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In the paper, all German surnames (63 different names) and also the Romanian ones (45 different names) are analyzed from a semantic and statistic perspective. These family names belong to the inhabitants of Petreºti/Sebeº who were the victims of the First World War, of the Second World War and of the communist régime. The names of these 216 people were taken from the commemorative plaques from the Lutheran Protestant Church and on the Heroes’ Monument placed in the yard of the city’s Orthodox Church.
The integration of Sibiu German Language and Literature Studies in European contexts. Lecture during the International Colloquium: Effective Speech in Early New High German: Syntactic and text stylistic aspects (6th of September 2013). The Colloquium was dedicated to Prof. Dr. Monika Hager-Rössing on her 80th birthday.
Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der deutschen Spracheinflüsse an der Germanistikabteilung in Osijek
(2014)
The paper describes the influence of German language on the language and literature in Osijek, Croatia and the way these influences are being researched and kept alive at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Osijek. The German language and culture had a strong impact both on the language and the literature of Slawonia. The literary tradition is taught as a course about 18th and 19th ct literature in Slawonia, the linguistic aspect lives through publications and has the potential to be included in courses or to be used for further research.
The author starts from a study by Maria Fanache and Ilse Fels about Sibiu writers in the years of the „people’s democracy,” i.e. the period around 1960. The outlook and the stylistic structure were typical of socialist realism, while the criteria for the selection of the Romanian and German writers discussed were those of belles-letters adapted to propaganda purposes. The present paper rounds off the convenient aspects of the literature of the time with a series of aspects that had been kept silent or ignored for the sake of avoiding confrontation with certain factual contradictions which the socio-political changes of the „people’s democratic” dictatorship had brought about. In the summer of 1956, the state authorities considered a private literary meeting of over twenty persons an action meant to subvert the official ideology, an attempt to commit a conspiracy, and, later, some of those present came under investigation and served severe prison sentences.
This article is meant as a token of appreciation for the germanist, poet and translator Liana Corciu who taught for a long time at the University of Bucharest, German Department, then emigrated in the USA where she continued her work as a germanist and teacher of German and where she died in 2008. As a germanist she left us an original dissertation on the lyric poetry of Bertolt Brecht and a series of scientific articles, as a poet a number of thematically and stylistically very relevant poems, as a translator some valuable translations of literary texts from German into Romanian.
Translation exercises have always played an important role in teaching/learning foreign languages, ever since the Grammar-Translation method was developed. However, with the emergence of the communicative language teaching in the 70s which focussed on communicative competence as the ultimate goal of language learning, they were considered to be obsolete and inefficient. The present article suggests that the utility of translation – not only where teaching foreign languages is concerned, but also within the field of German studies – should be reassessed, showing that both ”pedagogical” as well as ”communicative” translation can support and improve the study of German language, literature and culture, increase students‘ awareness of both German language and their mother tongue and furthermore contribute to the enrichment of their general knowledge.
This paper proposes to analyse contrastively the phraseological expressions which include proper names in German and Romanian languages and also, to interpret them as cultural elements that generate problems when trying to translate them. It is intended to establish equivalence relations between the onimical expressions of the two languages, suggesting, where it will be the case, the translation strategies.
German language in Romania is being strongly influenced by Romanian, the majority language. In the field of secondary and higher education linguistic interferences that come from Romanian touch types or names of educational institutions, types of didactic activities, types of assessment and examination.
Occasionally the Transylvanian Saxon thesaurus deals with terminology related to certain domains of agriculture. The following article deals with livestock enclosures, fencing erected in the fields for livestock, especially for sheep. The selected case samples are native terms with explanatory compounds, in addition there are terms borrowed mainly from Romanian, less so from Hungarian. The borrowings can mostly be assigned to sheep farming. This branch of agriculture was not familiar to the medieval immigrants, so they were not used to sheep farming. The breeding and herding of sheep was usually left to the Romanian population, the Saxons did not engage in it, even though they owned sheep. The Saxons were more inclined to cattle and pig farming. The terms are mainly extracted from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary (SSWB), the Northern Transylvanian dictionary (NSSWB) as well as other specialized literature.
