
- Romanian (1)
- Romanische Sprachen (1)
- Rule conflicts (1)
- Russennorwegisch (1)
- SDRT (1)
- SYNtax-based Reference Annotation (1)
- Sapir (1)
- Satzanlyse (1)
- Schlegel, Friedrich von (1)
- Schugnī (1)
- Schwedisch (1)
- Scrambling (1)
- Self-Instruct (1)
- Self-paced reading (1)
- Semantic portal (1)
- Semasiologie (1)
- Semiotik (1)
- Semitische Sprachen (1)
- Sentence processing (1)
- Sentence repetition task (1)
- Serbian (1)
- Serbo-Croatian (1)
- Simple Range Concatenation Grammar (1)
- Sinn und Bedeutung (1)
- Skandinavische Sprachen (1)
- Sloppiness (1)
- Slovakisch (1)
- Slovenian (1)
- Slowenisch (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Specialized information service (1)
- Spezifität (1)
- Sprachdaten (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Sprachliches Merkmal (1)
- Sprachlogik (1)
- Sprachphilosophie (1)
- Sprachpurismus (1)
- Sprachtheorie (1)
- Sprachwandel (1)
- Sprechakte (1)
- Spreech Akte (1)
- Statistical dispersion (1)
- Stilistik (1)
- Stimmhaftigkeit (1)
- Stimmlosigkeit (1)
- Stochastik (1)
- Subjekt (1)
- Suchmaschine (1)
- Syllables (1)
- Syntactic complexity (1)
- Syntactic formalisms (1)
- Südafrika (1)
- TUSNELDA (1)
- Tadschikisch (1)
- Tarragona <2008> (1)
- Taxon (1)
- Taylor Swift (1)
- Thematische Relation (1)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Nungisch (1)
- Tiwa (1)
- Tone language (1)
- Tonologie (1)
- Topic/Comment (1)
- Translation (1)
- Transnationalism (1)
- Trantraal, Nathan (1)
- Tree Tuple (1)
- Tree-Adjoining Grammar (1)
- Tungusisch (1)
- Tätigkeitsverb (1)
- Tübingen <2007> (1)
- Türkei (1)
- Türkisch (1)
- Tōrwālī (1)
- Uhlenbeck (1)
- United States (1)
- Unordered Vector Grammar with Dominance Link (1)
- Untranslatability (1)
- Urdu (1)
- Usability (1)
- VP-ellipsis (1)
- Vagueness (1)
- Vedisch (1)
- Verbalisierung (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Vietnamesisch (1)
- Vowels (1)
- W-Fragen (1)
- Weltliteratur (1)
- Westfriesisch (1)
- Wh-Questions (1)
- Wh-question (1)
- Wittgenstein (1)
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1)
- Wolfgang von Kempelen (1)
- Word Sense Disambiguation (1)
- Worldliterature (1)
- Wortbildung (1)
- Wortlänge (1)
- Zahlbegriff (1)
- Zeitbewusstsein (1)
- Zusammenbildung (1)
- Zustandsverb (1)
- academic writing (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessibility (1)
- accounts (1)
- acoustic phonetics (1)
- acquisition (1)
- ad hominem moves (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adjectival antonyms (1)
- adjectives (1)
- adjectives of completeness (1)
- adverbs of frequency (1)
- adverbs of quantity (1)
- affect (1)
- agree (1)
- agreement mismatch (1)
- alignment in communication structural coupling (1)
- allemand (1)
- alternative questions (1)
- alternative semantics presupposition projection (1)
- amounts (1)
- announcements (1)
- anti-logophoricity (1)
- anticausatives (1)
- antilocality (1)
- appositives (1)
- argument dislocation (1)
- argument/adjunct focus (1)
- arousal (1)
- assertion (1)
- assertions (1)
- at-issue content (1)
- atomicity (1)
- attitude reports (1)
- auxiliaries (1)
- auxiliary selection (1)
- background particles (1)
- be (1)
- bias (1)
- bilingual (1)
- bilingual word processing (1)
- bilingualism (1)
- biliteracy (1)
- binding (1)
- breadth of focus (1)
- bridge principles (1)
- brouillage d’arguments (1)
- case hierarchy (1)
- causal dependence (1)
- causal sufficiency (1)
- causality (1)
- causatives (1)
- central vowels (1)
- change of state verb (1)
- change of state verbs (1)
- character viewpoint gestures (1)
- characterisation (1)
- choice functions (1)
- chunk parsing (1)
- classifiers (1)
- cleft (1)
- clefts (1)
- clitic doubling (1)
- clitic syntax (1)
- co-reference (1)
- co-speech gestures (1)
- coercion (1)
- coercions (1)
- coherence relations (1)
- collocation analysis (1)
- common ground (1)
- comparative constructions (1)
- complex speech acts (1)
- compounding (1)
- computational semantics (1)
- concordance analysis (1)
- conditionals (1)
- conjunction modification (1)
- consistency (1)
- contemplation (1)
- continuity (1)
- contrastive topic (1)
