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This paper presents some results from a wider study which aims to define the features of German medical textbooks from a diachronic perspective. The medical textbook is presented here as a genre-class (Textsortenklasse) subsuming all texts written for didactic purposes in the field of medicine, i.e. texts aiming to present the theoretical and practical background required in this particular specialist professional field. Since the lingua franca of academic communication was Latin until the 18th century, the corpus used for this study mainly comprises surgery textbooks. The paper focuses solely on structural aspects of textbooks, seeking to show how these aspects functionally contribute to the realization of the general textual function and thereby constitute a historically established conventionalized scheme underlying genres. However, a thorough and effective description of a genre-class requires a much more extensive approach including more interrelated levels of analysis.
The topic of this paper is legal language and its integration into the teaching process in the training of translators working in the language combination German / Slovak; this area of didactics is relatively unexplored in Slovakia. The main aim of the study is to emphasize the importance of developing professional translation competence as part of translator training, as this competence is of significant assistance when creating content-correct translations. Based on an analysis of student translations, the article lists the most common problems encountered when translating legal texts, mainly related to the use of incorrect translation strategies.
With the preservation of health an age-old concern for humanity, guides to healthy living based on humoral theory were among the earliest texts of medieval school medicine to be translated from Latin into the vernacular. Subject of this study is the development of a German technical language for dietetics from the late thirteenth to the late fifteenth century as evidenced in Hiltgart von Hürnheim's translation of the 'Secretum secretorum', the anonymous translation of the regimen in the 'Breslauer Arzneibuch', and the four independent translations of Konrad von Eichstätt's 'Regimen sanitatis'. Special emphasis is put on a number of 'termini technici' from humoral theory and the way the various translators tackled these terms.
This thesis reports three experiments on structural choices during grammatical encoding in monolingual adult speakers of German. Conceptual accessibility, one of the most central notions in language production research, as well as the phenomena of structural and perceptual priming are investigated.
In the first two experiments, a manipulation in terms of inherent conceptual accessibility which has shown universal influences on language production - the factor animacy - is combined with a manipulation making the non-canonical passive structure itself more accessible via structural priming.
Results show that, in addition to a preference for animate entities preceding inanimate entities, speakers can be structurally primed. Structural priming of passive structures led to significantly more passive responses compared to (intransitive) baseline structures.
This holds for monologue settings (Experiment 1) as well as dialogue settings (Experiment 2).
The structural priming effect was stronger in the dialogue setting compared to the monologue setting.
The third experiment combines contexts manipulating the derived conceptual accessibility of one of two entities to be described with a visual cueing manipulation increasing the perceptual accessibility of one of the referents.
Whereas a comprehensive literature review as well as the experimental work conducted within this thesis suggest that animacy and topicalization may exert universal influences on structural choices during language production, perceptual accessibility does not seem to have this potential.
In line with previous cross-linguistic work, perceptual priming in form of an implicit visual cueing manipulation did not show significant effects on speakers' structural choices in German.
These findings contrast with findings obtained for English, suggesting that language-specific characteristics in terms of word order flexibility may influence effcts on grammatical encoding during language production.
Increasing the derived accessibility of one of two referents, however, once again showed significant influences on speakers' structural choices with the topicalization of a patient referent leading to an enhanced production of passive responses.
Das Thema fokussiert die Problematik der binären Präposition-Substantiv-Wortverbindungen (PWV) und -Wortverbindungsmuster (PWVM) mit ihren rekurrenten Kollokationspartnern und syntagmatischen Kontextmustern. Untersucht werden deutsche präpositionale Wortverbindungen, bei denen die interne Stelle zwischen der Präposition und dem Nomen überproportional häufig nicht mit einem Artikel besetzt ist. Solche Kombinationen kann man als autonome Einheiten auffassen und als feste Wortverbindungen untersuchen. Die Analyse stützt sich auf die Daten in der PRECON Datenbank, die vom Projekt Usuelle Wortverbindungen (UWV) modular erarbeitet wurde. Der im vorliegenden Artikel präsentierte empirische Zugang wirft ein neues Licht auf die Bestimmung der Äquivalenz, was bisher bei der Festlegung des sogenannten Systemäquivalents gar nicht oder nur annähernd beschrieben werden konnte. Das methodologische und lexikographische Novum beim Kontrastieren ist die Erweiterung der Beschreibung der Kernbedeutung(en) und ihrer Kernäquivalente um die Gebrauchsspezifika der Verwendung der äquivalenten PWV(M). Die korpusempirischen Analysen bestätigen die heute vertretene These, dass sich die Bedeutungs- und andere Gebrauchsaspekte nur schwer trennen lassen. Für die adäquate Beschreibung einer fremdsprachigen Einheit sind somit die verfestigte sprachliche Struktur, die verfestigte sprachliche Umgebung, die verfestigten situativ-kontextuellen Gebrauchsspezifika und die usualisierten Kontextmuster wichtig, in die die kontrastierten PWV eingebettet sind.