The North Transylvanian linguist Friedrich Krauss has dealt with the Northern Transylvanian plant inventory in his work “Noesnerlaendish Plant Names” (1943) referring to the town of Bistritz and surroundings. The referenced popular names of the plants are rendered phonetically, the way the linguist heard (understood) them. I have selected 68 descriptive case samples of popular plantnames for my study and have grouped them according to certain criteria. These samples exemplify the fact that the cohabitation of Saxons, Romanians and Hungarians is reflected as well in the ethnographic plant naming phenomenon. They belong to the old Transylvanian vernacular names which the linguist and plantlover, Friedrich Krauss, has saved from oblivion.
The analyzed and translated text represents a judicial protocol of a witch trial from 1697. After a brief description of the general phenomenon of the witch hunt and it’s characteristics in 17th century Transylvania the text is discussed from a point of view of its translation. The most problematic aspects are found in the depositions of the witnesses, which abound in linguistic peculiarities, ranging from archaic structures to dialect. The translator faces a dilemma when having to decide whether to translate the archaic structures into archaic ones, thus preserving the stylistic personality of the text, or into modern Romanian, which would mean creating an “open translation”. In any case the translation should not neglect the informative and oral character of the source text.
The topic of this article relies on the assumption that books are unfortunately more and more driven to the wall while series products that are created for a short-term communication remain fashionable. The assessment of the forms and contents considered to be fashionable depends on ratings while the aesthetic criteria, authenticity and depth of the messages are simply ignored. The language and the style of both the printed and the visual media fashionable products are at a level just sufficient to convey messages with stereotyped expressions. Although easy to understand and relaxing, they remain a commodity for a specific audience, a substitute for the real world. For their readers, these series products provide a reading that is consistent with the life they live. Designs and linguistic structures of this trivial journalism are described in this paper.
The article discusses recent history developments in Central and Eastern Europe more than a quarter century after the political change of 1989 on the development of programs at former traditional departments of German studies, the training of teachers for German as a foreign language and the growing importance of German for specific purposes.
This article presents a new dimension of the lexical category of “false friends”. False friends are the result of complex phenomena, exceeding bilingualism, so that they are not to be explained solely within the context of the mother tongue or of the foreign language. Many false friendships, i.e. potential false friends, stem from socalled internationalisms. In this article I discuss, in a concrete manner, based on some examples of Greek words in German, the way in which false friendships build a triangle, going further than the limits of one language pair. The main purpose of the article is to show that the etymological condition, even if only optional in defining false friends, has a major role to play in the international lexical patrimony of European languages.
"Spieglein, Spieglein an der Wand ..." : das Diminutiv im Überzetzungsvergleich Deutsch-Rumänisch
(2012)
The paper presents some aspects connected to the system of diminution in German and Romanian, by offering a comparative analysis of the German version of the fairy tale “Snow White” and six Romanian translations of the text. The focus lies on the ways in which the nouns in the text are marked as ‘diminutives’ in German (mainly by adding suffixes, the synthetic diminutives) and the equivalences suggested by the Romanian translators. Although the category ‘diminution’ is common to both languages, there are significant differences in the way it is linguistically expressed. A main part of the paper is devoted to these differences and their reflection in the text.
The present study intends to analyze the literary personality of the German-language writer and translator Alfred Margul-Sperber and his approach to Romanian folk poetry and Romanian folk ballads. Alfred Margul-Sperber is known as a classical German-language poet from Romania, as a discoverer and supporter of literary talent, but also as a brilliant translator. Impressions from his childhood and life experiences contributed to Alfred MargulSperber’s interest for Romanian poets and especially for Romanian folk poetry, which left its own mark on Sperber’s literary creation. The author was fascinated by its plurality of forms, its richness of rhymes, images and sounds. The masterpiece of Romanian folk poetry, “Mioriţa/The little Ewe”-ballad raised the interest of the multilingual translator who proved his outstanding talent by translating the original text into German as accurately as possible and remarkably close to the spirit of the Romanian folk poetry, thus popularizing it among the German readers at home and abroad.
The article is a scholary review of the Stefan Kühtz's handbook „Wissenschaftlich formulieren. Tipps und Textbausteine für Studium und Schule” (Scientific express. Tip and text block for studies and school). The book contains the information about, how to write a scientific paper and many of examples of right and wrong sentences. Such tips can be useful not only for students of German as a foreign language, but also for native speakers of german language.
