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This article deals with the development of -igen verbs in German since the Old High German period, demonstrating that this can be regarded as a process in which the adjective formation morpheme -ig gradually develops into a component of a word formation pattern that derives transitive verbs from nouns. An -igen-verb can be descended not only from an -ig-adjective (würdig – würdigen) but also from a noun without an intermediary -ig-adjective (Pein – *peinig – peinigen). In this article, it is claimed that a word formation pattern with -ig develops over time. The emergence of this word formation pattern can be described as a "reanalysis" of the verb structure accompanied by a "resegmentation" of the original word structure and a semantic "remotivation" of the established unit. It is also pointed out that this development is particularly evident in the Middle High German period.
Da die Verbzweitstellung nach 'weil' immer noch fast ausschließlich Angelegenheit der mündlichen Kommunikation ist, wurden die bisherigen Analysen hauptsächlich anhand von Korpora der gesprochenen Sprache durchgeführt. In geschriebenen Texten wird 'weil'-Verbzweitstellung gemieden, es sei denn, dass es sich um Texte handelt, welche die gesprochene Sprache simulieren. So kann man die Hauptsatzstellung nach 'weil' vor allem in belletristischen Werken finden, in denen ihre Autoren im Rahmen der Figurenrede den mündlichen Sprachgebrauch nachahmen. Zu Autoren, die sich der Sprachmittel der gesprochenen Sprache - darunter auch der Verbzweitstellung nach 'weil' - in ausgiebigem Maße bedienen, gehört der österreichische Schriftsteller Wolf Haas. Weil Romane von Haas eine Menge von Belegen dieses Phänomens anbieten, wurde der Gebrauch von 'weil'-Sätzen in einem seiner Romane einer Analyse unterzogen, deren Ergebnisse im Folgenden vorgestellt werden.
This paper explores utterances in the form of causal clauses introduced by the conjunction 'weil' in conversational German. The focus of this research is the relationship between the position of the finite verb in the clause and the type of explanation or clarification uttered in authentic conversation. The research shows that in addition to a previously recognized category of 'weil'-utterances with a finite verb in the second position in the clause, there is also a category of weil-utterances of this type that express personal opinion or personal feeling.
Mauscheln
(2018)
Der Begriff 'Mauscheln' ist paradox: er existiert in keiner anderen Sprache als im Deutschen und ist unübersetzbar. Als Fremdwort wird er zumindest im Englischen gebraucht, doch aus dem deutschen Wortschatz ist er heute verschwunden, zumindest soweit dieser ein öffentlicher ist. 'Mauscheln' ist verpönt, obwohl der Begriff seit dem 17. Jahrhundert weit verbreitet war. Als Ausdruck des "Verhältnisses zwischen Juden und Christen in Deutschland" haften ihm antisemitische Stereotypen über den betrügerischen Juden an. Seine Geschichte hält die Erfahrung fest, dass die "Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden durch sprachliche Agitation vorbereitet" wurde. Sie geht allerdings nicht in dieser Erfahrung auf.
Almanca dilbilgisinde tümcenin temel öğeleri genellikle eylem temel alınarak yapılır. Türkçe dilbilgisi için bu durum sözde kalmaktadır. Çünkü öğeler genellikle eylemin birleşim değeri göz önünde bulundurulmadan, o anda tümcede rastlantısal olarak bulunan öğeler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle internetten ve basılı dokümanlardan elde edilen verilerin yorumlanmasıyla oluşan bu makalede, birleşim değeri çerçevesinde değerlendirme yapılmış olup eylemin gerektirdiği öğeler buna göre ele alınmalıdır. Diğer bir sorun da, Almanca dilbilgisi bağlamında üzerinde genel anlamda uzlaşılan, ancak Türkçede tartışmalı olan nesne terimi ve kavramıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada genel anlamda nesne kavramından yola çıkılarak sonilgeçli nesne kavramına gelinecektir. Amaç, Türkçe - Almanca nesne türlerini karşılaştırmak değil, Türk dili bağlamında “nesne”nin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak için Almancadan da örnekler vermektir. Nesne teriminin Türkçede Akkusativobjekt ile sınırlı tutulmasının yanlış olduğu ve çıkma durumu nesnesi, bulunma durumu nesnesi, sonilgeçli nesne gibi terimlerin dilbilgisel bir gerçek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkçede eyleyen (Aktant) olarak sonilgeçli nesne (Postpositionalobjekt) gerektiren eylemler olduğu saptanmıştır.