- conventional implicatures (1)
- conversation analysis (1)
- conversational implicatures (1)
- cornering (1)
- corpus analysis (1)
- corpus linguistics (1)
- corpus study (1)
- corpus-assisted discourse studies (1)
- correction (1)
- corrective focus (1)
- coréen (1)
- counterfactual (1)
- counteridenticals (1)
- covert variables (1)
- creation predicate (1)
- crime fiction (1)
- critical discourse studies (1)
- crosslinguistic influence (1)
- crosslinguistic semantics (1)
- current language use (1)
- dance semantics (1)
- de dicto (1)
- de-accenting (1)
- decomposition, (1)
- defaults (1)
- definiteness (1)
- definites (1)
- degree achievement (1)
- degrees (1)
- deixis (1)
- deontic modals (1)
- depiction verbs (1)
- desire-identity shift (1)
- determiners (1)
- dialectal variation (1)
- dialogue (1)
- differential verbal comparatives. (1)
- diplomatic transcript (1)
- direct speech representation (1)
- direct vs. indirect causation (1)
- discourse coherence (1)
- discourse expectability (1)
- disjoint reference (1)
- disjunction (1)
- disnarration (1)
- distinctive linguistic features (1)
- distributional semantics (1)
- donkey sentences (1)
- dream reports (1)
- dynamics of controversy (1)
- early Germanic (1)
- early acquired phenomena (1)
- early modern english (1)
- early second language acquisition (1)
- economics (1)
- education in a heritage language (1)
- educational proposals (1)
- ellipsis (1)
- embedded clauses (1)
- embedding (1)
- emphasis (1)
- enough (1)
- epistemic 'modals' (1)
- epistemic indefinites (1)
- epistemic modals (1)
- epp (1)
- ergativity (1)
- error explanation (1)
- euphony (1)
- event semantics (1)
- events (1)
- ever free relatives (1)
- evermore (1)
- evidentiality (1)
- ex-situ focus (1)
- exhaustive identification (1)
- exhaustivity (1)
- experimental linguistics (1)
- experimental pragmatics (1)
- experimental semantics (1)
- experiments (1)
- explicit performatives (1)
- explizite Performative (1)
- extreme nouns (1)
- face-work (1)
- factivity (1)
- familiarity (1)
- features (1)
- felicity conditions (1)
- firsthand experience (1)
- flexible bilingualism (1)
- focus anaphoricity (1)
- focus asymmetries (1)
- focus constructions (1)
- focus copula (1)
- focus marker (1)
- focus marking (1)
- focus meaning (1)
- focus particles (1)
- focus position (1)
- focus type (1)
- folklore (1)
- foregrounding (1)
- formalismes grammaticaux (1)
- frame semantics (1)
- frame theory (1)
- free choice (1)
- free direct speech (1)
- free indirect discourse (1)
- free relatives (1)
- free-choice (1)
- function words (1)
- future (1)
- game–theoretic pragmatics (1)
- gay men (1)
- generic quantifier (1)
- genetic encoding (1)
- german (1)
- gesture (1)
- gestures (1)
- gradable adjectives (1)
- gradience grammar (1)
- grafting (1)
- grammaires d’arbres (1)
- grammar formalism (1)
- grammatical variation (1)
- grammaticality (1)
- grammaticality judgment (1)
- grammaticalization (1)
- habitual (1)
- habituals (1)
- handles (1)
- hard cases (1)
- hard/soft distinction (1)
- have (1)
- hearer perception (1)
- heritage Italian (1)
- heritage language acquisition (1)
- heritage language instruction (1)
- hierarchies (1)
- hierarchy (1)
- high school students (1)
- higher-order quantification (1)
- historical pragmatics (1)
- history (1)
- home language use (1)
- iconic semantics (1)
- idioms (1)
- imperatives (1)
- imperfective (1)
- implicated presupposition (1)
- implicatives (1)
- implicature (1)
- impoliteness (1)
- imposters (1)
- imprecision (1)
- individual variation (1)
- infants (1)
- inferencing task (1)
- infinitives (1)
- informal language learning (1)
- informational focus (1)
- input (1)
- intensional quantifiers (1)
- intensional transitives (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interrogatives (1)
- intervention effect (1)
- intonation (language) (1)
- inversion (1)
- keyword analysis (1)
- kind reference (1)
- knowledge (1)
- language acquisition (1)
- language and sexuality (1)
- language contact (1)
- language dominance (1)
- language ecology (1)
- language ideologies (1)
- language input (1)
- language pedagogy (1)