Ever since their settlement in the Maramureș at the end of the 18th century, the Zipser Germans have been living in close relation to the other linguistic groups (Romanians, Hungarians, Ruthenians, Jews, and Roma/Sinti) in Viºeu de Sus. Thus a multi-/intercultural and multilingual society has emerged under all social, economic and cultural aspects of life. These intercultural interactions can be observed especially on the level of the language. This article tries to identify and analyse some borrowings from Romanian and Hungarian into the Zipser German dialect from the lexical, semantic and syntactic perspective of transference.
The paper discusses the request of the Jewish Middle/ Middle-East-European immigrants for images, impressions, feelings and memories from their native lands, which Aaron Lebedeff masterfully captured in his American-Jewish musicals. The paper focuses on multiculturalism and multilingualism in overlapping regions of extended cultural areas, particularly in territories along the borders of Middle/Middle-East-European states, which don’t form any abrupt cultural barriers. Using the example of a in our time in Jewish milieus worldwide frequently played quadrilingual song from Aaron Lebedeff about Romania (with the German translation of the complete version from 1925), the paper conveys the role of Yiddish as a major dialect of the German as a worldwide carrier of this language as well.
The meaning of the verb „heischen“ occurs in standard German in special context only, especially in poetic language. In some Rhenish idioms of the German language space this lexeme is documented with the same meaning as in the Transylvanian Saxon idiom. Notable is the meaning “to woo”, “to ask for the bride’s hand” and idioms with a special wording that is specific to the Transylvanian-Saxon idiom only. This case study exemplifies how Transylvanian Saxon, removed from the German language space, is handling the linguistic thesaurus brought over centuries ago via emigration from the old country and how it adds its own meanings through a mixture and balance of language, a phenomenon specific to the colonial idioms.
The present paper reflects upon the relevance of certain criteria that are decisive for the quality of a dictionary and interrelates them with the current bilingual lexicographic practice in Romania concerned with German language. The focus lies here on the lexicographic registration and presentation of phraseologisms in a general bilingual dictionary, which, contrary to phraseological dictionaries, is known not to be specialized in the codification of the phraseological stock. For illustration purpose the author provides a critical analysis of the new edition of the German-Romanian Comprehensive Dictionary published by the Romanian Academy (2007). The paper aims at showing to what extent the description of the selected phraseologisms is adequate with regard to potential users and the specifics of phraseological phenomena.
The importance of Transylvanian records of court proceedings from the end of the 17th century relies, in terms of content, on preserving the day by day life of ordinary people in Transylvania such as craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants. Regarding linguistics, they are challenging due to the specific tension between feigned orality and literacy, when historical “spoken” language is documented. The research question pertains to describe, from a qualitative point of view, the complex sentences structure. Thereby, we look upon the different ways to construct complex sentences and their specific use according to the communicative functions of text parts: Which is the proportion between hypotaxis and parataxis in combining clauses? How deep is the hierarchy of subordinate clauses? Which subordinate clause functions are most used? Which composition types are relevant for complex sentence structure?
We start from the premise that the 240 Transylvanian-Saxon dialects in the Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary are treated according to scientific principles, while the Northern Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary documents the 48 Northern dialects. When reviewing the vocabulary of both dictionaries it could be noted that they complement each other with respect to vocabulary and meaning, especially as far as the “grammatical category of the verb” is concerned. Case in point is my research of the verbs meaning “to rummage for, to search, to dig” which I have grouped and analyzed according to specific criteria.
The present paper is part of an ample research in a field, which was so far mainly in the limelight of the historical analysis. It relates about the dignities and titles in the Romanian Principalities in the Middle Ages and focuses on the linguistic, etymological and historical point of view of the topic. The denominations borrowed from German are particularly highlighted in this paper.
Sibiu was in the 19th century an important centre, with a vivid cultural life, despite of the difficult political context in Transylvania. The close cohabitation of the Romanian and German people leads to a very important multicultural experience. The study deals with the ways of reception of German culture in the Romanian press of the 19th century reflected in the three most important publications of the time: Telegraful Român, Tribuna and Transilvania. The results of the research are presented in thematic groups (translations, theatre and concert announcements, reviews, travel literature, aphoristic or biographical writings).
The present study makes reference to the scientific achievements of the Romanian Germanist Horst Schuller. As a journalist, university professor and translator, he developed an extensive research work that has brought forth studies of the Romanian-German criticism as well as many studies of intercultural research. In all of his studies of literary criticism dealing with intercultural themes, Schuller holds the opinion of a bilateral exchange between the ethnic groups of a multi-ethnic state as Romania is. He regards interculturality as a plea for tolerance and communication, i.e. living-with-one-another – not living side by side or living past one another.