Causative, which is analyzed in the context of voice, differs widely in Turkish and German languages. A causative can be obtained nearly from each verb in Turkish language while this category is not productive in German Language. Like prefixes, which are of great importance in German language, the causative has the same significance in Turkish language. Causatives can be divided into three: a) lexical causative, causative existing in words' own meaning; for instance, there exists such a relationship between the words "slide" and "fall"; b) morphological causative consists of morphemes (öl-dür-t-mek); c) whereas, the context is important for the operant causative. When we say “It smells gas in here’ it may have been intended to open a window and we can make it done. There is a direct connection between the causative and causality. Because, in causative instead of doing something directly, it may be caused to be done or occurred. The notion of causative in German has been reviewed in the semantic context at a low degree. This is because of the fact that, morphological causative verbs are fewer and new causative voices can't be formed. However, this issue has been handled in a very detailed manner especially at morphological level in Turkish language. There is even fine detail under the title causative itself. The most important characteristic of causative is to change the combination value of the verbs. However, the relation between causative and passive is just the opposite of this and asymmetric. Structures having semantic similarities with causatives and named as Funktionsverbgefüge (put into practice = apply) in German exist. Reciprocal voices and reflexive voices, the most important voices of Turkish language, generally allow the formation of causative verb.
Alternância dativa sob a perspectiva da gramática de construções : uma análise do verbo senden
(2017)
Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da alternância dativa do verbo senden da língua alemã. Os pressupostos teóricos da Gramática de Construções postulados por GOLDBERG (1995) no que concerne aos bitransitivos e suas paráfrases preposicionais e a abordagem da sensitividade ao núcleo verbal de RAPPAPORT HOVAV E LEVIN (2008) são comparados e utilizados como ferramenta de análise do corpus.Por meio deles, analisa-se se as construções constituídas pelo verbo senden e o sintagma preposicional an denotam um evento de posse causada ou de movimento causado. Apresentam-se preceitos abordados por Adler (2011) em seus estudos sobre a alternância dativa na língua alemã, que auxiliam na distinção do evento denotado pela construção. Assim, a pesquisa realizada corrobora as reflexões da autora sobre a nova faceta da preposição an que aparece em verbos de transferência - o addressee-an, sustentando sua argumentação sobre o fato de que não são as variantes do objeto duplo (dativo), ou do sintagma preposicional (no caso, an) as responsáveis pelo evento denotado pela construção, mas sim os argumentos que a constituem. Essa pesquisa também propõe outro tipo de classificação para a análise de verbos da língua alemã que denotam eventos de transferência em orações destituídas de agente volitivo: evento causal como transferência (GOLDBERG 1995), no qual X CAUSA Y (AFETADO)A RECEBER Z (EFEITO).
Rezension zu Reiner, Tabea (2013): Prospektive Verben im Deutschen. An der Schnittstelle von lexikalischer Semantik und Satzsyntax. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, ISBN 978-3-8253-6263-8, 199 S.
Bei der vorliegenden Monographie handelt es sich um die überarbeitete, 2012 verteidigte Dissertation von Tabea Reiner, wobei das Neue an dem Ansatz sich vor allem aus der induktiven Vorgehensweise ergibt: Unvoreingenommen wird eine Datenmenge (108 Verben) ausgehend von ihrer lexikalisch-semantischen Bedeutung hinsichtlich ausgewählter syntaktischer Realisierungen für sich und in authentischer Verwendung analysiert. Dabei handelt es sich um die im Titel genannten prospektiven Verben, eine offene, lexikalische Verbklasse, der bisher nur am Rande eine gewisse Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde.
Der immer stärker spürbare Bedarf nach schnell rezipierbaren kurzen Textformen hängt unter anderem mit der Erwartung einer effektiven Informationsverdichtung zusammen. Eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielen dabei Sprachökonomie und Informationskondensierung. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf infinite Konstruktionen mit Partizipien und Infinitiven, die in bestimmten Textsorten ein besonders effektives stilistisches Mittel darstellen. Partizipien sind dank ihres verbalen Charakters fähig, durch Ergänzungen und Angaben erweiterte Partizipialattribute zu bilden und somit eine Aussage zu verdichten. Der instruierende Infinitiv wird häufig als Ersatzform des Imperativs verwendet. Als sprachökonomisches Stilmittel trägt er zur Übersichtlichkeit des Textes bei. In Fachtexten ist es dann vor allem der modale Infinitiv, der zur Einsparung von sprachlichem Mehraufwand dient.
This paper deals with the emergence of verb morphology in one German child up to the time mini-paradigms occur in the data. I will focus on the role of protomorphology as a transitional stage between rote learning and the productive use of morphological distinctions.
"Werden" plays an important role in German, especially as a copula and as an auxiliary verb. It constitutes the analytic (periphrastic) part of the verbal paradigm being used as an auxiliary by encoding the categories of Tense (Future), Mood (Conditional), and Diathesis (Passive).