- language planning (1)
- language policy (1)
- late acquired phenomena (1)
- lexical causative verbs (1)
- lexical representation (1)
- lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (1)
- lexicon (1)
- linear order (1)
- linear word order (1)
- linguistic approaches to dialogue (1)
- linguistic networks graph distance measures (1)
- linguistic repertoires (1)
- linguistics (1)
- local context (1)
- logical form (1)
- long wh-movement (1)
- manner implicature (1)
- manuscript transcription (1)
- maximality (1)
- maximizers (1)
- mediational repertoire (1)
- memory-based learning (1)
- mention-some (1)
- metagrammars (1)
- metalinguistic awareness (1)
- metalinguistic negation (1)
- middle english (1)
- migrants’ language (1)
- miners puzzle (1)
- modal flavor (1)
- modal inferences (1)
- modification (1)
- monotonicity (1)
- mood (1)
- morphological derivation (1)
- movement (1)
- multi-dominance (1)
- multi-ethnolect (1)
- multi-valuation (1)
- multicomponent rewriting (1)
- multimodal analysis (1)
- multiple encoding (1)
- mundane technology use (1)
- mutual information of graphs (1)
- métagrammaires (1)
- nanosyntax (1)
- narrative (1)
- narrative text (1)
- nasal vowels (1)
- natural language metaphysics (1)
- necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) causes (1)
- negative polar questions (1)
- negative polarity item (NPI) (1)
- negative strengthening (1)
- negative-islands (1)
- network model (1)
- newspaper (1)
- nominal concord (1)
- nominal nominal (1)
- non-intersective adjectives (1)
- non-restrictive relative clause (1)
- non-specific transparent (1)
- not-at-issue content (1)
- number agreement (1)
- number construction (1)
- number neutrality (1)
- numerals (1)
- observer viewpoint gestures (1)
- old english (1)
- onomastics (1)
- operator movement (1)
- optional classifiers (1)
- ordinary conversation (1)
- ordre des mots (1)
- overlapping hierarchies (1)
- paradigm uniformity (1)
- parental strategies (1)
- parsing (1)
- partition (1)
- partitives (1)
- passives (1)
- perception (1)
- perception (statement-question matching) (1)
- perfect (1)
- performance (1)
- performative modality (1)
- person agreement (1)
- person splits (1)
- personal narratives (1)
- personal reference (1)
- perspective (1)
- perspective taking (1)
- phase (1)
- phi-features (1)
- phonological status (1)
- phonological word (1)
- physical structure vs. textual structure (1)
- picture semantics (1)
- plurality (1)
- polarity focus (1)
- political speech (1)
- polymedia (1)
- post-focus reduction (1)
- pp modification (1)
- pragmatic enrichment (1)
- pragmatic inference (1)
- predicate focus (1)
- predicates of personal taste (1)
- preference predicates (1)
- prefix (1)
- presentational constructions (1)
- presuppositional implicatures (1)
- priming (1)
- probabilistic theories of causation (1)
- probabilities (1)
- probability (1)
- progressive (1)
- projection (1)
- prominence (1)
- pronoun movement (1)
- pronouns (1)
- properties (1)
- prosodic focus (1)
- prosodic phrasing (1)
- prosodic prominence (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- quantificational variability (1)
- quantifier processing (1)
- quantifier scope (1)
- quantity (1)
- question formation (1)
- reaction time (1)
- reasoning errors (1)
- recursivity (1)
- reduplication (1)
- refugees (1)
- relational adjectives (1)
- relative clause (1)
- relevance theory (1)
- responsive predicates (1)
- restrictive relative clause (1)
- resultative (1)
- rhetorical approaches to dialogue in narrative (1)
- rhetorical relations (1)
- rhyming (1)
- right node raising (1)
- robust parsing (1)
- role labeling (1)
- root classes (1)
- salience (1)
- scalar changes (1)
- scalar diversity (1)
- scalar enrichment (1)
- scalar implicatures (1)
- scalar inferences (1)
- scale structure (1)
- scope (1)
- secondary focus (1)
- section-feature mapping (1)
- self-naming (1)
- semantic types (1)
- semantics annual meeting (1)
- semantics/pragmatics interface (1)
- sentence repetition (1)
- sentence-final particles (1)
- sex-/gender-neutral language (1)
- sexual normativity (1)
- short-term memory (1)
- similarity (1)