The following analysis is based on a practical experience of translation and tries to offer a series of solutions to the problem posed by culture-specific elements known in German translation studies as „Realia”. The recent translation studies generally acknoledge the importance of maintaining certain culture-specific elements as such in the target text; Antoine Berman speaks about ethic versus ethnocentric translation. Several authors describe four possible solutions for dealing with culture-specific elements in translation in order to preserve to a certain degree the cultural identity of the target text. The translation of „Realia” belonging to the sphere of nationalsocialism raised a series of difficulties during the actual translation of Das Buch Hitler, a document which was put together for Stalin by soviet intelligence in the years following WW II. Three types of „Realia” were identified in the source text and treated as such in the translation, following the theoretical guidelines proposed by Markussen and Berman.
Presenting the actual theoretical debates (of Göhlich, Welsch, de Nancy, Bachmann-Medick) with respect to the concept of transculturality, underlining the related aspects such as hybridity, intertextuality, globalisation, the author traces the aspects of transculturality in the process of the translations from Romanian to German. The success of the literary transfer is conditioned by the intra- and intercultural competence, by the knowledge of the identity factors, of the specific operational frame and of the key texts (translations or originals) from the literatures that come into contact with it. As in other countries, where there are specific basic cultural notions with a certain symbolic charge like „birch” in Russia, „hut” in the Czech republic, the traditional cultural universe affirmatively or polemically resorts to cultural words such as „plai” (poetic realm), „codru” (forest), „mioritic” (mioritical). Tracing by means of rich examples the history of translations, the author distinguishes the stages of translations motivated by philological, ethnographic, political interests and lastly and parallel to it, by aesthetical interests. These translations contribute to the identitary image of the Romanians, being normally recorded with an increased attention and sensibility. Concretely applying the discussed theoretical concepts on a text, the author presents the German translation of an essayistic text by Andrei Pleşu, arguing the possible interest of the German public for the writer, emphasizing the ironical hybrid and ludic signs that are important for the translation, with all untranslatabilities of the word games, in order to find at least an adequate, if not equivalent, transfer. The annotations and the translation (starting with the analysis of the title) constitute a demonstration of transculturality applied live.
"Hoch soll er leben!" : Routineformeln als Forschungsaufgabe der phraseologischen Kontrastivik
(2010)
Phraseological issues are of great interest to researchers in the field of German studies outside German-speaking countries as well. If one looks back upon the achievements and insights of phraseological research elsewhere, it becomes obvious that there are lots of areas of investigation still to be expanded, as far as the German and the Romanian languages are concerned. The research approaches suggested here are meant to highlight more specific aspects of linguistic phraseological material.
The paper focuses on aspects of comparative phraseology and paremioloy between two languages, German and Romanian and aims at disclosing differences and similarities in connection with proverbs and idioms on “the devil”. 112 items circling around “the devil” and its synonyms are being analyzed as to the life experience, world perspective and superstitions reflected in the proverbs, by drawing parallels between the equivalent structures functioning in the two languages, their form and content.
The lexeme „Deisam” in the sense of ‘sourdough’ is part of the vocabulary our ancestors brought with them from the German speaking space. Here in Transylvania the word gained its own meanings along the centuries, which is evidenced in particular word constructions, with interesting semantic content. These form the basis of linguistic processes of mixture and compensation within the whole vernacular landscape, which are typical for a colonial dialect. Since Transylvanian Saxon is assigned to the Franconian dialects of the Middle Rhine, in my exposition I also make reference to the Rhenish and Palatine lexicons. Dialectical references taken from the two dictionaries are identified in the footnotes.
„Der rechte Weg geht über Steine” : zur romantischen Dimension der Lyrik von Frida Binder-Radler
(2010)
In order to argue my hypothesis of the romantic dimension of poetry written by Frida Binder-Radler, a very little known Romanian-German author (1908-1986), better known as „poetess of the Saxon world”, I am referring to the poems of the author edited 2006 by her son Wolfgang Binder in Augsburg under the title Licht ins Dunkel (second enlarged edition). The volume contains fifty poems of which the first twenty-one were written in the German language, the other twenty-nine poems were translated from Transylvanian-Saxon dialect into German, most of them by the author herself, and published 1947 in the volume Gedichte. The idea of infinity that characterises romantic poetry, expressing itself as longing („Sehnsucht”) for a lost paradise, justifies the poems of love of Frida Binder-Radler. The elements of nature (flowers and birds, clouds and fog, moon, night and shadow), the melancholic atmosphere of her poems, but also the vivid imagery of her poetic language, its simplicity without being simple are diagnosed and interpreted as elements of a romantic-poetical arsenal.
