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This article analyzes the dynamics of fictional dialogue in three short stories by the Finnish author Rosa Liksom. These stories are constructed almost entirely of dialogue, with minimal involvement on the part of the narrator. We adopt two different approaches to dialogue. First, we analyze dialogue from a micro level, as interaction between the characters within the storyworlds, then from a more holistic perspective, paying attention to how dialogue contributes to the rhetorical structure and ethical interpretation of the stories. We show that resorting mainly to dialogue as a narrative mode works as a way of depicting tensions between Liksom’s characters, and between them and the surrounding fictional world. This, in turn, engages the reader in an interpretative process to understand the story’s logic both within the fictional worlds and on the level of communication between the implied author and the authorial audience.
This article explores the uses and functions of dialogue in Frank McCourt’s memoir Angela’s Ashes. Taking conversational dialogue and fictional dialogue as points of comparison, the article argues that dialogue in autobiographical writing is essentially constructed, albeit not in the same way as fictional dialogue is. Dialogue as a means of dramatisation raises questions regarding factuality and fictionality. In McCourt’s memoir, dialogue is shown to serve numerous functions: characterisation and stereotyping; selfpositioning and indirect stance-marking; the creation of verisimilitude, humour and reader involvement.
This special issue is devoted to a cross-disciplinary investigation of a specific literary phenomenon, fictional dialogue. Fictional dialogue is used to refer to passages of character-character conversation within a literary text. More specifically, the articles of the issue deal with fictional dialogue as a narrative mode in prose fiction. The issue aims to engender an appreciation and a better understanding of the workings of dialogue by drawing on the insights and methods from both literary studies and linguistics. These methods include a rhetorical-ethical approach to narrative, cognitive and “natural” narratology, the study of everyday conversational storytelling, and Conversation Analysis (CA). Combining these methods helps us to understand that while dialogue is a central means to depict character-character relationships it also serves other levels of communication in a narrative and thus contributes to the reader's comprehension of the narrative design's rhetorical and ethical dimensions. The articles also suggest that while understanding dialogue depends partly on the reader’s experiences of real-life conversation, the interpretation of dialogue is determined by the overall design of a literary text and the historically changing conventions.
Metaphors we may not live by
(2016)
Metaphors We Live By created an immediate stir in 1980, and it continues to spur interest in cognitive linguistics, cognitive stylistics, and metaphor theory. This article uses both collocations and random samples of words used in conceptual metaphors to search for corpus evidence of the pervasiveness of conceptual metaphor that was unavailable to Lakoff and Johnson. Some metaphors, such as TIME IS MONEY, are pervasive in giant natural language corpora. Others, such as MORE IS UP, are frequent in clearly and consciously metaphorical forms, but relatively rare in the basic forms that would clearly show that we use metaphor to understand more abstract concepts in terms of concrete ones. Some, including ARGUMENT IS WAR, that Lakoff and Johnson discuss throughout their book, are poorly represented. Some gaps in evidence probably result from multiple ways of expressing a complex conceptual metaphors, but others suggest that intuitive plausibility is an insecure basis for argument.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
The article starts by giving a brief survey of the current state of German-Czech and Czech-German lexicography in the field of learners' dictionaries. It then continues with a metalexicographic examination of two translational dictionaries published since 2000. Attention focuses on the ways in which each team of authors addresses some basic metalexicographic problems in the introductory texts. The article then explores the methods of description used for fixed lexical phrases, which are critically analyzed (using as an example the dictionary entry for the lemma Kopf (head).
The First World War brought devastating consequences for German linguistics. Formerly one of the most prestigious foreign languages taught at schools and universities outside Germany, after the war German disappeared from almost all curricula abroad. Furthermore, it proved impossible to establish a structuralist school (such as the Prague school) in Germany. The article suggests that this was neither due to the long tradition of the Jungian grammarians nor due to the Nazis' official condemnation of structuralism as being incompatible with the ideology of the state. It is shown that such a development should instead be attributed to the so-called "Krieg der Geister" ("war of the intellect"), which remained present even after the military peace (1918) amid a feeling of national insecurity. The article concludes that such a nationalistic social and political environment proved to be fertile ground for Whorfianism, and the influence of the so-called 'Sprachinhaltsforschung' prevailed towards structuralism.
Der Band 'Standardvarietät des Deutschen' ist das Produkt einer gelungenen Parallelaktion: hervorgegangen aus zwei gleichzeitig geführten Seminaren an der Universität Regensburg und an der Karls-Universität Prag, versammelt er neun ausgewählte Aufsätze von Studierenden der Germanistik zum Problem der Standardvarietät des Deutschen aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive.