"Vor Ort" im Sprachgebrauch : eine kontrastive korpusbasierte Untersuchung (Deutsch-Slowakisch)
(2020)
[...] wird im vorliegenden Beitrag auf die Präposition-Nomen-Wortverbindungen (PNW) als Untersuchungsgegenstand eingegangen, wobei die Exemplifizierung am Beispiel der deutschen PNW "vor Ort" erfolgt. Aus Perspektive des Muttersprachlers stellen die Präposition-Nomen-Wortverbindungen Mehrwort-Einheiten mit einem bestimmten kombinatorischen Potenzial dar. Analog zu den (Einwort-)Lexemen lassen sich auch hier seine Grenzen nur schwer endgültig festlegen, auf Grund der Ko-Vorkommenshäufigkeit können aber die Präferenzen, bzw. Restriktionen bezüglich bestimmter Kookkurrenzpartner ermittelt und die sich daraus ergebenden Schlüsse im Hinblick auf das Funktionieren der PNW im Gebrauch gezogen werden. Obwohl sie im Sprachgebrauch keine Randposition besitzen, gibt es kaum eine zugängliche lexikographische Quelle mit einer detaillierteren Verarbeitung der Kombinatorik dieser Mehrworteinheiten. Ein weiterer Grund für die Notwendigkeit, das Augenmerk auf die Präposition-Nomen-Wortverbindungen zu richten, resultiert aus der Einbeziehung der Nicht Muttersprachler-Perspektive in die Untersuchung. Da die verglichenen Sprachen typologisch unterschiedlich sind, können bestimmte Divergenzen auch mit Rücksicht auf die gegebene Problematik erwartet werden.
Im Beitrag wird die Problematik rekurrenter, strukturell und semantisch sehr heterogener Wortverbindungen fokussiert. Es geht um in der Mehrwortforschung eher vernachlässigte Konstruktionen, die man als binäre Präposition-Substantiv-Verbindungen bezeichnen kann. Die Analyse lexikalisch-syntagmatischer Kombinatorik von minimalen Wortverbindungen eröffnet neue Ergebnisse, denn auch Funktionswörter sind restringiert im Gebrauch. In diesem Artikel wird versucht, die Problematik der Äquivalenz dieser Wortverbindungen näher zu bringen und durch reiche Belege auf die Wichtigkeit kontrastiver Analysen aus der sprachpraktischen und didaktischen Perspektive hinzuweisen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema der präpositionalen Wortverbindungen aus der kontrastiven Sicht stellt ein Desiderat in der bisherigen Forschung dar.
"Bazı biyografiler yalnızca ilgili kişilerin ya da kurumların oluşum ve gelişimlerini değil, aynı zamanda ülkenin de tarihsel ve politik gelişimini birlikte yansıtır. Bu durum İstanbul Üniversitesi Alman Filolojisi için de geçerlidir" (Sayın 2000: 105). Prof. Dr. Şara Sayın İstanbul Üniversitesi Alman Filolojisi'nin öyküsünü anlatmaya "Germanistik an der Universität Istanbul" adlı makalesinde (agy) bu sözlerle başlar. Biz de bu yazımızda 1961 yılında, ilk önce öğrencisi, daha sonra öğretim üyesi olarak ve 2008 yılında emekliliğimize kadar içinde yer aldığımız İstanbul Üniversitesi Almanca bölümlerinin öyküsünü, kendi bilgi ve deneyimlerimizden de yola çıkarak aktarmaya çalışacağız. Burada Almanca bölümleri derken Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı ilegüncel gelişmeler doğrultusunda oluşumuna katkıda bulunduğu Alman Dili Eğitimi ve Almanca Mütercim Tercümanlık Anabilim dallarını düşünüyoruz. Bunu yapmaktaki amacımız, uzmanlık alanımız içinde ekol olarak nitelendirilen İstanbul Üniversitesi Almanca bölümlerini bizden sonra gelen kuşaklara ana hatlarıyla tanıtmaktır. Bu çerçevede hedeflediğimiz, bölümlerin kuruluş koşullarını, gelişim sürecini; zaman içinde değişen kuram, yöntem ve ders içeriklerini; bu süreçte farklılaşan öğretim üyesi ve öğrenci profilini; yeni uzmanlık alanlarının oluşumunu ve yapılanmasını kısaca sergilemek ve değerlendirmektir.
Bundan 61 yıl önce, 1959 yılında Eskişehir Maarif Koleji binasında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak gece eğitimi vermek üzere üç yıllık bir Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu (MEB YDYO) kuruldu. Okul İngilizce Bölümü'nden müteşekkildi. Yüksekokulun müdürlüğünü de İngilizce öğretmeni Ahmet Cemal AŞAN yapıyordu. Onun yardımcılığına da Almanca öğretmeni Okt. Recep GÖK atanmıştı. 1980-1981 eğitim öğretim yılında ilk öğrencilerini alan Almanca Bölümü'nde Almanca öğretmeni Seyyare DUMAN ve Ali GÜLTEKİN de öğretim görevlisi olarak ders veriyorlardı.