Adina Lucia Nistor’s recent book focuses on standard German, viewed from the perspective of the morphemic, internalanalysis of one of the essential parts of a sentence, i.e. the nominal group (Nominalgruppe),in opposition to the verbal group (Verbalgruppe).
This paper explores the context and reasons for the extensive translation of legal texts from German into Romanian in Bukovina during the Habsburg period (1775–1918) and immediately following the unification with the Romanian Kingdom. The Austrian civil code from 1811 was translated in the three important periods of translation, corresponding to the major administrative changes in the province. The paper analyses the different translations and their impact on the Romanian legislation, legal terminology and juridical style.
Die Darstellung der Machtverhältnisse im politischen Diskurs – am Beispiel politisierter Gedenkreden
(2015)
The present paper deals with the way in which the relations between different political governments and their representatives are expressed at the linguistic level on the strength of power positions in the official political discourse. The political value system and its justification are expressed in the official political discourse, which lays down rules and indicates attitudes with normative status and at the same time reveals the relations between the supporters of the respective ideology. For this purpose, three commemorative speeches are analysed; these speeches were published in the newspaper Neuer Weg on the 11th September 1960 and they were delivered by the German politicians Otto Grotewohl, the prime minister of GDR and Walter Ulbricht, the deputy prime minister of GDR and the Romanian politician Chivu Stoica, the secretary of the presidium of the General Council of the Party, on the death of the former President of the German Democratic Republic Wilhelm Pieck.
There was always a close connection between human beings and plants, mammals and insects, but also birds, which enlivened yards and gardens, fields and forests with their flight, playfulness and their voices. Therefore it does not come as a surprise that some of our linguists and folklorists like the North-Transylvanian linguist Gustav Kisch and the South-Transylvanian linguist and folklorist Pauline Schullerus refer in some minor works to wellknown bird names as they appear in traditions, fairy tales, rhymes, idioms (sayings) and proverbs. But they never mention any owl species. This presentation provides the names of certain owl species as they appear in Transylvanian-Saxon and neighboring languages, as they were grouped by certain criteria according to their appearance. Descriptive idiomatic examples reflect their specific features and way of life.
The purpose of this study is to reconstruct and document the image of “The Other’’ starting with the historical street names in the Transylvanian town of Sebeş, Alba County, founded in the thirteenth century by German settlers. Due to the fact that, throughout Middle Ages, one of the criteria of naming the streets of a borough was, inter alia, the ethnic one, the street names of the town reveal the ethnic groups which would form the population of the town: Székelys (Siculorumgasse), Saxons (Sachsgasse, Herrengasse, Petrigasse a.s.o.), Romans (Opricestengasse, Suseni– and Joseni Viertel), Greek and Macedonian, as well as Germans from the Southwestern Germany and Austria, who founded the north quarter of the town, in the eighteenth century (Saxonii Noi Street, Saxonii Vechi Street, Quer Gasse). In Sebeş, the street names established after the specific place the road leads the way to also contribute to the image of “The Other’’ (Petersdorfer Gässchen, Daiagasse and Hermannstädter Straße). Furthermore, the names of various local or super regional personalities who influenced the existence of the town also have an important contribution. Examples to illustrate this aspect are particularly the street names from the early stalinist period of communism in Romania (Stalin Street, V. I. Lenin Street, Miciurin Street, Malinovski Street, Rosa Luxemburg Street).
The Romanian literature of the 18th century is witnessing a remarkable metamorphosis, whereas step by step the Enlightment’s ideas penetrate the Romanianspeaking soil and through various mechanisms replace the medieval order in society, politics and arts. In this time of the Enlightment the small popular book “Bertoldo” from the late Italian 16th century was adapted in French and then in German and through the German intermediary reached Transylvania at the end of the 18th century (Hermannstadt, 1799). In the centre of our analysis we place the concept of “cultural transfer” and that of the “cultural translation”, concepts that help us illustrate the adaptation strategies of the foreign material and the integration principles of the Enlightment’s ideals on the Romanian soil. Working with eloquent examples from the “Bertoldo”-text in a comparative manner we will try to bring to light the interaction of the poetical and ideological functions of the translations from German and its role in forming and shaping a new kind of Romanian cultural and literary sensibility.