The article describes the role of German as a working language and official language of the European Union. It also focuses on issues associated with the notion of an 'overarching' language of general use: especially in the field of law, each language reflects the specific legal and administrative traditions of the society in which it developed, meaning that different languages frequently lack precise one-to-one equivalents for particular legal concepts. Finally, the author assesses the 'economic value' of several European languages as proposed by Ulrich Ammons, demonstrating that German plays a leading role in this regard.
In 2015, the last work of Günter Grass appeared: Vonne Endlichkait (On Finiteness). This offers the opportunity to recall the highly personal style of this great German author. The whole book can be described as an artistic triad, consisting of short prose pieces, poems and drawings, most of them dealing with old age and death. The following linguistic and literary aspects are dealt with: genres and text types, the semiotic relations between prose, poetry and drawings, allusions to poets and philosophers, the representation of spoken and dialect German, syntactic constructions, semantics, and especially metaphorical processes. Finally, the article discusses some stylistic features which are typical of Grass's writing.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context, German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
Kadınlar ve erkekler yapısal farklılıkları dışında birçok açıdan ayrılıklar göstermektedir. Bu ayrılıklar sadece fiziki görünüşte, giyimde, hareketlerde değil, genel olarak davranış, uygulama, düşünme, alışkanlıklar ve dil gibi alanlarda da görülebilmektedir. Ayrıca kadın ve erkeğe sahip oldukları biyolojik cinsiyetleri haricinde toplumsal roller de yüklenmektedir. Bu roller de kadın ve erkek arasında mevcut olan farklılıkların toplumsal açıdan etkileşime girmesini sağlamaktadır. Toplumsal etkileşimler kadınlarla erkeklerin dillerinde de gözlemlenebilmektedir. Dil, bu durumda biyolojik cinsiyet ve toplumsal rol etkileşimlerinin bir arada bulunduğu bir öğedir. Aynı dili konuşmalarına, dilin aynı sözcükleri ve kurallarını kullanmalarına rağmen, kadınların dilleri ile erkeklerin dilleri arasında farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Genel olarak deskriptif - analitik yöntemle ilerleyecek olan bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'deki kadın dili araştırmalarına göz atmaktır. Çalışmanın kuramsal kısmında, Türkiye'de yapılmış olan kadın dili araştırmalarına değinilerek hangi durumda olduğunun gözden geçirilmesi düşünülmektedir. Dünyada kadın ve erkek dili ile ilgili çalışmalara 20. yüzyıl başlarında ağırlık verilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar sadece içeriksel değil, aynı zamanda sözlüksel, retorik ve sözdizimsel bağlamda da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Özellikle Almanya’da oldukça geniş bir araştırma alanı olan bu konunun, Türkiye'de bu kadar geniş çapta ele alınmadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde medyadaki kadın dili ele alınacaktır. Bu kısımda medya metinleri değerlendirilerek söz konusu metinlerdeki kadın dili incelenecektir. Kadın dili değişkeninin görsel medyada hangi özellikleri ile ortaya çıktığı, ne şekilde gözlemlenebildiği gerek içeriksel, gerekse sözlüksel, retorik ve sözdizimsel bağlamda incelenecektir.
As relações multiculturais dentro de uma dada sociedade passam, necessariamente, por relações comunicacionais. Determinados grupos minoritários com histórico de imigração, dentro de uma sociedade totalizante, podem desenvolver modos de comunicação e expressão específicos que afetam, diretamente, a linguagem ...
Mehrsprachigkeit wird heute in vielen Kontexten diskutiert und unter verschiedenen Aspekten erforscht. Vor allem im Zuge der gegenwärtigen Migrationsbewegungen und der steigenden privaten und professionellen Mobilität wird unsere Gesellschaft immer häufiger vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen gestellt. Dem Fremdsprachenunterricht kommt in diesem Kontext eine große Bedeutung zu.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die grundlegenden bildungspolitischen Ziele zur Förderung individueller bzw. gesellschaftlicher Mehrsprachigkeit auf europäischer Ebene wird in diesem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die neuen Erkenntnisse der Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung sich im Zweitsprachunterricht effizient einsetzen lassen und zur Förderung einer mehrsprachigen Kompetenz beitragen können.
Im Zentrum von Jacques Derridas Aufsatz zu der Frage, was eine relevante Übersetzung sei, steht ein Zitat aus Shakespeares Kaufmann von Venedig. Was geschehen muss, wenn der Schuldner, der sein eigenes Fleisch als Pfand der Schuld angegeben hat, die Schuld nicht begleichen kann, das zeigt Shakespeares Drama mit einer überraschenden Wende.
Auch Bücher aus dem Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft können faszinieren. Bei Uwe Hinrichs' "MultiKultiDeutsch" (2013) handelt es sich um ein solches Buch, das sowohl Experten, die sich aus beruflichen Gründen mit der deutschen Sprache beschäftigen als auch Leser, die sich aus bloßem Interesse dieser Lektüre widmen, von der ersten Seite an zum Weiterlesen einlädt.