This thesis investigates the acquisition pace and the typical developmental path in eL2 acquisition of selected phenomena of German morphosyntax and semantics and compared them to monolingual acquisition. In addition, the influence of ‘Age of Onset’ and of external factors on eL2 acquisition is examined.
To date, the most studies on eL2 acquisition focused on language production. Based on mostly longitudinal spontaneous speech data of only small number of children, they indicate that eL2 learners acquire sentence structure and subject-verb-agreement faster than monolingual children, whereas the acquisition of case marking causes them more difficulties. Moreover, similar developmental paths to those of monolingual children are claimed. Only several studies examined comprehension abilities in eL2 learners, however overwhelmingly in cross-sectional design. The findings from comprehension studies on telic and atelic verbs, and on wh-questions indicate that eL2 children acquire their target-like interpretation faster than monolingual children. The same acquisition stages towards target-like interpretation like in monolingual acquisition are assumed as well. Taking together, to date, no study exists, that examines comprehension and production abilities in a large group of eL2 learners of German in a longitudinal design.
This thesis extends the previous results by investigating pace of acquisition, impact of factors, and individual developmental paths in a longitudinal design with large groups of participants. Language data of 29 eL2 learners of German (age at T1: 3;7 years, LoE: 10 months) and 45 monolingual German-speaking children (age at T1: 3;7) are examined. The eL2 learners were tested in six test rounds (age at T6: 6;9 years). The monolingual children were tested in five test rounds (are at T5: 5;7). The standardized test LiSe-DaZ (Schulz & Tracy, 2011) was employed to examine children’s language skills.
eL2 learners show a significantly greater rate of change, thus faster acquisition pace, than monolingual children in the following scales: comprehension of telicity, comprehension of wh-questions, production of prepositions, and production of conjunctions. These phenomena are acquired early in monolingual children. No differences regarding acquisition pace between eL2 children and monolingual children are found for comprehension of negation, production of case marking, and production of focus particles. These phenomena are acquired late in monolingual development and involve semantic and pragmatic knowledge. The findings of faster acquisition pace of several phenomena are in line with several studies that reported that eL2 children develop faster than monolingual children.
Independent on whether a phenomenon is acquired early or late, no effects of external factors on eL2 children’s performance are found. These findings indicate that acquisition of core, rule-based phenomena is not sensitive to external factors if the first exposure to L2 takes place around the age of three.
Moreover, eL2 children show the same developmental stages and error types in comprehension of telicity, comprehension of negation, production of matrix and subordinate clauses. This is also independent on how fast they acquire a structure under consideration. Thus, these findings provide a further support for similar developmental paths of eL2 and monolingual children towards target-like comprehension and production.
Als eines der "treibenden Kräfte" des Internets kann das populäre Videoportal YouTube angesehen werden, das täglich von Millionen von Internetnutzern besucht wird. Es ist nicht nur ein Online-Feld, in dem Menschen aus aller Welt Videos aus den unterschiedlichsten Weltbereichen oder ihrer Interessen teilen, sondern auch aus sprachlicher Sicht handelt es sich um einen faszinierenden Ort. Dies spiegelt sich in der sog. YouTube-Sprache wider, die das Hauptthema dieses Beitrags ist. Das Hauptziel des Beitrags ist es dabei, auf das Phänomen "YouTube-Sprache" aufmerksam zu machen und sie in Bezug auf die Merkmale der Internetsprache zu behandeln. Das zusammenhängende Ziel ist es, durch konkrete Beispiele darauf hinzuweisen, wie sich diese "Sprache" im Deutschen, bzw. im deutschsprachigen YouTube-Bereich, manifestiert. Ein weiteres Ziel besteht in der Klärung einiger angeführter Beispiele der YouTube-Sprache, d.h. der Wörter, bzw. Wortverbindungen, die zum gesamten Charakter dieser Sprache beitragen.
This article deals with the development of -igen verbs in German since the Old High German period, demonstrating that this can be regarded as a process in which the adjective formation morpheme -ig gradually develops into a component of a word formation pattern that derives transitive verbs from nouns. An -igen-verb can be descended not only from an -ig-adjective (würdig – würdigen) but also from a noun without an intermediary -ig-adjective (Pein – *peinig – peinigen). In this article, it is claimed that a word formation pattern with -ig develops over time. The emergence of this word formation pattern can be described as a "reanalysis" of the verb structure accompanied by a "resegmentation" of the original word structure and a semantic "remotivation" of the established unit. It is also pointed out that this development is particularly evident in the Middle High German period.