- similarity approach (1)
- similarity-based learning (1)
- simplification (1)
- simultaneous bilingual acquisition (1)
- situation variables (1)
- situations (1)
- smartphone-based language practices (1)
- smartphones (1)
- social media (1)
- sociology of language (1)
- songwriting (1)
- specialized vocabulary (1)
- spectatorship (1)
- speech reports (1)
- speeded verification (1)
- spirituality (1)
- split antecedent (1)
- spoken discourse (1)
- standard solution (1)
- stonewall (1)
- stress patterns (1)
- style (1)
- stylistics (1)
- subject inversion (1)
- subject syntax (1)
- subject-only resumption (1)
- subjunctive conditionals (1)
- sufficient (but not necessarily necessary) causes (1)
- syllogisms (1)
- symmetric predicate (1)
- syncretism (1)
- syntactic awareness (1)
- syntactic decomposition (1)
- syntactic focus marking (1)
- syntactic processing (1)
- tag questions (1)
- task performance (1)
- teachers' attitudes (1)
- team teaching (1)
- television drama (1)
- temporal gradation (1)
- temporal limitation (1)
- tense semantics (1)
- terms of address (1)
- textbooks (1)
- theatre (1)
- theory of controversy (1)
- threshold concepts (1)
- time annotation (1)
- timing in acquisition (1)
- timing in monolingual acquisition (1)
- tone (language) (1)
- tone languages (1)
- tones (1)
- too (1)
- topic affixes (1)
- topic markers (1)
- topic-comment (1)
- traces (1)
- translanguaging (1)
- translation (1)
- tree-based grammars (1)
- treebanking (1)
- type shifting (1)
- type-shifting (1)
- typology (1)
- unalternative semantics (1)
- universal presupposition projection (1)
- universal quantifiers (1)
- update semantics (1)
- usernames (1)
- variational linguistics (1)
- verb-initial language (1)
- verb-second (1)
- viewpoint (1)
- visusal representations (1)
- vowel alternation (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- wh-scope (1)
- whinterrogatives (1)
- wide scope indefinites (1)
- wikipedia (1)
- word order (1)
- word order variation (1)
- working memory (1)
- Übersetzung (1)
Institute
Assessing communicative accommodation in the context of large language models : a semiotic approach
(2023)
Recently, significant strides have been made in the ability of transformer-based chatbots to hold natural conversations. However, despite a growing societal and scientific relevancy, there are few frameworks systematically deriving what it means for a chatbot conversation to be natural. The present work approaches this question through the phenomenon of communicative accommodation/interactive alignment. While there is existing research suggesting that humans adapt communicatively to technologies, the aim of this work is to explore the accommodation of AI-chatbots to an interlocutor. Its research interest is twofold: Firstly, the structural ability of the transformer-architecture to support accommodative behavior is assessed using a frame constructed in accordance with existing accommodationtheories.
This results in hypotheses to be tested empirically. Secondly, since effective accommodation produces the same outcomes, regardless of technical implementation, a behavioral experiment is proposed. Existing quantifications of accommodation are reconciled,
extended, and modified to apply them to nonhuman-interlocutors. Thus, a measurement scheme is suggested which evaluates textual data from text-only, double-blind interactions between chatbots and humans, chatbots and chatbots and humans and humans. Using the generated human-to-human convergence data as a reference, the degree of artificial accommodation can be evaluated. Accommodation as a central facet of artificial interactivity can thus be evaluated directly against its theoretical paradigm, i.e. human interaction. In case that subsequent examinations show that chatbots effectively do not accommodate, there may be a new form of algorithmic bias, emerging from the aggregate accommodation towards chatbots but not towards humans. Thus, existing, hegemonic semantics could be cemented through chatbot-learning. Meanwhile, the ability to effectively accommodate would render chatbots vastly more susceptible to misuse.