The original meaning of PIE *uuerth- includes two basic readings – a terminative and an aterminative. Both of them have been used in the process of grammaticalisation of werden in constructions with participles and the infinitive. The terminative reading based on the feature "Change of a State" was originally the categorical marker of "werden" within the opposition "sein" vs. "werden", where "sein" indicated the meaning of "State". As a result of the further development which started in the later OHG period, the aterminative reading of "werden" in constructions with the Participle II mixed with the terminative one by establishing the Passive-Paradigm. This evolution forced "sein"+ Part. II into the periphery of the Diathesis where in NHG it is marked as a resultative (terminative) construction. On the other hand, werden + Participle I (later with Infinitive) did not establish aterminative readings due to the peculiarities of the semantics of the Participle I – form. In connection with the Infinitive the terminativity of werden developed in the process of its auxiliarisation to the prospective I prognostic reading in the future-tense perspective and to the epistemic reading in the perspective of the present tense. In the perspective of the past tense (cf. MHG "ward varen" {became ride}, "was ridden") it disappeared because in this perspective prospective or prognostic readings are impossible.
Nicht nur literarische Werke und Figuren, Schriftsteller und Festschriftempfänger – auch Verben können zu Grenzgängern werden. Während das Grenzgängertum in der ersten Gruppe meist äußeren Umständen wie z.B. Migration geschuldet ist, gibt es bei Verben eigentlich keinen Grund, zu Grenzgängern zu werden. Dennoch kommt es immer wieder zu solchen Phänomenen. Dies impliziert, dass es überhaupt Grenzen gibt, die die Verben in bestimmte Rubriken verweisen; dies sind üblicherweise die sog. Flexionsklassen, etwa in Gestalt der starken und schwachen Klasse. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Grenzen im Verbalbereich, illustriert anhand einiger skandinavischer Verben. In einem weiteren Schritt sollen auch Grenzziehungen, Grenzveränderungen und Grenzauflösungen beleuchtet werden. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, wie unverbrüchlich Grenzen sind, und insbesondere, warum es überhaupt Flexionsklassen gibt und warum sie sich oft so hartnäckig erhalten. Solche Fragen wurden bisher viel zu selten gestellt. Schließlich werden temporäre und dauerhafte Grenzüberschreitungen von Verben beleuchtet. Dabei verharren bestimmte Verben über Jahrhunderte hinweg als Grenzgänger zwischen wohletablierten Klassen. Speziell solche Phänomene verlangen eine Begründung, denn Grenzen, so steht zu vermuten, sollten dazu dienen, eine gewisse Ordnung zu garantieren.
Aspectos dos tempos verbais
(1998)
In this paper I present two tenses of the German verbal system, the so called Doppelperfekt and Doppelplusquamperfekt. Although these tenses have only been marginally dealt with in the grammars, more studies have recently been made on them within the field of Linguistics. In order to describe these tenses, I will concentrate on the following authors: Hauser-Suida & Hoppe-Beugel (1972), Eroms (1984), Thieroff (1992) und Vater (1994). The tenses will be analysed formally and their meaning and usage illustrated with examples taken from the articles above.
This paper aims to present a type of verb which serves to connect two or more propositions to each other in a way similar to that carried out by connectors such as conjunctions and prepositions. It is the objective of this paper to classify the types of semantic connections they establish, such as cause and effect, equivalence, and temporality. Verbs with this type of connectivity are called "connection verbs". They are investigated both in German and Portuguese, organized according to the semantic relations they indicate, and described by means of syntactic and semantic criteria.
Ausgehend von der Engelschen Auffassung der Situativergänzungen wird hier an die Adverbialia mittels neu vorgeschlagener analytischer Verfahren herangegangen. Diese Studie leistet zum einen eine einheitliche Beschreibung bestimmter Verben - "stattfinden", "gebären", "sterben", "erschehen", "anfangen", "öffnen" und "beginnen" - und bietet zum anderen syntaktische, semantische, morphosyntaktische und kommunikative Unterscheidungsmittel für strittige Fälle bei der Unterscheidung zwischen adverbialen Ergänzungen und adverbialen Angaben. Das in diesem Aufsatz Dargestellte kann akzeptiert oder revidiert werden, aber der empirische Teil zeigt eindeutige Ergebnisse.
Dialectal variation in german 3-verb clusters : a surface-oriented optimality theoretic account
(2004)
We present data from an empirical investigation on the dialectal variation in the syntax of German 3-verb clusters, consisting of a temporal auxiliary, a modal verb, and a predicative verb. The ordering possibilities vary greatly among the dialects. Some of the orders that we found occur only under particular stress assignments. We assume that these orders fulfil an information structural purpose and that the reordering processes are changes only in the linear order of the elements which is represented exclusively at the surface syntactic level, PF (Phonetic Form). Our Optimality theoretic account offers a multifactorial perspective on the phenomenon.
German dialects vary in which of the possible orders of the verbs in a 3-verb cluster they allow. In a still ongoing empirical investigation that I am undertaking together with Tanja Schmid, University of Stuttgart (Schmid and Vogel (2004)) we already found that each of the six logically possible permutations of the 3-verb cluster in (1) can be found in German dialects.