The subject of the present study represents the artistic personality of the German writer Mite Kremnitz (1852-1916), which takes into consideration both facets of her work, as a translator and as a novelist. On the one hand and as an author in her own right, Mite Kremnitz is the carrier of Romanian realities; on the other hand she has the merit of having been the first one to translate contemporary literature from Romanian into German.
The language in the communist era represents one of the most important means of expressing legitimization of socialist ideology and political power. The analysis of journalistic texts with political content reflects obviously the values enforced by the political authority and the ideological point of view on social life, while constructing the cultural identity of a social group. The cultural identity, as the sum of values, principles, confesses, beliefs, customs, shared by the members of the same ethnicity, is constructed and revealed by means of language. On this basis, the present paper aims at presenting some aspects regarding the way in which cultural identity is represented in the speeches of some communist politicians, published in the German newspaper Neuer Weg. The authoress analyses in the journalistic texts the way in which the content becomes manifest in language use. There is a matter of debate and controversy at ideological level, as the speakers drop hints and give clues to the deficiencies and shortcomings of the internal economic situation and of the foreign policy. The language use is marked by aggressiveness and virulence, while the linguistic material used for this purpose contains specific features at lexical, morpho- syntactic and pragmatic level. The authoress takes the theoretical stance of sociolinguistics and pragma linguistics in assessing the language facts.
The modern lexicography must meet certain requirements in order to ensure an adequate lexicographical coverage of the presented lexical inventory. The relevant published literature dedicated to the profile of lemmas within the current lexicographical practice reveals shortcomings that reflect the gap between the current linguistic reality and the usual lexicographical practice. From the user’s perspective and his consulting needs modern metalexicography stresses the need for a fair lexicographical exposure, empirically grounded, capable of indicating peculiarities and restrictions of the usage within the language. Parting from theoretical considerations, regarding the relevance of the criteria that define the quality of a lexicographical work, the principle of addressability and the current phraseographic practice, the article presents directions and ways of researching for the phraseological inventory in terms of relevant peculiarities for the mono- or bilingual lexicographical practice. Exemplary there are discussed modern empirical methods meant to improve the current lexicographical practice insisting upon the evidence provided by the corpus as object and means of verifying the hypothesis of theoretical or applied research. The analysis of occurrences extracted from corpora is a valuable tool for the lexicographer because it allows the identification of the specific characteristics belonging to fixed structures within usual multiple contexts, patterns of use, concordances and co-selections. An authoritative body of linguistic evidence allows observations of mutations occurring in use or frequency of distributions, as well as identifying outlying areas of phraseology which so far have been insufficiently investigated or ignored by the lexicographical practice.
: German in East Central and South East Europe is deeply rooted in the area’s multilingualism. It shows specific developments in different countries, though. In this article the examples Slovenia, Czech Republic, and Romania represent German in very different situations, historically as well as contemporary.
Language teaching through the medium of film may prove very rewarding in that it moves the focus away from language and its general markers (grammar, vocabulary) alone and casts it onto culture, cultural boundaries and rules. Among them, space plays a very important role. It defines who we are, where we come from. Especially the fine line between what is considered public or private space is worth being analyzed. With examples from two movies, students of German as a Foreign Language are meant to discover this fine line, look beyond it and restore an equilibrium between the public and the private in order to be prepared for intercultural experiences.
Prämissen für die Vermittlung interkultureller Kompetenzen im studienbegleitenden DaF-Unterricht
(2014)
Language teaching alone is not sufficient in order to communicate successfully in the foreign language. Even with the acquisition of one’s native language, one does not learn just vocabulary, grammar, reading, writing, speaking and listening. Apart from all that one learns how to identify and to practice cultural patterns. Here, the learning and teaching process is accompanied by another component: intercultural communication and the acquisition of intercultural competences. These teach the lerner to understand first and foremost their own cultural background in order for them to be able to change perspective and look at and understand the cultural background of the target language. Teaching must be centered on the learner, and the foreign language is not taught „in general“, but with regard to the learners’ culture of origin.