Sentence repetition tasks (SRTs) have been extensively used as measures of bilinguals’ language abilities. Most studies relied on SRTs in which the target sentences were not connected to each other. However, participants’ performance may differ if these sentences are embedded in discourse, since discourse provides participants with additional cues for sentence comprehension and interpretation. For the present study, we designed a discourse-based SRT, whereby the target sentences were connected to each other in a story. We examined the effect of discourse on bilinguals’ performance in the SRT and investigated whether this effect varied based on the language of administration, bilinguals’ dominance score and type of target structure. We tested 32 Italian-German bilingual children (7–12 years) living in Germany with two SRTs in each language, one with discourse and one without discourse. Participants showed a better performance in the SRTs with discourse, especially in the heritage language (Italian). The effect of discourse was visible across the board with all target structures. On the whole, SRTs with discourse seem to reduce the processing costs associated with lexical retrieval and shifts in scenarios, thus tapping more directly into children's processing abilities, compared to more traditional SRTs. The results are discussed in terms of ecological validity of different assessment instruments.
Most studies on bilingual children's metalinguistic awareness assess metalinguistic awareness using monolingual tasks. This may not reflect how a bilingual's languages dynamically interact with each other in creating metalinguistic representations. We tested 33 Greek–Italian bilingual children (8–11 years) for metalinguistic awareness using acceptability-rating tasks in which they had to judge and explain grammatical errors. The tasks were in monolingual and bilingual modes in order to show how far metalinguistic awareness in Italian benefited from the activation of Greek. The participants exhibited better metalinguistic awareness abilities in Italian in the bilingual acceptability-rating task in which Greek was activated. The benefits of the bilingual mode were visible in the judgment and explanation of errors and were modulated by syntactic processing abilities in Italian, length of exposure to Italian, type of structure, and age. The results show that metalinguistic awareness can be shared across languages. We discuss the pedagogical implications of our findings.
In narratology, a widely recognized method involves exploring the connection between implied authors and implied readers. It entails correlating abstract narrative components within a text to understand the conveyed message and the multitude of interpretations it can offer. The present study adopts an implied reader-oriented approach to analyze three selected novels from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries—one Nigerian, one Caribbean, and one Kurdish. The aim is to explore the potential readings within these texts, considering the hermeneutic process of critical reading. The selected texts include Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, (1958), Same Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners, (1956), and Karwan Kakesur’s The Channels of the Armed Monkeys, (2011). This approach closely examines the communication between the author and reader of the text, with a special focus on the varying levels of communication between the components of the narration, including fictional and implied fictional communication.
The implied fictional communication occurs between a narrative agent known as ‘the implied author’ and its fictional counterpart ‘the implied reader’ rather than between the real, flesh and blood authors and readers. I argue that this level of communication is coded, and the act of decoding it is part of the reading process performed by the reader. Certain texts can propose different and sometimes opposing readings which are initially and purposefully designed by the implied author and addressed to different implied readers. These readings are not necessarily the results of different real readers but rather incorporated ones predetermined by the implied author only to be acknowledged and uncovered by the readers. In other words, the latent meaning is and always was an integral part of the text and is not something created by the imaginative reader or critic. The core interest of my thesis lies in identifying prompts and suggestions within the narrative of the selected texts and ultimately understanding the readerships prestructured in them. Identifying the different readers within those texts will provide new reinterpretations that can add undetected values to the reading process and sometimes suggests opposing readings to how those texts have so far been read. Additionally, it is the objective of this thesis to propose new ways that readers can interact with reading literature that would result in a more aesthetic and entertaining reading experience besides providing ways to be more informed and aware of the cues certain narrative texts contain.
There have been numerous critical studies on both narratology and postcolonial or minority literatures; however, there has been little scholarly work that attempts to utilize narratology as a theoretical foundation for understanding postcolonial and minority fiction.
This study examines fictional texts from Nigerian, Caribbean, and Kurdish literature, employing the narratological concept known as ‘Multiple Implied Readers’. By incorporating concepts from Brian Richardson’s ‘Singular Text, Multiple Implied Readers’, and Peter J. Rabinowitz’s ‘authorial audiences’, I explore the various readerships that the texts could encompass. This exploitation may lead to the discovery of new readings, interpretations, and meanings that would otherwise remain undetected. These structures introduce provocative indeterminacies that challenge the reader’s synthesis of information into coherent configurations of meaning. Consequently, this approach not only enhances the reading experience but also opens doors to new interpretations of the text. In some cases, these interpretations could even dismantle prior understandings and propose entirely new readings.
The concepts of the implied author and implied reader have been studied before in relation to various disciplines of narratology. However, by applying them in conjunction with the relatively less researched subject of multiple implied readers, I aim to shed light on important aspects of these readings. This exploration could prove beneficial for literature students as well as critical readers of literary texts, revealing the potential of these texts to accommodate more than one implied reader within their narratives.
Highlights
• Gender cues are defined differently across languages.
• We propose a new refined and standardized definition of gender transparency.
• Gender transparency is quantifiable with values that match theoretical expectations.
• We present the first quantitative method to measure the gender transparency of languages.
Abstract
Languages can express grammatical gender through different ortho-phonological regularities present in nouns (e.g., the cues “-o” and “-a” for the masculine and the feminine respectively in Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish). The term “gender transparency” was coined to describe these regularities (Bates et al., 1995). In gendered languages, we can hence distinguish between transparent nouns, i.e., those displaying form regularities; opaque nouns, i.e., those with ambiguous endings; and irregular nouns, i.e., those that display the typical form regularities but are associated with the opposite gender. Following a descriptive analysis of such regularities, languages have been recently classified according to their degree of gender transparency, which seems relevant in regard to gender acquisition and processing. Yet, there are certain inconsistencies in determining which languages are overall transparent and which are opaque. In particular, it is not clear whether some other complex regularities such as derivational suffixes are also “transparent” cues for gender, what really constitutes an “opaque” noun, or which role orthography and morphology have in transparency. Given the existing inconsistencies in classifying languages as transparent or opaque, this work introduces a proposal to assess gender transparency systematically. Our methodology adapts the standardized factors proposed by Audring (2019) to analyse the relative complexity of gender systems. Such factors are adapted to gender transparency on the basis of the literature on gender acquisition and processing. To support the feasibility of such a proposal, the concepts have been instantiated in a quantitative model to obtain for the first time an objective measure of gender transparency using European Portuguese and Dutch as instances of target languages. Our results coincide with the theoretically expected outcome: European Portuguese obtains a high value of gender transparency while Dutch obtains a moderately low one. Future adaptations of this model to the gender systems of other languages could allow the continuum of gender transparency to sustain robust predictions in studies on gender processing and acquisition.
Pitch peaks tend to be higher at the beginning of longer than shorter sentences (e.g., ‘A farmer is pulling donkeys’ vs ‘A farmer is pulling a donkey and goat’), whereas pitch valleys at the ends of sentences are rather constant for a given speaker. These data seem to imply that speakers avoid dropping their voice pitch too low by planning the height of sentence-initial pitch peaks prior to speaking. However, the length effect on sentence-initial pitch peaks appears to vary across different types of sentences, speakers and languages. Therefore, the notion that speakers plan sentence intonation in advance due to the limitations in low voice pitch leaves part of the data unexplained. Consequently, this study suggests a complementary cognitive account of length-dependent pitch scaling. In particular, it proposes that the sentence-initial pitch raise in long sentences is related to high demands on mental resources during the early stages of sentence planning. To tap into the cognitive underpinnings of planning sentence intonation, this study adopts the methodology of recording eye movements during a picture description task, as the eye movements are the established approximation of the real-time planning processes. Measures of voice pitch (Fundamental Frequency) and incrementality (eye movements) are used to examine the relationship between (verbal) working memory (WM), incrementality of sentence planning and the height of sentence-initial pitch peaks.
The standard view of the form-meaning interfaces, as embraced by the great majority of contemporary grammatical frameworks, consists in the assumption that meaning can be associated with grammatical form in a one-to-one correspondence. Under this view, composition is quite straightforward, involving concatenation of form, paired with functional application in meaning. In this book, we discuss linguistic phenomena across several grammatical sub-modules (morphology, syntax, semantics) that apparently pose a problem to the standard view, mapping out the potential for deviation from the ideal of one-to-one correspondences, and develop formal accounts of the range of phenomena. We argue that a constraint-based perspective is particularly apt to accommodate deviations from one-to-many correspondences, as it allows us to impose constraints on full structures (such as a complete word or the interpretation of a full sentence) instead of deriving such structures step by step.
Most of the papers in this volume are formulated in a particular constraint-based grammar framework, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The contributions investigate how the lexical and constructional aspects of this theory can be combined to provide an answer to this question across different linguistic sub-theories.
This dissertation is about case competition in headless relatives. Case competition is a situation in which two cases are assigned but only one of them surfaces. One of the constructions in which case competition takes place is in headless relatives, i.e. relative clauses that lack a head. This dissertation has two goals: (i) to give an overview of the data, and (ii) to provide an account for the observed data.
The grammaticality of a headless relative is determined by two aspects. The first aspect concerns which case wins the case competition. In all languages with case competition that I am aware of, this is determined by the case scale in NOM < ACC < DAT. A case more to the right on the scale wins over a case more to the left on the scale. This scale is not specific to case competition in headless relatives, but it can also be observed in syncretism patterns and morphological case containment. I show that that the case scale can be derived from assuming the cumulative case decomposition (cf. Caha 2009). A case wins over another case when it contains all features that the other case contains.
The second aspect of case competition in headless relatives concerns whether the winner of the case competition is allowed to surface when it wins the case competition. The winning case can be either the internal case required by the predicate in the relative clause, or the external case required by the predicate in the main clause. It differs from language to language whether they allow the internal and the external case to surface.
All language types I discuss allow for a headless relative when the internal and the external case match. The unrestricted type of language allows both the internal case and the external case to surface when either of them wins the case competition. Examples of this language type are Old High German, Gothic and Ancient Greek. The internal-only type of language allows only the internal case to surface when it wins the case competition, and it does not allow the external case to do so. An example of this language type is Modern German. The external-only type of language allows only the external case to surface when it wins the case competition, and it does not allow the internal case to do so. To my knowledge, there is no language that behaves like this. The matching type of language allows neither the internal nor the external case to surface when either of them wins the case competition. An example of this language type is Polish.
To account for the data, I set up a proposal that generates the attested patterns and excludes the non-attested ones. I let the variation between languages follow from properties of languages that can be independently observed. By investigating the morphology of the languages, I suggest differences between the lexical entries in the different languages. These different lexical entries ultimately lead languages to be of different types. In my proposal, I assume that headless relatives are derived from light-headed relatives. Light-headed relatives contain a light head and a relative pronoun. In a headless relative either the light head or the relative pronoun is deleted. The necessary requirement for deletion is that the deleted element (either the light head or relative pronoun) is structurally or formally contained in the other element.
I motivate the analysis for the internal-only type of language for Modern German, for the matching type of language for Polish and for the unrestricted type of language for Old High German. I first identify the morphemes that the light heads and relative pronouns in the languages consist of, and then I show to which features each of the morphemes correspond. The crucial difference between the internal-only type of language Modern German and the matching type of language Polish is how the phi and case features are spelled out. In Modern German they are spelled out by a phi and case feature portmanteau, and, in Polish, the same features are spelled out by a phi feature morpheme and a case feature morpheme. Old High German differs from the other two languages in that it has light heads and relative pronouns that are syncretic. I show how these differences in the morphology of the languages ultimately leads to different grammaticality patterns in headless relatives.
Comparing my account to others shows that all proposals account for the case facts using some kind of case hierarchy. The proposals differ in how they model the variation, both in the technical details of the proposal, but more importantly, also in empirical scope and predictions they make.
Large language models have become widely available to the general public, especially due to ChatGPT's release. Consequently, the AI community has invested much effort into recreating language models of the same caliber as ChatGPT, since the latter is still a technical blackbox. This thesis aims to contribute to that cause by proposing R.O.B.E.R.T., a Robotic Operating Buddy for Efficiency, Research and Teaching. In doing so, it presents a first implementation of a lightweight environment which produces tailor-made, instruction-following language models with a heavy focus on conversational capabilities that instruct themselves into a given domain-context. Within this environment, the generation of datasets, the fine-tuning process and finally the inference of a unique R.O.B.E.R.T. instance are all carried out as part of an automated pipeline.